KANT AVEC SADE, 1962

Ainda kantiano, demasiado kantiano

Nous choisissons cette place pour remarquer que, s’il y a toute chance pour que cette édition, qui s’annonce elle-même comme « définitive », soit menée à bonne fin, il n’y a pas encore en français d’édition des oeuvres complètes de Kant, non plus que de Freud. Il est vrai qu’il eût fallu que fût poursuivie une traduction systématique de ces oeuvres. Une telle entreprise eût semblé s’imposer pour Kant dans un pays où tant de jeunes forces se qualifient par l’enseignement de la philosophie. Sa carence à beaucoup près laisse à réfléchir sur la direction assurée aux travaux par les cadres responsables.”

Ici SADE est le pas inaugural d’une subversion, dont, si piquant que cela semble au regard de la froideur de l’homme, KANT est le point tournant, et jamais repéré [diagnosticado, reconhecido] – que nous sachions – comme tel.

La Philosophie dans le boudoir vient 8 ans après la Critique de la raison pratique.”

Todo diabo é fundado por um beato.

La recherche du bien serait donc une impasse, s’il ne renaissait, das Gute, le bien qui est l’objet de la loi morale. Il nous est indiqué par l’expérience que nous faisons d’entendre au-dedans de nous des commandements, dont l’impératif se présente comme catégorique, autrement dit inconditionnel.”

padecer o pai descer

pas d’être

Retenons le paradoxe que ce soit au moment où ce sujet n’a plus en face de lui aucun objet, qu’il rencontre une loi, laquelle n’a d’autre phénomène que quelque chose de signifiant déjà, qu’on obtient d’une voix dans la conscience, et qui, à s’y articuler en maxime, y propose l’ordre d’une raison purement pratique ou volonté.”

« J’ai le droit de jouir de ton corps, peut me dire quiconque, et ce droit je l’exercerai sans qu’aucune limite m’arrête dans le caprice des exactions que j’aie le goût d’y assouvir »

entre deux l’impudeur de l’un à elle seule faisant le viol de la pudeur de l’autre.”

Tels phénomènes de la voix, nommément ceux de la psychose, ont bien cet aspect de l’objet. Et la psychanalyse n’était pas loin en son aurore d’y référer la voix de la conscience.”

Assurément le christianisme a éduqué les hommes à être peu regardants du côté de la jouissance de Dieu, et c’est en quoi KANT fait passer son volontarisme de la Loi pour la Loi, lequel en remet, peut-on dire, sur l’ataraxie de l’expérience stoïcienne.”

Quand la jouissance s’y pétrifie, il devient le fétiche noir, où se reconnaît la forme bel et bien offerte en tel temps et lieu, et de nos jours encore, pour qu’on y adore la Présence de Dieu.”

Le désir, qui est le suppôt de cette refente du sujet, s’accommoderait sans doute de se dire volonté de jouissance. Mais cette appellation ne le rendrait pas plus digne de la volonté qu’il invoque chez l’Autre en la tentant jusqu’à l’extrême de sa division d’avec son pathos, car pour ce faire, il part battu, promis à l’impuissance. Puisqu’il part soumis au plaisir, dont c’est la loi de le faire tourner en sa visée toujours trop court. Homéostase toujours trop vite retrouvée du vivant au seuil le plus bas de la tension dont il vivote.”

L’expérience physiologique démontre que la douleur est d’un cycle plus long à tous égards que le plaisir, puisqu’une stimulation la provoque au point où le plaisir finit. Si prolongée qu’on la suppose, elle a pourtant comme le plaisir son terme: dans l’évanouissement du sujet.”

Une structure quadripartite est depuis l’inconscient toujours exigible dans la construction d’une ordonnance subjective. Ce à quoi satisfont nos schémas didactiques.”

la peu croyable survie dont SADE dote les victimes des sévices et tribulations qu’il leur inflige en sa fable.”

Unique (Justine) ou multiple, la victime a la monotonie de la relation du sujet au signifiant”

L’exigence dans la figure des victimes d’une beauté toujours classée incomparable (et d’ailleurs inaltérable, cf. plus haut) est une autre affaire, dont on ne saurait s’acquitter avec quelques postulats banaux, bientôt controuvés, sur l’attrait sexuel. On y verra plutôt la grimace de ce que nous avons démontré dans la tragédie, de la fonction de la beauté: barrière extrême à interdire l’accès à une horreur fondamentale.”

On le voit bien au paradoxe que constitue dans SADE sa position à l’endroit de l’enfer. “L’idée de l’enfer, cent fois réfutée par lui et maudite comme moyen de sujétion de la tyrannie religieuse, revient curieusement motiver les gestes d’un de ses héros, pourtant des plus férus de la subversion libertine dans sa forme raisonnante, nommément le hideux SAINT-FOND. Les pratiques, dont il impose à ses victimes le supplice dernier, se fondent sur la croyance qu’il peut en rendre pour elles dans l’au-delà le tourment éternel.

Cette incohérence dans SADE, négligée par les sadistes, un peu hagiographes eux aussi, s’éclairerait à relever sous sa plume le terme formellement exprimé de la seconde mort. Dont l’assurance qu’il en attend contre l’affreuse routine de la nature (celle qu’à l’entendre ailleurs, le crime a la fonction de rompre) exigerait qu’elle allât à une extrémité où se redouble l’évanouissement du sujet: avec lequel il symbolise dans le voeu que les éléments décomposés de notre corps, pour ne pas s’assembler à nouveau, soient eux-mêmes anéantis.”

pulsão de quase nada

Ni recueilli un de ces rêves dont le rêveur reste bouleversé, d’avoir dans la condition ressentie d’une renaissance intarissable, été au fond de la douleur d’exister?”

…la relation de réversion qui unirait le sadisme à un masochisme dont on imagine mal au dehors le pêle-mêle qu’elle supporte. Mieux vaut d’y trouver le prix d’une historiette, fameuse, sur l’exploitation de l’homme par l’homme: définition du capitalisme on le sait.

Et le socialisme alors? C’est le contraire…”

Ótima piada!

L’objet, nous l’avons montré dans l’expérience freudienne, l’objet du désir là où il se propose nu, n’est que la scorie d’un fantasme où le sujet ne revient pas de sa syncope. C’est un cas de nécrophilie.”

le moraliste nous paraît toujours plus impudent encore qu’imprudent.”

Il n’y a de fourgon que de la police, laquelle peut bien être l’État comme on le dit du côté de HEGEL, mais la loi est autre chose comme on le sait depuis ANTIGONE.”

Treize ans de Charenton pour SADE en sont en effet de ce pas – mais ce n’était pas sa place – tout est là. C’est cela même qui l’y mène. Car pour sa place, tout ce qui pense est d’accord là-dessus, elle [sa <folie>] était ailleurs. Mais voilà: ceux qui pensent bien, pensent qu’elle était dehors, et les bien-pensants, depuis ROYER-COLLARD qui le réclama à l’époque, le voudraient au bagne, voire sur l’échafaud.”

Si le bonheur est agrément sans rupture du sujet à sa vie, comme le définit très classiquement la Critique, il est clair qu’il se refuse à qui ne renonce pas à la voie du désir. Ce renoncement peut être voulu, mais au prix de la vérité de l’homme, ce qui est assez clair par la réprobation qu’ont encourue devant l’idéal commun les épicuriens, voire les stoïciens. Leur ataraxie destitue leur sagesse.”

Que le bonheur soit devenu un facteur de la politique est une proposition impropre. Il l’a toujours été et ramènera le sceptre et l’encensoir qui s’en accommodent fort bien.”

La tête de SAINT-JUST, fût-elle restée habitée des fantasmes d’Organt, il eût peut-être fait de Thermidor son triomphe.”

Nous voilà enfin en demeure d’interroger le « Sade, mon prochain », dont nous devons l’invocation à l’extrême perspicacité de Pierre KLOSSOWSKI. Disons que c’est la seule contribution de notre temps à la question sadienne qui ne nous paraisse pas entachée des tics du « bel esprit ».”

Nous croyons que SADE n’est pas assez voisin de sa propre méchanceté, pour y rencontrer son prochain. Trait qu’il partage avec beaucoup et avec FREUD notamment.” Homo tempranus

Chez SADE, nous en voyons le test, à nos yeux crucial, dans son refus de la peine de mort, dont l’histoire suffirait à prouver – sinon la logique – qu’elle est un des corrélats de la Charité.”

Nenhum personagem sádico infringiu o C.d.E.

THE NAKED THERAPIST – Sheldon Kopp em “kopperação” com outros terapeutas

“This is not the first time my writing has been informed by my dreaming self. By now I am wise enough to trust such experiences even before I can make sense of them.”

Acceptance and praise foster a feeling of well-being in the child. They encourage confidence, spontaneity, hope, and a sense of being worthwhile. Punishment and threat induce guilt feelings, moralistic self-restriction, and pressure to atone. Guilt is the anxiety that accompanies transgressions, carrying with it the feeling of having done bad things and the fear of the parents’ angry retaliation. In the interests of self-protection, the child learns to deal with this anticipated punishment preemptively by turning it into an internalized threat against himself. § Disapproval and contempt make a child feel ashamed of not being a worthwhile person. The implied danger of abandonment may make him shy, avoidant, and ever anxious about making mistakes, appearing foolish, and being open to further ridicule.” “Aceitação e elogios alimentam na criança uma sensação de bem-estar e conforto. Encorajam a confiança, espontaneidade, esperança, um senso de capacidade e de cumprir o seu papel. Punição e ameaças induzem sentimentos de culpa, auto-restrições morais, pressão corretiva. A culpa é a ansiedade que acompanha transgressões, carregando consigo o sentimento de ter feito coisas ruins e o medo da retaliação furiosa dos pais. Com a auto-preservação em vista, a criança aprende a lidar com esse castigo iminente de modo preventivo, internalizando a ameaça contra si mesma. § Desaprovação e desdém fazem a criança se sentir envergonhada por não ser uma pessoa valorosa. O perigo implicado no sentir-se abandonado é o desenvolvimento de uma personalidade tímida, esquiva, evitativa, constantemente ansiosa ou apreensiva quanto ao cometimento de erros, com medo de acabar parecendo um tolo ou de estar vulnerável ao ridículo dos outros.”

A ANTIGA SÍNDROME DE RENAN: Medo de ser expulso de casa. Medo de dar muitas despesas. Medo de ser um mero mortal.

<Look how foolish you are, how clumsy, how stupid! What will other people think of you when they see that you can’t seem to do anything right? You should be ashamed of yourself acting like that. If only you really cared, if only you wanted to act right, if only you would try harder, then you could be the kind of child we want you to be.> Repeated exposure to such abuse calls forth an inner echo of self-contempt. § Eventually the child learns to say of himself, <What an idiot I am, what a fool, what an awful person! I never do anything right. I have no self-control. I just don’t try hard enough. If I did, surely they would be satisfied.>” “<Olha quão tolo você é, desajeitado, estúpido! O que vão pensar de você, se você não consegue fazer nada direito? Você devia sentir vergonha de si mesmo agindo desse jeito. Se apenas você se importasse, se você só quisesse agir adequadamente, se você apenas tentasse mais, aí então você seria o tipo de criança que queríamos que você fosse.> A exposição repetida a tal tipo de discurso leva a uma internalização dum eco de auto-desprezo; uma voz interna passa a repetir as mesmas coisas antes faladas pelos seus superiores. § Eventualmente, chega-se ao ponto em que a própria criança dirá, diante de cada nova decepção: <Que idiota que eu sou, que imbecil, que péssima pessoa! Nunca faço nada certo. Não tenho sequer auto-controle. E eu nunca tento o bastante. Se eu tentasse, com certeza satisfaria a vontade dos outros.>”

“My own mother often told me: <I love you, but I don’t like you.> It was clear that this meant that she loved me because she was a good mother, but that she did not like me because I was an unsatisfactory child.”

“The experience of being seen as momentarily not yet able to cope is a natural part of growth. It is also natural to experience the embarrassment that accompanies making mistakes, stumbling, blundering, or fucking-up.”

“Some parents are too hard on their children because of their own personal problems, others because of harsh cultural standards. Some cultures make excessive demands for precocious maturing of the child. In such settings, shaming inculcates the feeling that other people will not like the child unless he lives up to their expectations. § When shaming arises out of the pathology of neurotic parents, the child may be expected to take care of the parents. Such a child may never learn that the natural order of things is quite the reverse. He is discouraged from ever realizing that it is the parents who are supposed to take care of the child. § Even more insidious is the impact of the parent who unconsciously needs to have an unsatisfactory child. Such a parent will never be satisfied, no matter how hard the child tries, no matter how much he accomplishes. Anything less than perfection is unacceptable. If the child gets a grade of 95 on an examination, he will be asked why he didn’t get 100. If he gets 100, he will be asked what took him so long to get a satisfactory grade. Told that he should have been getting 100 all along, he may become afraid to do well lest perfect grades be demanded of him all the time from then on. If he happens to be a chronic straight-A student, then he may be asked, <If you’re so damn smart, how come you can’t keep your room clean?>” “This can lead to his spending a lifetime vainly seeking the approval of others in the hope that he may someday be validated at last. § My own parents shamed me needlessly and often. They made it clear that it was my clumsiness, my inadequacies, and my failures that made them unhappy. Even my successes and accomplishments were made to reveal how inferior and insufficient I was.”

“<Enough,> she stilled me. <A boy doesn’t interrupt when a father is talking, a father who sweats in the city all week long for him.>”

“Those who have been shamed can some day learn to overcome feeling unworthy. Embarrassment, in contrast, is a natural reaction that is inevitable in certain social situations.”

quavering speech [fala tremida] or breaking of the voice, sweating, blanching [empalidecimento], blinking, tremor of the hand, hesitating or vacillating movement, absent-mindedness” Goffman, Interaction Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior, 1967

“The medical term for less-than-normal breathing capacity, for instance, is respiratory embarrassment.”

“Some unexpected physical clumsiness, breach of etiquette, or interpersonal insensitivity may leave a person open to criticism for being more crude or coarse than he claims to be. But this is an issue of manners, not of morals. It may make for a temporary change of social status, but never carries with it the self-threatening sanctions of shame, with its implications of abandonment, loss of love, and ultimate emotional starvation.”

“For a moment all bets are off. Trust of myself and others is in jeopardy. All values are once again in question. First there is the question of trust in myself. Am I an adequate human being or a fool? What can I expect of myself? Do I really know what I am doing?” “It is a time for the exotic flowering of my paranoia. At such times I may mistakenly expect contempt and ridicule from loving friends and neutral strangers. It is just as though they would turn from me in disgust as my parents did when I did not meet their impossible standards.”

Where is my floor?

Please open that door

Shut those windows

Cracked room and mind

of a sweet-salty boy

Sing along and refrain

from hiding.

There seems to be no way for any of us to get through the day without making a careless error, doing something foolish, committing a gaffe or faux pas.” Gof., op. cit.

“After hitting the lamppost I sat on the curb and cried as little as possible. I was really worried. Now it was time to go home and face my mother. Instead of seeing this mishap as an unfortunate accident around which I could feel sorry for myself and expect some sympathy, I knew that I had let my parents down again. I headed home and climbed the stairs to our apartment, skates over my shoulder.”

“Still, echoes of this grotesque situation can be heard at times from out of my unsettled and unworthy depths. I remember just a couple of years ago when I learned that I had to undergo a second bout of neurosurgery.”

“At such times my mother’s explicit instructions were: <Don’t fight, but never, never deny that you are a Jew.> She seemed to want me to be well-behaved, but did little to help me to avoid occasions of sin.”

“One afternoon after school Charlie started beating on me in front of a girl I had a crush on. For the first time in my unhappy marriage to Charlie Hooko, my own fear of being seen as a shamefully brutal, lower-class street fighter was overcome. The fear of being humiliated in the eyes of this girl was even more shameful. And so in the midst of the fight I punched Charlie right in the mouth. He couldn’t believe it. I could hardly believe it myself. § Charlie stopped the play at once. He took me down to the park and we both washed our faces at the fountain. Charlie announced to everyone around that I was a tough guy, that he admired me, and that we would be friends from then on. That ended months of regularly scheduled defeat.”

Punch like a girlish girl

Yea, just feel the flow

“As an early teenager I did eventually graduate to becoming a marginal member of a fighting street gang. I pretended that I was a better and more enthusiastic fighter than I ever really was.”

“As my children grew, being creatures of their age they moved toward the freak culture. Part of this involved their being the first kids in our neighborhood to let their hair grow long. So it was that another macho incident came about. One of our neighbors, strong both of will and of muscle, flew the Confederate flag.”

“What proof did he have, I demanded? His only answer was that my kids had long hair. He believed vandalism occurred only in the ghetto. Ghetto kids had long hair and they broke windows, he insisted. My kids had long hair. And so he concluded that it must have been one of them who had broken his window.”

Ironically, the blunderer often unwittingly reveals the discomfort of his predicament by the very means by which he tries to hide it: <the fixed smile, the nervous hollow laugh, the busy hands, the downward glance that conceals the expression of the eyes.>” “Ironicamente, o atabalhoado freqüente e inadvertidamente expõe seu desconforto situacional pela própria tática utilizada para disfarçá-lo: <o sorriso fixo, a risada nervosa despropositada, as mãos hiper-ativas, a vista caída que esconde a expressão dos olhos.>”

“Essa necessidade social salutar de ocultar-se o embaraço é enfatizada nas pessoas que foram excessivamente submetidas a vexames na infância. Potencialmente, o indivíduo virá a desenvolver um estilo de conduta de tipo neurótico, agindo timidamente a maior parte do tempo e preferindo evitar que outros venham a percebê-lo ou a conhecê-lo.”

“Tendo tantas dificuldades de interação, não é raro que a pessoa acredite que sua abertura para o constrangimento e a vivência de situações ridículas [pois socialmente é impossível fugir de tais ocasiões] é realmente singular. Ela pode desenvolver a crença que outras pessoas não têm a mesma tendência de <se passarem por tolas> de tempos em tempos, como ela tem.”

“Sua própria conscienciosidade de seu problema age como um efeito bola de neve: a apreensão pela sua hiper-sensibilidade eleva seu senso de isolamento, peculiaridade, solidão, enfim. Que trágico que a pessoa deva sempre sentir-se como um desajustado! Basicamente, não diferimos uns dos outros. Ninguém é capaz de lidar o tempo todo com as demandas sociais, sempre excessivas. Mas é que o comportamento tímido-neurótico é sempre desproporcional, alimentando a convicção íntima de que <há algo muito errado consigo>.”

“As maneiras reservadas do introvertido <clássico> (não-mórbido) são parte, provavelmente, de sua orientação psicológica inata; e ele estará sempre mais inclinado ao mundo interior das experiências privadas, que lhe é bem mais confortável. Certo nível de acanhamento da personalidade é mesmo, senão natural, incentivado socialmente. Algumas pessoas (como o próprio que escreve) escondem sua timidez crônica debaixo de um véu de arrogância simulada.”

“When he does try to express himself, he is likely to be hesitant, needlessly soft-spoken, ingratiating, and apologetic. Whenever possible, he simply will try to avoid contact with other people.”

A person who is not neurotically shy understands that it is the external situation that contributes to embarrassment, rather than some defect in his own character. Unlike the shy neurotic, he has come to learn that these anxieties are triggered by his reaction to particular people and situations.” “Uma pessoa que não é neuroticamente tímida compreende que é o contexto exterior que contribui para seu embaraço, em vez de qualquer defeito de seu próprio caráter. Ao contrário do tímido neurótico, aquela pessoa aprendeu a ver que essas angústias são acionadas pela sua reação a pessoas e eventos particulares.”

AUTONOOBSAIBOTADOR

 

The shy neurotic cannot get anywhere in overcoming his excessive shyness without first revealing to himself that what he truly fears most is not rejection but acceptance, not failure but success. He begins to go after what he wants out of life.” “O tímido neurótico não chegará a lugar algum, enquanto tenta superar ou minorar sua timidez, caso não admita para si mesmo que o que ele realmente mais teme NÃO é a rejeição mas a aceitação, NÃO é o fracasso, e sim o próprio sucesso! É aí que ele começa a alcançar seus verdadeiros objetivos de vida.”

we’re all looped, leaked, sinking, seeking and not finding, just overwhelmed by our own hopes’ weights… what if…

a head dive in a pool of danger

“Feeling undeserving of such unfamiliar achievement and acceptance, he has unwittingly learned to discredit these pleasureable experiences. A poignant early expression of this self-defeating attitude occurs during the first phase of psychotherapy.”

Anything that makes him feel worthwhile calls forth the echo of his mother’s voice, demanding that he question his presumption. It is as though he can almost hear her demanding, <Just who do you think you are?> Believing even for a moment that he is satisfactory as a human being evokes the underlying shameful feeling that he has presumed too much.” “Qualquer coisa que o faça sentir-se valorizado evoca o eco da voz de sua mãe, mandando que baixe a bola. É como se realmente pudesse ouvir, <Vem cá, quem você pensa que é?>. Acreditar por um só momento que ele é um ser humano completamente satisfatório é o suficiente para ter sua paz de espírito quebrada por pensamentos de culpa de que ele agiu presunçosamente.”

O supremo oposto do vaidoso dos vaidosos – e o que isso trouxe? Mais ódio dos ‘cristãos’ sobre sua cabecinha…

“So it is that each moment of decision is followed by a moment of revision. A minute later, he has reversed his thrust forward, retiring once more into his customary shyness.”

“His life is not what he meant it to be at all. It’s just not it at all.”

Evitar a confrontação é como comprar à prestação!

Guy de Maupassant’s short story, The Diamond Necklace, is a classic example of the high price of false pride. It is the story of Matilda, a woman tortured and angered by having to live a shamefully ordinary life because she does not possess the luxuries and delicacies which she insists befit her station.”

“It was my parents who started me off down my own painful path of shame and false pride. My parents are no longer responsible for this trip that I sometimes continue to make. Now the enemy is within. It is only my own overblown ego that shames me. It is only I, still sometimes arrogantly insisting on having higher standards for myself than I would impose on others. How much easier to accept the flaws in others than in myself. To the extent that I cling to being special in this way, I remain stuck with the tediously painful life of the perfectionistic striver. I must get everything right, all the time, or suffer shame. It is far too heavy a price to pay for maintaining the illusion that I might be able to rise above human frailty.”

“I give up being satisfied with myself as a pretty decent, usually competent sort of guy who, like everyone else, sometimes makes mistakes, fucks up, and plays the fool. Instead I insist that if only I tried harder, really cared, truly wanted to, I could become that wonderful person who could make my long-dead parents happy. Then they would approve of me. I would be the best. Everyone would love me.”

Guilt and shame originate from different kinds of faulty parenting. Guilt arises out of a certain kind of bad fathering, shame out of bad mothering.¹ Either parent may elicit one or the other depending on the particular parent’s role and attitude rather than on his or her gender alone.

Excessive authoritarian fathering creates guilty anticipation of punishment for transgression against the lawful order of things. Overly demanding mothering breeds shame.”

¹ Kleiniano demais…

“Paradoxically, too much shaming often produces defiance rather than propriety. No longer able to bear the overwhelming burden of shame, a child may develop a secret determination to misbehave. He comes to wear a mask of spite and shamelessness.

“We were studying Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar. At the beginning of one week, the English teacher announced that we were to memorize Marc Antony’s eulogy. I protested loudly. Memorizing materials that needlessly cluttered up my head was both a waste of my time and an intrusive violation of my mind. No arbitrary school system had any right to do that to me.”

<Ma, how come you always talk funny when you come to see a teacher?> This was one of my rare opportunities to shame her”

Straight people were simply not prepared for coping with those of us who shamelessly stepped outside of the system, acted with contempt for the rules, and covertly shamed them for the arbitrariness of their principles.”

“At times my shameless behavior has gotten me into trouble. But so long as it sometimes gets results like that, who am I not to be tempted to continue to be outrageous?”

“More privately, I had developed the false pride of perfectionism to hide my shame and worthlessness from my own eyes. I had to avoid risking further failures and more mistakes. I had to be able to change my image so that I might escape without looking like I was running away or hiding out.”

NOSSAS TORRES DE MARFIM

“No longer would I be the fumbling incompetent who was too timid to go to parties because he never knew how to go about making friends. Instead I became a <heavy> intellectual. With such profoundly developed sensitivity, I could no longer be expected to be bothered devoting my precious energies to the pursuit of the mundane social goals that somehow seemed to excite almost everyone else I knew.

Even armoring as exquisite as this was not enough. Somewhere inside I knew I was just too damn lonely. I still needed to be needed. Acting obsequious, or even <being nice>, was an unthinkable solution. Instead I began to advertise myself as ever ready to rush into the gap whenever a task presented itself that ordinary folk found too unrewarding to mess with.”

“For the first few years of my career as a therapist I worked in impossibly archaic monolithic custodial institutions such as state mental hospitals and prisons. Though allegedly established and maintained as society’s attempt to care for and rehabilitate its social deviates, these institutions turned out to be punitive warehouses for those undesirables about whom the rest of us wished to forget. I cast myself as the champion of the oppressed.¹ Doggedly and unsuccessfully I fought the administrative powers, hoping to attain decent care, effective treatment, and eventual release for the inmates.”

¹ Incrivelmente similar a minha loucura de querer me tornar professor!

“Now I had a new problem. There were no bad parents to fight. How was I to define my role in this more benevolent situation?”

“I do not usually shake hands with a new patient unless the patient gives some indication that this is part of where he starts out in social relationships, in which case I respond.”

“His opening lines were: How long have you been a therapist? Don’t you know that phobic patients can’t stand to be touched? You insist on shaking hands with me knowing that I am too compliant to refuse. It could only make me anxious. The demands you make on me!

“Should he awaken during the night and need to go to the bathroom to urinate, he must simply suffer through the hours until dawn. He was not able to risk disturbing his dog by getting out of bed. His feeling of friendship with the dog was substantiated by his bringing him along to the treatment sessions.”

“There he asked to be deported to Russia for asylum. Surely he would get better treatment under Communism than he had from the barbaric democratic psychiatric services in America’s capital.” “I described my own experience, and I pointed out that the patient was crazy. He had made me crazy. I warned this man that he would make him crazy, too, unless we all understood that just because the patient claimed that something difficult needed to be done did not mean that we had to do it. The patient was all heat and no light. We were vulnerable to his unrealistic outcries because of our own needs to meet every challenge heroically, no matter how nutty it might be. If we thought it over for a minute, we would realize that there wasn’t much in the way of disastrous consequence in this for anyone but the patient himself. That was unfortunate for him, but that was the way it had to be. Happily, the perspective I offered was sufficient to relieve the Congressional Counsel of his own anxiety.”

“The patient was an attractive woman in her early twenties whose birth defects included having no feet and only rudimentary hands. She managed to get about with a combination of prosthetic devices and monumental denial.” “Focusing on her frustrated wishes to become a star in the public eye allowed her to avoid her anxiety and despair about the oppressive difficulties that she encountered in everyday living. My own parallel defensiveness led me to join her, supporting her crazy longings with my own denial of shame-filled helplessness. She made her own contribution by avoiding my tentative therapeutic interventions. There was just no way she could hear my timid suggestions that this whole show business preoccupation was an avoidance of dealing with the day-to-day quality of her life.”

“Unattended snot ran out of her nostrils and down her face (her measure of how much messiness I could tolerate?). I listened and sympathized as if my mere presence would heal her.” “For some reason, which I still do not understand, after about a year of this circus she let me in on her <secret>. All during this time she had been seeing me on Thursday afternoons, and now she confessed that she had also been in therapy on Monday mornings at another clinic with another crazy therapist.”

“This new challenge’s chart described her as a borderline psychotic, a part-time alcoholic, an unhappy, aggressive woman with preoccupying sexual hangups and several previous unsatisfying bouts of psychotherapy. When I went out to the waiting room to invite her in for our first therapy session she struck me as a slight, timid waif of a woman. She looked more like an emaciated 12-year-old than a life-hardened 32-year-old.”

Oh, now I get it, the old color symbolism test. A male therapist with a red shirt, and now I’m supposed to tell you that I’m sometimes gay, and you probably are, too!” “You’re the therapist I’ve been looking for all of my life. I’m never, never going to leave you. I know that you’ll be able to accept whatever I do without ever making me feel bad or throwing me out.” “My relief and sense of well-being was immediately transformed. I got the sinking feeling that I had just made a lifetime contract with an albatross.”

 

“By then I was off balance, but I knew the direction in which I must go. I told her that alcoholic beverages were not permitted in the clinic. If she opened the beer here in my office that would be the end of treatment. As in the first session, she seemed relieved rather than upset by my setting some limits on her acting out.”

“She had gone to visit her dentist to have a tooth extracted. He knew that she had bad reactions to the usual anesthetics that he used. Therefore he had brought a bottle of whiskey and insisted that she have a couple of straight shots to prepare her for the extraction. She described herself as having been rather uncertain. Still she yielded to his encouragement to have one, two, and then another couple of shots. She claimed that soon she was so high that she could not resist his insistence that she perform fellatio.”

* * *

Albert Ellis

 

“While I have the floor, let me also disagree with Shelly’s [Sheldon’s] (and almost all other therapists’) allegation or implication that shame largely stems from early childhood experiences. Shit, no! If anything, early childhood experiences largely arise out of our innate predispositions toward inventing <shameful> conditions and actions and consequently idiotically making ourselves—and I mean making ourselves—unduly embarrassed about our inventions.” “Because Shelly’s feelings of shame in regard to the incident with his parents have a high degree of correlation with his feelings of shame today, he mistakenly assumes that the former caused the latter.” “Shelly’s parents indubitably taught him various standards of ‘right’ and ‘wrong’—including the standard, ‘You act rightly when you stubbornly refuse to imagine yourself letting either of your parents drown and wrongly when you even consider saving only one of them from drowning.’ Given such standards, and having the human tendency to adopt them, Shelly will assuredly believe that he acts ‘rightly’ when he tells his parents that under no conditions would he let either of them drown and ‘wrongly’ when he tells them that he would choose one over the other. Granted.”

A person’s history therefore has relatively little to do with present feelings of shame or self-downing. Shelly may have learned his standards of good and bad behavior from his parents (and others), but he decided to take them seriously and he still decides to do so if he feels ashamed of anything he does today.”

“I had a female client who had serious feelings of inadequacy about herself, especially in her relations with men, and whom I helped considerably to overcome some of these feelings. She had an attractive female friend to whom she talked about me and the way I had helped her, and who got somewhat turned on to me. This friend, in her own manipulative way, managed to meet me at a series of lectures I gave and suggested that we date.

Now I knew that I’d better not do this. Not only have I refused from my first days as a therapist to have social relations with my clients—for although this may have some advantages, I recognize that it tends to lead to more harm than good—but I also have refused to maintain close relations with any of their intimates. (…) A good idea, and I invariably—or almost invariably—stick with it. But not this time! The friend of my client seemed so charming and attractive that I decided to break my self-imposed rule and to date her. I saw her a few times, got intimate with her socially and sexually, and then decided to stop seeing her because I found her much less charming and interesting than I previously had thought. In the course of my fairly brief relations with her, I deliberately mentioned nothing about my client, since I knew that they had a somewhat close relationship, and I didn’t want to give away any confidences.

Nothing happened for several weeks; and then, after I and my client’s female friend no longer saw each other, all hell suddenly broke loose. My client, Josephine, came in one day terribly upset and said that she had discovered that I had seen her friend socially. She found this most distressing for several reasons. She thought that I might have revealed some things about her to her friend. She felt constrained, now, in telling me certain feelings that she had about this woman. She confessed a sexual interest in me and said that she felt jealous that I had shown no inclination to have sex with her while I had obviously had it with Sarah. She hated Sarah for having seduced me and then having boasted about it. Most of all, curiously enough, she felt upset because I had stupidly allowed myself to get taken in by Sarah, who, according to Josephine, had no interest in me other than as a conquest, who had fooled me into thinking she had more intelligence than she actually had, and whose inherent nastiness I had presumably entirely failed to perceive.” “I, like Josephine, at first upset myself more about my mistaken diagnosis of Sarah than about anything else.” “Her interest in me stemmed mainly from her belief that I might help her with her own personal problems and from the ego boost she experienced from telling others that she had a well-known psychotherapist interested in her. Although I had told her very specifically not to mention our association to Josephine, whom I guessed would upset herself about it, she had not only told all to her friend but had also lyingly stated that she had given me up and that I still had a great interest in resuming relations with her.” “I took a chance that my relationship with Sarah would never get back to her. I really had preferred Sarah over her, and perhaps some of this preference had come through in my relationship to Josephine. I had given her an opportunity to see some of my diagnostic weaknesses—and thereby helped remove some of her confidence in me as therapist. When she had shown an overt sexual interest in me, I had quite ethically but perhaps too brusquely repulsed her, partly because at the time I already had established a sexual relationship with Sarah, and Josephine did not seem half so attractive to me. If I had never gone with Sarah, I might well have handled rebuffing Josephine in a more tactful and more therapeutic way.” “She seemed to accept the fact that I had not deliberately done anything to hurt her and had only made some understandable errors.” “Fortuitously, she got involved with a well-known psychiatrist who treated her with a dishonesty similar to Sarah’s treatment of me, and I helped her considerably in accepting herself with her gullibility [naiveness] and in breaking away from him without feeling terribly hurt.”

“I set a few more rigorous rules for myself about socializing with the friends and relatives of my clients, and eventually I mainly forgot about the entire incident.”

“If I down ‘me’, ‘myself’, or my totality for my errors, I essentially take myself out of the human condition and view myself as a subhuman. Falsely! For, as a human, I cannot very well attain superhumanness or subhumanness except by a miracle!”

As far as I can see, you do not really admit the true wrongness of your acts if you don’t make yourself feel very guilty about them. And, even if you do acknowledge their badness, you do not motivate yourself strongly enough to change them and keep yourself from recommitting them in the future. Poppycock [Baboseira]!” “As a person who admits his own irresponsibility but who doesn’t down himself totally for having it, I save myself immense amounts of time and energy that I otherwise would spend dwelling on my poor actions, obsessively showing myself how wrongly I did them, and savagely berating myself for having such fallibility.”

“I try not to make myself guilty about making myself guilty, nor to make myself feel ashamed of making myself ashamed. I don’t find it easy! I keep slipping. My goddamned fallibility clearly remains.”

Gerald Bauman

“I felt the role of therapist to be an artificial one requiring that I adopt a facade that made me feel like the newly clothed emperor. I think I persisted in this unpleasant exercise partly because doing therapy was then the wave of the future for young clinicians, partly because I was assured by colleagues and supervisors that I was reasonably competent and talented, and partly because I tend to become stubborn under duress.”

“The most difficult <incident> of all lasted about two years. In the course of some very significant changes in my life, I was subject to severe anxiety attacks while working with clients (and at other times as well). The awful feeling would gradually well up in a great surge that might last for several minutes and then gradually subside. The experience was particularly frightening because I never felt certain how <high> the surge would go. While working, for example, I felt as though if it went much further, I might fall out of my chair or flee the room (these never happened). Though appearing to occur at random, these <attacks> themselves seemed to become more intense over about two years; then I gradually became able to overcome them and resolve the underlying issues.”

CONTRA-MEDIDAS PARA MOMENTOS DE “NUDEZ TERAPÊUTICA”:

  • “Minimize (or eliminate) pretense in self-presentation. This is especially relevant to, and difficult for, beginning therapists.”;
  • Buscar uma espécie de “acordo tácito” com o paciente sobre o nível de nudez ideal que o terapeuta e o “tratando” desejam para a terapia;
  • Sempre ter em mente flexibilidade nas regras de resolução de problemas meta-terapêuticos – incluindo seguir ou não, conforme o caso, até mesmo ESTA regra!

Howard Fink

 

O INSEGURO ESTEIO MORAL DA NAÇÃO: “He began to wonder if his suspicious attitude toward his wife was some sort of an illusion he had to maintain to give him the upper hand in the relationship, to be the constant moral superior.”

“The subject of his wife and I forming some sort of a conspiratorial love pair against him was never again mentioned without a lot of genuine humor associated with it. In fact, as if to further discount the possibility, he once said that he never thought I could lose enough weight anyway to be called slim or skinny by anybody.”

Arthur Colman

 

“While I have known her, she has worked as a topless and bottomless dancer, a masseuse in a parlor catering to conventioneers, and now nude encounter. She has been only partially successful at these jobs. She turns off as she undresses.”

“When she worked as a masseuse, she did not like to touch men’s genitals and do <a local>. It was formally against the policy of the club, although she admitted that to <jerk a customer off> got you a larger tip.”

“Here she was, earning twenty dollars a half hour (exactly my fee, dollar for minute) by sitting nude talking to men who chose their state of dress. No touching, no closeness, no real intimacy. She didn’t admit to seeing the analogies in our situations, probably because she was frightened of exploring their meaning. Her fear protected me from the full impact of the miming that she portrayed as the naked therapist.”

“Being embarrassed about experiencing a particular feeling is just the beginning of the cycle. Confronting the need to keep the feelings hidden increases its potency. Deciding to risk the uncovering process by telling the patient what has been happening inside of me can momentarily increase the embarrassment until it is released in a rush as the communication is finally made.”

O velho dilema de se apaixonar durante as sessões.

“My wife and I have written a book, Love and Ecstasy, about merger experiences in the solitary, dyadic, and group orientations.”

“I remember one patient that I worked with in the Kopp/Colman office. Yvonne was an exquisite, delicate 18-year-old rebel. Her father was a wealthy member of the State Department, her mother the dependent matron of a colonial mansion. Yvonne worked at shattering all family hypocrisy. She attacked with reckless competence, trying everything, flagrantly, desperately, and always self-destructively. She came to Shelly through some of her friends. He represented a bearded refuge for her, an adult who might understand. He sent her to me.

Her name should have been Jezebel. At that point in my life she represented impulse, license, sensuality, limitless possibilities. (…) Falling in love with her would be a lot simpler solution to my malaise than reclaiming the lost parts of my own spirit.”

“I knew I was clever enough to translate what was happening inside of me into words and actions that would facilitate her therapeutic work with me, but I wasn’t sure that I had the courage to risk such an intimate and painful personal statement, with its unknown repercussions for both of us.”

“It is not unusual now for me to feel love in a variety of forms for men and women with whom I work.” “Fantasies from therapy (in the case of Yvonne) invaded my sexual relationship with my wife and my paternal relationship with my daughter, just as those relationships entered my therapy relationship with her.” “She described her evaluation session with me and noted that she was sure I had had an erection during some of the hour. Triumphantly she proclaimed that she was positive of that fact as I got up to escort her out of the room at the end of the hour. She wondered about my ability to work in such a state and about my designs on her. She also wondered about the quality of my marriage and my sex life.” “I remembered being sexually aroused by Susan. My response had been prompted largely by the provocative role she had assumed during the hour rather than from a personal attraction. She could be very sexy, but most often used it as a weapon and a defense. I knew that precisely because of my reaction to her—arousal without great interest.” “I said I got sexually excited by many of my patients, female and male. I tried to use all my responses to an individual in my work, those of my body (including my penis) in all its states, and of my mind, with all its fantasies. I certainly did not plan to cut off parts of myself in the therapy encounter. Integrating that openness in the special setting of therapy with my family and other personal life was difficult and a challenge.”

QUANDO DOIS JUNGUIANOS SÃO CASADOS: Libby knows me and herself well enough to assume that we could experience other people sexually and still focus our most intimate sexual expressions in each other, that she as Every-woman could become a repository for all my sexual fantasies just as I could for hers.”

Arthur Reisel

 

Verdade e vitória são contraditórias.

Meu analista tem uma voz paciente, e eu ouvidos doutorais!

Arthur, it takes ten years before a therapist begins to know what he’s doing.”

 

“Thinking that a straightforward discussion of the pot experience might ease some of this mother’s extreme fears, I asked the girls what it was like for them to smoke pot. Their replies were cautious and evasive. As I should have anticipated, they hit the ball smartly back into my court, asking me if I had smoked pot and if so, why didn’t I describe how it felt? Being a more skilled player than the girls, I could have used a therapeutic trick shot to put the ball back in their court. Yet something told me that the truth was called for here even if the shocked mother were to decide that a therapist who smoked pot was not for her family. Fortunately, it turned out well. Despite her innocence the mother is an open-minded woman who accepts differences in others.”

“Used with Karen’s permission, excerpts from her letters to me will amplify and enrich my presentation.”

I think you protest too strongly and judge too harshly of a previous generation; but the protesting quite vehemently part interests me the most because I have seen it come out before with Carolyn; it wasn’t what you said as much as the intensity with which it was said. You see, on occasion I am also interested in getting into other people’s lives even though I do not get paid for it. I am interested in what makes them tick, and I try to remain as receptive as I can to subtle, non-verbal clues.”

you are very, very far from being an open book. In other words, there is much about you that I do not know. I don’t really know how it makes you feel. I know at one point in the therapy I felt like I was naked, and you were a rapist, and you called me a beggar, and it hurt, and I thought: I’d rather be a beggar than a rapist. It just seemed that you kept taking and taking”

 

you can’t beat them; you never beat them; all it accomplishes in the long run is letting them beat you. I don’t think either one of us would think that was a life well spent.” deixar-se levar é como ir para o inferno, pois não existe paraíso sem esforço. se isso significa que você “tem de dar valor”? Hoho, chega, descanse os nervos, o inferno não deve ser tão ruim… Me chama que eu vou!

I did not tell you my complete reaction to your giving away one of your pictures. My initial feeling was a tinge of jealousy that you thought enough of one of your other female patients to give her a picture you liked very much. What felt like a little child in me yelled out: What are you doing? Don’t you know? I’m supposed to be the most important one! You’re not supposed to give your favorite picture to someone else! On that same level, I’m still not exactly bouncing off the walls about it; a little of the same feeling came back when you brought it up today. However, I feel it is so ridiculous, and childish, and unrealistic that I don’t even know if I completely allow myself to feel it, much less express it.”

uimpulsaindimpulsa

She wasn’t going to think you had designs on her, was she? You didn’t, did you? Then, what’s to feel uneasy about? It was a very nice thing. People should do it more often. I’m glad you did, a little jealous, but pleased.”

 

I get the very strong impression from you that you like doing things according to schedule, and that you really do not take deviations too gracefully. It is too bad that people’s needs do not run according to schedule also, or maybe most of your patients can program them for their hour or whatever.”

 

Fuck your schedule; it might have fucked our lives. We should have gone elsewhere, but you didn’t have to worry about that because I was already too attached to you for that, and I’m sure you didn’t lose any sleep over it. I have resented it; I didn’t realize I resented it so much.”

“She then sent a brief note to apologize for blaming me for fucking up her and her husband’s lives. Karen knew they were responsible for their own lives, and she felt badly about hitting below the belt over the issue of my schedule.” Below the belt, but not too much…

Quantos anos de serviço contribuídos como “terapendo”?

Jacqulyn S. Clements

 

Alan, in his 5th year of hospitalization, had been recalling the days when he was an airplane mechanic. He concluded with the comment, <That’s why I can’t ever get married; I’m a mechanic.>

You may be noting the symbolism. What I said was, <Well, I don’t know about that. I’ve known a number of mechanics and most of them were married.>

Alan pondered this thoughtfully. Then with a twinkle in his eyes, he leaned close to me and said, <But were they schizophrenic?>

“Telling these stories is vaguely embarrassing, but, as lived, they were really good experiences for me and for the clients. My response in each case was a silent but clear <Touché!>. I don’t recommend dumb comments; but if you’ve got a Bobby or an Alan, you can learn a lot and enjoy each other.

An incident from my practice that illustrates a negative feeling of goofing and embarrassment occurred on the day I handed Mrs. B the A-child’s appointment card. My comments made it obvious that I thought she was married to Mr. A, who was also seated in the waiting room. These weren’t new people; I’d interviewed each with their real spouses. When Mrs. B pointed out my error, I wished I could disappear into a hole in the floor, and my right arm flew up in the air. I used it to touch my hair and said, <Oh, my, where is my head today?> Then, taking the A-child back to the therapy room, I quipped, <I almost got you a new mother today—ha ha.> As far as I know this had no big effect on therapeutic progress, although I certainly wouldn’t call it a confidence builder.”

“Sophisticated clients know what Gestalters and such are like; they probably saw their 6th Fritz Perls film just last week.” Um dos fundadores de um dos ramos da Gestalt (que não é monolítica): Perls, F., Hefferline, R., & Goodman, P., Gestalt Therapy: Excitement and Growth in the Human Personality (1951).

“I went to all those miscellaneous workshops and training institutes like everybody else, but I never did manage to come home a recognizable anything. I tell them I’m a Jackie-therapist, and this means, of course, my confidence rests almost solely on results. Yes, this has bothered me some. I’ve never felt ashamed not to be a walking encyclopedia on psychoanalytic theory, but often when another therapist is visiting the premises, I feel tempted to ask my client to please get down on the floor and scream like he’s having an avant-garde breakthrough.”

“I’ve had a few clients with outstanding embarrassment records. Cindy, age 14, recalled her 1st date: She spilled Coke in the boy’s lap, bowled [derrubou] a 16, and then left his car door open, resulting in $70 worth of damage. In such award-winning-goofers I also plant seeds to the effect that they’ve hit bottom, so what’s left to fear?”

“It’s amazing how many children I’ve seen who won’t run on a dropped ball. Little princesses just pose and posture the whole game—any game. The strikeout freezers can usually stay on the team if their batting average is high enough. But princesses are eventually ridiculed and chosen last.”

NÓ CEGO: “My other chronic childhood embarrassment worry had to do with body functions. In grade school about the worst thing I could imagine was wetting my pants in class. However, I was also too embarrassed to ask to be excused to go to the restroom. Would this qualify as a double bind? I am probably one of the few people in existence who neither asked to go nor went anyway.”

“It wasn’t until this very year that I got blood on my skirt in public. I was seeing a teenage boy for therapy when it happened. I laughed.” Quando crescemos e aprendemos que dar aquela freada ou mijada na rua não é nada de mais. “Now I’ll ruin the story a little bit: The teenage boy had gone before I realized it had happened, and then I laughed.”

“Life’s traumas, goofs, negative embarrassments and such should be stored lightly. If they’re off in the warehouse, they’re hard to get at when you need them and could do something constructive with them. But even sending the empty storage cabinet to the warehouse is ill advised. Then you wouldn’t have anything to put these memories in. They’d be laying around in sight too much. There are times for getting them out, but really nobody wants to see or hear that stuff all the time, even your best friends. And how about your own probable concentration on them? That’s called negative feedback overload. To avoid repression or indiscriminate hang-out, better get those storage cabinets out of storage!” O que está sempre exposto passa a ser ignorado (como certos livros na prateleira, que estão na sua frente mas você não os vê mais).

The hypothesis was born: Be they orthodox or atheists, Jews have one foot stuck on the wailing wall. This was a hunch, not a put-down.” “A hipótese havia nascido: Fossem ortodoxos ou ateus, os judeus têm um pé fincado no Muro das Lamentações. Isso era um palpite, não uma afirmação ou acusação.”

IDENTIFICAÇÃO ESPIRITUAL, NO NEED FOR SHOWING (wallpaper de estrela de Davi e correlatos): “My fantasies went even further. I pondered the possible effects of Jewish Depression on the theory and practice of psychotherapy. Since nearly all the geniuses and heroes in this field really are you-know-whats, there might be an accidental bias that could be labeled the J.D. factor. Non-Jewish therapists would pick it up by identification and introjection. By now, almost everybody probably has J.D. This means things may not be as bad as they look.” Ser antissemita é ser antiocidental como um todo, mas não significa ser pró-oriental. Na verdade o Oriente desconhece o pânico anti-judaico; isso é uma doença exclusiva do homem moderno autocastrador. Ser antissemita seria negar nossas mais vincadas raízes pagãs. Ser antissemita é ser um destruidor dos próprios antepassados, nobres e elevados (recado a Varg & simplórios desta era).

Wailing Wall. To wail is to cry. A wall is a block. A crying block? Crying because of a block?” Trocadilho impossível em Português.

“Note that Adam and Eve had no neurotic human parents and did not live in an uptight culture. They didn’t even have any childhood memories. Archetypal shame may be rather far removed from psychological theories regarding its derivatives. Note also that Adam and Eve were not Jewish; they were everybody. There was a wailing wall long before the one in Jerusalem. The latter is likely a modern intensification, or reenactment.”

“For many years, as an adult, I had frequent repeats of two rather common dream themes. In one I was to be in some play. It was opening night, and the curtain was soon to rise. I couldn’t remember any of my lines. I couldn’t recall ever having been to rehearsals. I couldn’t even find a script to refresh my memory or to take, hidden, on stage with me. In the other dream it was time to go take some school exam. I hadn’t been going to class. I’d forgotten I’d even enrolled in the course. If I’d ever had the textbook, I didn’t know where it was.

Despite years of individual therapy, group encounters, and hundreds of psychological theory and how-to books, these dreams continued unchanged. Then last year I had breakthrough dreams for both of them and have not had either one since.

In the breakthrough play dream, the curtain actually goes up and I step on stage. I not only have to improvise my lines, but I’m not dressed like the others. Six women glide by in beautiful satin gowns, and I’m standing there in a terrycloth robe with a Kotex [absorvente] sticking out of one pocket. Everybody laughs. In the school dream, I go to the room, take the exam, and presumably flunk.”

All our righteousnesses are as filthy rags (Isaiah 64:6) is a commentary on general goodness, not just what we call self-righteousness. As such, it always sounded like a real bummer to me. Maybe the frequency of righteousness wasn’t high, but what a slam on quality. I once thought: Now there’s a good recipe for neurosis.”

“Of course, the righteousness insight didn’t really pop out of nowhere. I’ve been on a gradually emerging spiritual journey for 3 or 4 years now. Sometime during this period the following dialogue probably took place, although I’m surely still working on the last line of it.”

Donald D. Lathrop

 

<I have never had a failure in psychotherapy!> My out-bragging the braggart was so incredible that it shut him up. What a blessing for me! The rationalizations that would have poured out of my mouth in justification for my clearly unreal claim humiliate me even now as I think of them. Evidently he recognized at that point that I was crazy. He never attended another supervisory session.”

“The type of therapy—the goals, the expectations, the method—defines failure. In psychoanalysis, the best studied of the therapies, failure has two important faces. One is the therapy that never ends, the <interminable analysis>. The other is the therapy that ends without a full completion of one of the technical dimensions of (psychoanalytic) treatment, namely the resolution of the transference neurosis.” “In most psychotherapies, the transference neurosis is left almost totally untouched. Good results are achieved by minimizing its development.”

“We talked about Arlene Mildred and her father. There were parallels. Arlene had been suicidal for months and was perpetually rejected by her parents. Yet if she killed herself, there is no question that her father would be on the phone screaming threats at me.”

“I feel better (as always) when I work, when I do the work that is my calling. It’s hard to concentrate, but there is relief for me in involving myself with the immediate problems of the living. Now there is something new. I am now haunted by the reality that no one in my care, not my patients, not my family, not myself, is safe from death through my unawareness. The only relief for me is talking into my machine, blindly recording for what purpose I do not know.”

“I recalled today that Mildred had had an illegitimate child and that her parents had condemned her for it; they had disinherited her, had left her with the feeling that in no way could she redeem herself. Now that she is gone, they are going to punish me.”

“But maybe not! Sometime in the late afternoon, sometime after the first woman had comforted me, I began to permit myself to think that maybe they would not sue me. Even now this goes back and forth, now one way, now the other. I know that I will just be waiting, waiting for however long it will be before the letter comes, before the papers are served, waiting and scared and at the same time a little defiant. They are not going to destroy me. I am not going to destroy myself.”

“That’s another strange quirk in this. I can no longer take comfort, as I have for so many years, in fantasies of committing suicide myself. Some recent realizations have convinced me that not only is suicide no longer a possibility for me, but comforting myself with fantasies of suicide is no longer acceptable. How strange, how ironic, that at the same time this door is closed to me, I have experienced the first suicide in my professional career.”

“These are all games. Nothing changes the reality. Mildred is dead. The games I now play to keep other men from judging me, from punishing me for my unconsciousness, for my carelessness, for whatever part is my fault, these games do not seem to me to have much to do with Mildred and me.”

“Tonight Mildred’s parents are busy making the plans and carrying out the procedure of burying their daughter. When they are through, they will come to bury me.”

“She told me that she was responsible for all of the evil in the world. I told her she did not frighten me; I told her, as I have told lots of crazy people, that I would expose myself to her and then we would see whether she was indeed the overseer of all evil. Now she is laughing. I just wish she wasn’t angry. Of all the helpers, all the professionals who have been involved with this young woman over 6 years of suicidal behavior, she saved her act of murder for me. I can stand the laughter, but the contempt, the anger, the hurt to my therapist’s arrogance, that really digs in hard.

Strange that this poor woman and I came together. We were brought together by the impersonal forces of the State. She was covered for her psychiatric care by welfare. I was and am obliged to make much of my living by treating these people. Like many such patients, she did not even pick me. I was picked for her by the good-hearted woman who runs the boarding house where Mildred was sent after her release from the state hospital. This totally untrained person gets the horribly sick, broken souls after they are hastily patched up and discharged from the state hospital. She is understandably anxious to find some professional to take care of her boarders. Many of them are as severely disturbed as any patient I have ever seen in the backward of a state hospital.

From the first time she came to my office, Mildred did not want to see me. In fact, for her first appointment, she refused to come in. I was glad. I didn’t need any more patients. I didn’t need to convince this unattractive young woman that I could help her. So I let her go. But the lady with the burden of taking care of her day in and day out was insistent, and a reappointment was made. Second try: I got her into the office. It was at this time she told me that she was the carrier of all evil. I found something to like in her. Her arrogance regarding evil stimulated my own in a competitive sort of way. I’ve known since I was a kid that no one is <badder> than I am. After that beginning, it was a succession of broken appointments, my happily giving up on her because she was stuck in a hospital in another part of the state, getting her back, working within totally unrealistic limitations of time and money imposed by welfare regulations, step by step to the final miserable result.”

“I was aware, as dawn broke this morning during my run on the beach, of Mildred’s blind eyes that do not see this sunrise. My dream last night was that I was working with some other  people, trying to finish a job. Although I was working hard and felt the importance of finishing the job, I was not frantic. Then I was relaxing with some people, perhaps having cocktails, and a young woman asked me whether I would be giving a language course. I replied, Who, me? Parlez-vous ze Deutsch? Everyone laughed, for I had demonstrated that language was my very weakest subject.

I did not understand this seemingly light-hearted and trivial dream in response to Mildred’s death. Then I went to consult my friend, my guide, Max Zeller (our relationship was called Jungian analysis, or psychotherapy, and I was the patient). Max suggested that we consult the I Ching. This was a beautiful idea. It was the very sort of objective statement that I would be willing to accept. I certainly did not want any more comforting.

I asked the I Ching about the nature of my involvement with Mildred, the meaning of this experience. The answer was hexagram 28, <The Preponderance of the Great>. In this ancient Chinese symbolism was revealed a union of solidness, steadfastness, and joy. My light-hearted dream of last night now makes sense to me. As a student, much less a teacher of the language of the unconscious, I am a rank beginner. My life is the task that must be completed. As the dream says, I no longer work frantically at the task, imagining that I will thus impress the gods or get the job done, i.e., reach perfection. The hexagram also comforts me in my experience of inner peace, my lack of grief. I had feared that this was merely denial on my part, the refusal to feel the expected emotions. But the ancient book of Chinese wisdom suggests that grief and breast-beating are simply not part of this experience.”

“Now it is years later. I never heard another word from Mildred’s parents. The boyfriend who had encouraged her to sign herself out of the hospital against my advice called a couple of times. He mainly wanted to share his feeling that all of us had been bound together by a cosmic experience. I could agree—since he made no further demand on me. I was satisfied that he had forgiven himself as I had myself.

My failure, as I now see it, was in not being aware of the purpose of my treatment of Mildred. This young woman had been in agony for years, convinced that she was personally responsible for all of the evil in the world. She had tried repeatedly to solve both her own excruciating pain and the world’s unnecessary suffering by killing herself. However, she had always been too disorganized, too fragmented to succeed. I had treated her with medication and with psychotherapy so that she finally had the necessary ego resources to carry through a definite act of self-annihilation. My job was to cure her so she could kill herself! My failure was in remaining unconscious, in not being willing to be fully responsible for my part of the therapeutic contract.

I had known for years before this incident that the danger of suicide is greatest during the recovery phase. I knew that I could have legally detained her for a while longer. It would have been a lot of trouble, but it could have been done. The fact is, I just didn’t care enough about Mildred. That’s what was lethal.

I don’t want to slip into moralizing. That has no place in a world that is moving slowly but surely away from judgment, away from manipulation through guilt. I am convinced that my own refusal of guilt in Mildred’s death was the key to my not being punished by society. If we permit guilt to take over, we communicate to others their right to take vengeance on us. Meu satânico erro em quase todos os períodos turbulentos da minha vida: ser cristão demais! Jussara, Maria das Graças, veteranos bobiólogos, até mesmo indivíduos estranhos, conhecidos na véspera… sempre se aproveitaram dessa faceta, tantos rostos descarnados disponíveis para umas pancadinhas, impunemente… Felizmente minha língua e meus dedos, embora em efeito retardado, isso lá é verdade, não seguem ordens ou ditames do “corpo típico” (o que me lembra TÍSICO), se é que se me entende. Aloprados e mais sinceros do que idiotas e bons, eles procedem à vendeta; “fora de contexto” não existe na perspectiva dessas duas instâncias, verdadeiras guias desta carne que transpira. Uma vez, em que não importa quanto veneno a serpente inoculasse eu jamais reconheceria qualquer porcentagem de culpa: Isabel the Unimportant Nóia, leprosa que se filia com os tipos mais tortos e mendicantes, desajustados, dessa Brasília imunda (e por isso me conhece!), não tinha nenhuma razão, mas, ainda pior, nenhuma chance de, com razão ou não, me convencer de minha responsabilidade no incidente que precipitou meu divórcio. Isto não é dizer que esse tipo de pessoa sem conhecimento causal algum tem qualquer ciência socrática de que nada sabe: pelo contrário, uma Unimportant Bell é sempre e perigosamente a “personalidade forte” que carrega uma fé cega, uma autoconfiança ilimitada nos próprios métodos, a pura contingência e falta de método, a vida informe e tosca, não-lixada, torpe como madeira matéria-prima. Estas pessoas são tão fanáticas em seu niilismo inócuo quanto qualquer dogmático tentando reinjetar, atavicamente, tabus e ritos milenares já superados na nossa sociedade protestantemente laica (faz parte do jogo de cena a impressão de que os evangélicos nunca foram tão poderosos, mas é uma força de castelo de açúcar, com dilúvios à vista…). Não temos rigidez e teimosia para levar adiante nenhum propósito que não tenha nascido ontem mesmo, enquanto civilização brasileira pós-moderna. Os mais doidos e inconseqüentes que já conheço há anos, mesmo que sem qualquer padrão real, são os únicos que posso descrever com precisão em seu martelar psicológico entediante.

ATENÇÃO, FIÉIS! NOSSOS PLANOS FORAM ANTECIPADOS PARA ONTEM: “All of my life I have failed. All of my life, I have suffered depression as a consequence. But I would far rather take my punishment as depression than project the responsibility for punishing me out onto the world. Others are not likely to be as merciful to me as my own educated inner Judge. I had a revelation once: There is no judgment on Judgment Day.

Vin Rosenthal

 

“Unlike Joseph K. in Kafka’s The Trial, I know what I am guilty of”

“I am so nervous! I take some Thorazine. (Why Thorazine! Especially when I’ve never taken any psychotropic drug—not even marijuana.)”

“(And now I know what my patients are talking about when they tell of their anxiety.)” Weird. Sempre achei que a descoberta antecedia a profissão!

Were you aware that a contract with a ‘schizophrenic’ often has little binding power?”

 

“The Tribunal gets really hot when it suspects sexual misconduct on my part. The judges are terribly suspicious of anything that looks the slightest bit sexual. (This sometimes is a hard one because they don’t always agree among themselves about what is sexual and about the rules of common practice and the behavior of the hypothetical <reasonable therapist.>) The Tribunal casts its confronting eyes over my writings and challenges me about such statements as follows:

She says: If it hadn’t been for your response to me, your holding me, I don’t think I would ever have come to believe anyone could find me sexually desirable; no matter how long we had just talked about it.

 

I’m amazed and overjoyed. I had picked up her message that she genuinely desired to have me-as-a-person act warmly, lovingly, intimately, with her-as-a-person, but I was uncertain whether I should risk it. Now I can see that by limiting my risk I would have seriously limited her possibilities.

 

My judges are especially wary whenever I Hold a patient.” “they often are skeptical and insist on reading between the lines and beyond what I have written.”

If I sense the person is feeling sexual as a child, I let him know he is safe. If I sense the person is sexualizing to avoid, I try to encourage his getting to his child; if he does not, we sit up and work on it. This is also true if I sense that I am sexualizing the situation. I do not continue TO HOLD a patient if I stay with my sexual feelings”

 

“The Age of Aquarius enables me to avoid detection; no one looks that closely, and whoever does is ridiculed for being <uptight>.”

“What would you have me do? What kind of job would you permit me to hold that would enable me to retain my humanity, use my skills and talents and develop my potential? Remember, my peers are no better than me. The few unflawed noble souls are, wisely, going about their business in an unpublic way; they couldn’t care less. I have to live somewhere, someone has to share my company—otherwise that would be too inhuman a punishment to fit my misdemeanors. Reforming seems like such a difficult, even impossible task. Disappearing feels easier, yet, I’d have to take myself along. I suppose I’ll just go along as I have and hope that nothing happens.”

Lora Price

 

why not just a few?

 

“In the social work profession, close, intensive working together with clients toward personality shifts and problem-solving is called <counseling>. This is a term that suggests <telling> someone what to do as a way to be helpful.” “It is the social worker—the woman—whom the public mind most often identifies as the offerer of the <concrete> service. The intangibles, the profundities, are within the male preserve.” “Sigmund Freud and Otto Rank supplied the educational approaches that dominate the field. When I was in graduate school the faculty was overwhelmingly female. The course in psychological theory was the only one not taught by a social worker. Instead, the instructor was a male psychiatrist with a faculty appointment as <consultant>.”

“Even those social work agencies most heavily invested in offering counseling rather than concrete services rely upon regularly scheduled psychiatric consultations to determine and consolidate diagnosis and the direction of treatment. When I was a caseworker in a family service agency, it was a male psychiatrist who was hired to offer his expert opinion on a weekly, one-hour consultant schedule. There were only one or two caseworkers who could <present> within this frame.”

“Mistakes or therapeutic errors (although they were not so designated) were to be kept <in house>. This was a familiar and oft-taught lesson.” “The case supervisor, my supervisor, and I would all sit there chatting amiably, awaiting the arrival of the psychiatrist. He always came late because his schedule was so busy. All four of us would then engage in seeming accord as if there was only one way to work with my clients, one direction for me to follow. Because my submitted materials reflected only that I knew exactly what to do, we could then all bask in the aura of certain knowledge and perfection.”

“Making one’s way is equated with manipulation and control. Although the kernel of this truth first became evident in my work in a social work unit (a family service agency), it was even more glaringly so when I began working in mental health facilities. Ironically, these are considered the apex of clinical social work placements because of the opportunity they offer to do counseling—or therapy—without the impediment of the concrete service traditionally found in social work agencies. I had decided to go this route because of my wish to work with clients more intensively and knowledgeably.”

“When I applied for the job I wanted, I was turned down by the woman who was the Chief Social Worker. She said I was too inexperienced and would make too many mistakes. Besides that, I had been trained as a Rankian and obviously would not fit in with the Freudian approach of that particular clinic. She knew that my being there would <embarrass> the social workers who needed to keep up with (if not be better than) the medical staff. The chief of the service was a male psychiatrist. I saw him next. He was pleased to maintain his position in the ongoing struggle by overruling her and hiring me. In any case, he could not conceive that anything I would do could be that important. He knew that it was the doctors who ran that clinic.”

“the <family> was considered to be my area of expertise. The people I saw were labeled <clients> in deference to their secondary standing in the treatment matrix.”

“In my mind, women were less likely to be accepted into medical school than men, and girls were not as skilled as boys in dealing with prerequisite subjects such as science and mathematics. Also, becoming a social worker consumes less time and less money. Clearly, expending less energy befits a profession which is only of secondary importance.”

“Away from my clients I wept copiously. With them, I insisted on appearing intact and untroubled. I feel embarrassed now by my complicity in perpetuating their assurances that I could be perfect”

Arthur L. Kovacs

 

Presented at the symposium Critical Failure Experiences in Psychotherapy, Division 29 Midwinter Meeting, 1972.”

 

“I now know that this formulation is nonsense. What we do with our patients— whether we do so deviously and cunningly or overtly and brashly—is to affirm our own identities in the struggle with their struggles. We use them, for better or worse, to secure precious nourishments, to preserve our sanity, to make our lives possible, and to reassure ourselves in the face of that ineffable dread that lurks always beyond the margins of our awareness and can be heard as a very quiet electric hum emanating from the depths of our souls when everything is silent.”

“In this way, we can use our training to utter comfortable lies to ourselves and to avoid looking at the processes by which the persons we are either catalyze or defeat those who move in communion with us.”

“…what? Disaster? Chaos? Stalemate? I do not even know the right word to describe the outcome.”

“Part of me needed a persecutor, and Gwen supplied the potential to play the part.” “When I no longer needed to be persecuted, we somehow parted.”

“subjective time is always more important than objective time”

“Gwen came to see me because she had begun to experience severe anxiety attacks in school. Most of these were evoked by encounters with her psychology instructor, a married, middle-aged man. She was convinced, in her own paranoid fashion (to which I was unutterably blind in the beginning), that he was making seductive, obscene, and shaming gestures toward her continually. When he discussed masturbation in his lectures, she believed he was shaming her before the whole class, accusing her and revealing that she was a masturbator. She would blush, feel terrified, and have to leave class. Gwen was frequently aware of his genitals bulging in his trousers. She often believed he dressed in a fashion to accentuate them and positioned himself in such a way as to exhibit his endowments to her. When he talked about sexual matters, she <knew> he was lusting after her. I need to make it clear that, as I do so often, I partly trusted Gwen’s craziness and indeed believed there was something in the instructor that longed for her. She was, I must repeat, deadly cute.”

“When she returned to her next appointment, she was furious with me. She screamed at me that I was a rotten fucker, that I had sent her to her humiliation, that I took sadistic pleasure in teasing her. The force of her violence was incredible; her features contorted into a malevolent hatred that I have seldom seen. For the first time, I sensed the presence of some awesome murderousness in her, and I felt frightened. The pitch of her screaming was louder than I had ever heard. I believe, and still do, that the instructor had manipulated her and given her a dose of clever poison to choke on as he protected himself from her paranoid wisdom. I tried to get her to hear that. Her ears were closed by the noise of her own anguished, vicious screaming. She broke out of my office, fleeing from me and from her rage, almost wrenching the door off its hinges—although she probably does not weigh more than 95 pounds [43kg].”

“My beliefs, inflicted on Gwen and most others who opened themselves to me, were my armor, my sword, and my shield at that time of my life.”

“The next many months Gwen found exquisite ways to torment me, even though I could not get her to come to my office. She began, for example, to call me, usually around 3A.M.. I would stagger out of bed to answer the phone. There would be an ominous silence, then a loud screaming, You goddam piece of shit! I want you to die! or something equally vicious and abusive. Suddenly the phone would be hung up and it would be over until the next time. I believed then that my life was in the grip of some malevolent, overwhelmingly crushing principle, for Gwen’s timing was exquisite. Most of her calls occurred at times when I felt too weary, too battered to stand one more moment of anguish in my life. My struggle to build a new existence was beginning to consume me. Most of those nights I had fallen into fitful sleep after lengthy episodes of bitter acrimony with my former wife or of crying desperate tears at having to cross such a limitless desert alone. Gwen’s calls would cause me to start up from steamy, sweat-rumpled sheets in terror; I did not feel the strength to deal with her.”

“At last, after an absence of 4 months, I finally received a daytime call from Gwen. She asked to make an appointment! When she came in, she told me that she had been thinking about her therapy a lot and that she felt she wanted to enter group therapy. Having others around would, she believed, keep the 2 of us from getting into terrible trouble together. (I often notice patients possess incredible wisdom, if we would only listen!) I also, as did she, wanted and needed to dilute the horrible intensity of what had been transpiring between us. I readily assented, and Gwen started group.”

“In her middle adolescence, Gwen’s stepfather had a psychotic episode, preceded by a period of great violence during which he brandished a pistol repeatedly, screamed at his family members often in desperate viciousness, and engaged in great, raging, hallucinatory battles with his wife—during which he sometimes bloodied her or broke her bones—before he himself finally went to a psychiatric hospital. Gwen trembled violently as she remembered and related these things. During this period of treatment, also, Gwen got herself a job as a secretary, decided to attend college at night, and moved into her own apartment, separating from her family for the first time in her life. And I felt smug, pompous, and marvelously effective as her therapist. What an ass I was!”

“Once I was working with another patient. The other patient was pouting, sullen, withholding. She had come up to the edge of something and now sat stolidly, defiantly, unyieldingly. I became exasperated and started shaking her. The next thing I knew, Gwen threw herself on me, fists flailing, screaming You fucker, you fucker! It took 10 people to pry her off of me. I was very shaken.

Another marathon. Days, months, years—I do not know how much later. I had taken 20 patients into the Sierra Nevada. We were camped out in a snow-surrounded, glacial-scoured, lake-filled paradise. I had asked a woman along to share my sleeping bag at night. As I look back, I now feel ashamed of my choice. My companion was young and very pretty but had nothing more for me than sexual compliance. For this she wished to present me with a large number of emotional demands. At that period of my life I was desperate for any crumb of nourishment, did not appreciate my worth, and would hunger after anyone I believed would have me. We fought a great deal that weekend. Gwen kept watching the two of us balefully. During the 2nd day, she asked the largest man in the group to restrain her physically while she talked to me. He did so, and once again she shifted gears into her screaming viciousness, calling me a piece of shit, a motherfucker—any obscenity she could muster. He held her so she wouldn’t hit me. She struggled hard to get free while she vilified me. The gist of her tirade was, of course, that I was a moral leper, a vile sensualist, and a user of people.

As my first marriage continued to die and as I searched for the goodness I so longed for, Gwen became somehow in my mind the world’s representation of the established moral order. She had been selected to make me suffer for my sinful attempts to make a new life. The night calls and screaming at me over the telephone continued, usually when I could least bear them. Incredible vituperation also spilled out of her in group each week.”

“Weekends are always terrible when marriages are dying.”

I want her dead! I suddenly knew it and began to fantasize the myriad ways I could kill her. I danced exultantly over her broken corpse. Her life must end so that mine could go on! (…) That shitty, stinking little cunt-bitch! I arrived at work trembling in fearful awe over the intensity of my own murderousness. That night in group my patience was exhausted. The 2 of us got into a screaming battle with each other. I told her how I longed for her to die. We traded insults and murderous fantasies. I felt momentarily better.

Another night—weeks later. I am talking to someone else about masturbation. Gwen’s paranoia flares up again. She accuses me of sitting with my legs apart to compel her to stare at my crotch. She insists that I am talking about masturbation to shame her. She yells that I should get it straight once and for all that she does not masturbate. I get furious. I tell her that she is a stupid little bitch. I tell her she is 20 years old and that it is time she started masturbating. I describe to her how to do it and order her to go home and carry out my instructions after group. I add that I never want to hear anything about masturbation from her again. She becomes silent. Finally, I start searching my heart about her accusations. I tell her that they are partly justified, that when I first met her I had indeed tried her on in fantasy as a possible lover. I assented that I had probably teased her provocatively and flirted with her in subtle ways. I admitted to her the crazy desperation that seized most of my life then, the hunger to be at rest in a good woman’s arms. I added that my fantasies about her had died, though, soon after my getting to know her—that she was not my other half, nor what I needed for me. I said that I regretted that fact. I believed that my inability even to imagine her any longer as a partner to me was a sad tragedy. I felt forlorn as I talked to her. I closed the group by expressing my wish that a day might come before either of us were dead when once again she could stir me in such a way as to invoke in me imagery of her being my woman. I knew that that would be a sign that something profound had happened to each of us.

Early the next morning, Gwen called. She asked if she could have an individual appointment with me. I had a cancellation that afternoon and readily assented. At the appointed hour, I opened the waiting room door. Her face was contracted with rage. As she walked by me, she slapped my face. When we entered my office, I asked her what the hell that had been for. She screamed that I had exposed, shamed, and humiliated her in front of her friends in group. Then she went berserk and threw herself on me, trying to claw my face and spitting at me as we tussled. We crashed to the floor, spilling furniture and books everywhere. I finally subdued her, and as she began to feel the assertion of my strength and control she murmured between clenched teeth: Go ahead, you bastard. Fuck me. I told her I wasn’t interested. She began to sob convulsively. I had never seen her like that. She was suddenly very little and helpless, a 3-year-old who had been running around in murderous fury, trying to pretend that she had adult competencies lest the world penetrate her disguise and annihilate her. An image is indelibly burned into my awareness: the two of us sitting there on the floor in the midst of the rubble of my office, Gwen sobbing helplessly in my arms, my rocking her and feeling rubber-kneed and weak from the awe and fearfulness of what we had just experienced.”

“She began describing her stepfather coming into her room one night. Gwen stopped, flushed, went incredibly tense, and would not go on.” “My instructions to her to enter into a dialogue with the half-fantasied, half-remembered shade of that man on that nameless occasion precipitated a kind of trance-like state. Gwen became 14 again. She relived and reproduced what I knew was in store for all of us—her stepfather’s feared, longed-for, luscious, tormenting, lacerating, hungering attempted rape of her that awful night of her memory. Who knows whether the events were real or not? I still do not. But their reality was powerful that evening she described them to us.”

“Her tear-drowned eyes remained closed. I picked her up and rocked her as I would my own daughter. At first she drank me in. Then I felt her stiffen. I knew intuitively what was happening, and I said to Gwen, No, I don’t have an erection. She realized it too, at the same time, and turned to rubber once again in my lap. Yet, at that moment, I sensed our relationship was doomed and hopeless. If I held her at some emotional distance to placate her longing, terrified struggle over being penetrated, she would rail at me for being no help, disinterested or worthless to her. If she captured my attention, and I started to move closer to her, I would become the bearded satyr—too exciting, too forbidden, and too dangerous to deal with. Either way the end result was an outburst of fearful hatred. I talked to her often about this frustrated, impotent dilemma into which she thrust me. It never did any good.

Instead, Gwen began to separate from me. She started to come to group less and less. At first I felt comfortable with this, for the events of her life demonstrated a thrust toward increasing competency and mastery. She received a significant promotion at work. She separated from her boyhood lover and began to explore the possibilities of loving a much more capable man a few years older than she was. (…) One day she called me to ask me for a referral. A friend who did not have much money wanted to enter therapy and asked her, so she said, for the name of a good clinic. I provided this to her, and I added that the friend should ask for Dr. X, if possible, at that agency for I knew he had a good reputation. Three months later I found out, when Gwen began to talk matter-of-factly about it in group, that it was Gwen herself who had gone to see Dr. X and that Dr. X had begun seeing her, not at the clinic, but in his private practice!”

“She finally mustered the courage to tell her new lover that she was falling in love with him and to ask him for more of himself than he had been willing to give her thus far. He smiled, told her that she was a sweet thing, but that all he wanted her for was an occasional night in the sack. He laughed delightedly at her precious gift of her avowing that she wanted him, and he went to the refrigerator to break out a bottle of champagne. Gwen went berserk, tore up the man’s apartment, and forced him to throw her out bodily. She then came to group the next week, started up her screaming machine again, complained that I was an evil monster who ruined people’s lives, and stormed out of the office. I did not see Gwen again for three months. I was relieved. I thought she was gone forever, and I was happy. I had at last left my previous life, was living alone, and felt joyously in love with the woman who is now my wife. Gwen’s seeming departure was a mystical sign to me that my perilous journey was at last over and that I would be able to rest in my wife’s arms, exhausted, ecstatic, and optimistic about what we were beginning to build.

Much to my surprise, Gwen signed up for a weekend marathon [!] I held the next January. My soon-to-be wife accompanied me on that occasion. As I relive those moments, I remember how Gwen stared at the two of us in hateful envy. She detested my happiness. She tried to interfere, with sarcasm and cruel mockery, in any work I attempted to do. I finally stopped everything to contend with her. I was quaking with tension. After Gwen played many screaming broken records over and over again, I asked her what the hell she wanted from me. To my astonishment, she softened and asked to be held. Haltingly, I agreed. She came and sat next to me. I put my arm around her and she leaned against me, but I felt some kind of stiffness and unyieldingness in her manner and bearing. I told her I missed the vulnerable child she had—on a precious very few occasions—allowed herself to be with me. My wife, in her usual marvelously intuitive fashion, saw the look in Gwen’s eyes and began to speak to her of her own struggles with pride and envy. They swapped tales of being children, of longing for good fathers, and of all the turmoil and fear such longings create. My wife urged that Gwen be resolute in searching for what she wanted and that she not allow her fears of other women’s retribution to turn her aside from her quest. Gwen softened and allowed herself at last to surrender to being held. Later in the night one of the women in the group asked Gwen for permission to, and indeed did, feed her from a baby’s bottle. [Ah, kleinianos!]

Gwen then disappeared from my life. Once in a while I would get a phone call from her complaining bitterly about the cold, cruel, and vicious treatment she was receiving at the hands of Dr. X. I urged her each time to discuss her grievances, real or imagined, with him and told her she was always welcome, if she wished, to return to group—that many people missed her and asked about her. Last June, I got a call from her again. She and Dr. X had gotten into a fight, and he had thrown her out of therapy, saying that he was sick of her vicious bitchiness, would not put up with it anymore, and was not going to see her again. Gwen sounded crazy and frightened on the phone. I began to get anxious.

Two weeks later I came into my office and found it at shambles. All my books had been thrown on the floor. The furniture was overturned. Papers had been ripped up. A cover from Time magazine, the one with Jesus Christ Superstar on it, had been ripped off. A knife, thrust through the face of Jesus, impaled it to my couch. I knew immediately who had done it, and I began to fear for my life. Then Gwen called and asked for an individual appointment. I refused, telling her that I was afraid of the violence in her. I urged her to come to group so that we could talk where we would both be safe. She screamed at me and hung up.”

“Three weeks later, a fireman came into my office. Gwen had been gathered in off the roof of my building after having threatened noisily for an hour to jump.” “The physician in charge called me. He said Gwen had confessed to him it was the 3rd attempt she had made on her life in 48 hours.”

“The mother reported that Gwen had assaulted her parents and her father’s psychiatrist during the past week. I begged the mother to have Gwen hospitalized. Instead the mother screamed at me for being <one of the fucking Jew-doctors> that had ruined her daughter’s life. Screaming in fury, she told me she was going to take Gwen home. For the next 3 weeks I walked in dread, not knowing whether Gwen was alive or dead, not knowing if she would come at me out of some other dark night, this time with a weapon.

Late in July, Gwen called again. She asked for an appointment. For some reason known only to my sense of the uncanny¹, I granted her request. I was terrified, but I needed to confront some primitive dread in me. I was sick to death of being a person who always ducked bullies and fled from the possibility of violence. She would be the occasion for me to confront me.”

¹ Referência freudiana

“She related to me that she had made appointments with 8 different therapists in the past 4 weeks and had physically assaulted all 8 of them and fled.”

I guess I’ll live. But I don’t think I’m going to go on with therapy.”

 

“As she disappeared down the hall she smiled bravely and called out over her shoulder, You’re the only one who always lets me come back. I have not seen or heard from her this past 3 years.”

“Gwen served me well as my vicious companion at a time I needed one. The impress of her being will always be with me.”

Hobart F. Thomas

 

“On several occasions I have experienced deep feelings of love and/or sexual attraction for clients. At other times I have felt and expressed feelings of irritation and anger. None of these emotionally charged situations, however, seems to provide the devastating frustration of those in which no truly personal contact occurred. I am recalling the long and seemingly fruitless hours spent with depressed patients in mental institutions, which seem to put one’s faith in a therapeutic process to the ultimate test.”

“Perhaps the toughest experiences of my career were the days of attempting to practice before I myself had undergone personal therapy. I had mastered the knowledge, techniques, and procedures well enough to obtain a clinical Ph.D., but the heart and guts of the process were missing. Bizarre as it may sound, I even recall on more than one occasion actually envying the experiences of some of my clients in therapy.”

“Approximately 4 years after completing a doctorate, I entered personal therapy. Reasons for the long delay are not easy to determine. In spite of episodes such as the above, I seemed to be endowed with sufficient ego strength to keep the show going. Besides, I was not convinced that the Freudian model and many of its practitioners, who represented the bulk of my exposure to clinical practice at the time, were the answer either to my own or to the world’s problems. It was then, and is now, my conviction that one best chooses a therapist out of some deep intuitive place, and one can do no better than to follow one’s feelings when making such a choice.”

Bouts with the perfection monster”

“Being <analyzed>, at least in the circles in which I traveled at the time, also qualified one for membership in a rather exclusive club. A part of me wanted to belong, to be accepted, to be part of the action. Another part, for whatever reasons, refused to join up and pay the membership dues.”

“Ironically, my impression is that, currently, the Jungian school is considered more <in> [fashion] than the Freudian. At the time, such was definitely not the case.”

“What if all of a sudden I can’t function?”

 

“The outer drama in which therapist and client each play their respective roles continues, apparently without interruption, until the end of the hour.”

“The experience of panic occasionally recurs, sometimes in the consulting room, sometimes while teaching a class, or sometimes during seemingly ordinary conversation—usually, in each case, when I feel pretty much in charge and everything appears to be running smoothly. (Another clue here, perhaps?)”

really plays well for his age”

 

“We need not always stand alone.”

Look, Mom, I finally made it!”

 

“My hunch is that the state of panic is a corrective, devised by my wiser Self to help put things back in the proper perspective—a real therapeutic kick in the ass to remind me that I’m not God.” My hunch is that my panic is for me to saying Farewell, father!

“it is essential to know how to let be.”

that’s all: [be] midwife. You can relax.”

“My perfection bogey-man stays with me a good deal of the time, however. Having experienced that paradisaical state of Being, I do keep searching for ways to get there and stay there. Even when I appear to be laying back, I’m trying—trying to do, trying not to do. And, too often, in rushing to reach home I forget to smell the flowers along the way.”

NO, NOT FREUD: “When my own therapists revealed themselves to me as persons, not gods, I soon realized that human imperfection has about it its own particular beauty.”

Joen Fagan (mulher – informação relevante para um dos casos que ela irá contar!)

 

“One of my oracles is the dictionary. Built into the derivation of words and the range of their meanings is a cohesion of human experience. So I asked Webster the meaning of naked, and found my eye pausing over and returning to <defenseless, unarmed, lacking confirmation or support.> As I sat, feeling my way into these meanings, I remembered William.”

“He sat in the front row, nodding at the right times and laughing at my jokes, behaviors much appreciated by a teacher.” “You know so much about this; don’t you think…?” or “Why wouldn’t it be true that…?”

“I was lonely, but people had to press against me to become friends; even though I needed and wanted them, my reserve and hesitancy took some broaching. It was the same with students who had asked me to counsel with them. They had to persist past my uncertainty and self-doubts. So I accepted some intrusiveness and tolerated my discomfort with him without firm limits or comments.”

Did I think he needed to go back into therapy? Did I think he was crazy? His father had said that to him this week. His wife had told him that too. But he thought he was doing well. Would I see him for therapy?

No, William.

Why not?

You’re not finished with Carl. Besides, I won’t see students who are taking courses from me for therapy. (Avoiding saying, of course, that I doubted my ability to handle him or that he was too manipulative.)

Well, will you have lunch with me? Why not?

He was becoming a nuisance. Once, as he got up to go, he suddenly leaned over and tried to kiss me. I was angry then and told him so.”

“Did I think he was crazy? He had been hospitalized before. What did I think? <I think you’re bothered about a number of things and should go back and see Carl.>

“Anyway, in another week summer vacation would start, and 3 months away from the college would solve the whole thing.”

“The next morning an envelope was in the mailbox at my house; it was a somewhat confused but humorous letter from William saying he had decided to spend the summer in a nearby public park and inviting me to join him.”

“The next day there was another letter, more angry and threatening, with some sexual allusions that were immediately denied. You know, of course, that I’m just kidding. I love you and wouldn’t hurt you or do you harm. I began feeling frightened and did not sleep well. The letter the next day was even more threatening. If you won’t see me, you won’t see anybody. I want you and I’ll get you.

“The father called me later that afternoon to say that he had found William and had had him admitted to a psychiatric ward. My relief, though, was short-lived. Letters now started coming through the mail, openly delusional, abusive, threatening, and sexually blatant. Again I waited and did nothing, not knowing anything to do. Should I contact his unit? Or him? Or his father? To do what? Say I was scared? Then his father called again. He thought I might want to know that William had escaped from the ward.

There was a paranoid somewhere in the city and I was the center of his delusions. Several days of extreme anxiety. I put chain locks on my doors and jumped at noises. I remembered a patient at the hospital where I had interned, who, ten years after his last contact with a former female therapist, still maintained a similar life-focusing preoccupation with her. The hospital viewed him as sufficiently dangerous to call and warn her when he escaped”

“I remembered other threats to therapists and attacks by patients, and I frantically found work to do and friends to be with.”

“Shortly after that an FBI agent called to say they had investigated the forgery at the request of the bank but did not recommend pressing charges since William was now in the psychiatric ward at Bellevue. Again, relief.

Once every few months a postcard came, and one time, a box of candy on Valentine’s Day. He might no longer have been paranoid, but I was; thinking there was a chance it was poisoned, I threw it away. The sight of the neat, familiar writing could still evoke anxiety, but the cards came less and less frequently until finally a year or more had passed with nothing to remind me of him.”

Do you know that you saved my life?

No, William, I didn’t know that.

 

He stood up, went to the door, paused, said goodbye, and left. I realized that I had no idea what he had meant.”

“Do you know, William, how much you taught me about the impossibility of running?”

Barbara Jo Brothers (e sim, é só uma pessoa)

“I am caught. There is no way my vanity will let me avoid rising to the challenge, no way I would decline contributing to this book…but knowing this as my personal dilemma: the risk of exposure of a place inside myself—a place I have found virtually unbearable… a place I have virtually given my life to protect.”

“When I met Jerry, I was in the first month of my first clinical job, armed with my degree and with all of the accompanying mixtures of zeal and anxiety. There was Jerry. Transferred to the local state hospital’s adolescent unit because his family’s funds had run out (after 9 months of psychoanalysis and private hospitalization), Jerry was as crazy at that point as he had been 9 months before. I had known his analyst, so I knew a bit of his history.”

“In my youthful mind, if one of the best analysts in town was giving up, I was already expiated from whatever penalties of failure might ensue and from the awesome demands of Knowing-What-I-Am-Doing.

Jerry and I did well. Then one day the hospital decided to discharge him, prematurely in my judgment. I sent him to what I considered to be the best mental health center in town and tried to tell myself something to make the  uneasiness a little easier in my hither-to-relied-on gut.”

“My own therapist comes in, tries to look like a doctor, takes my pulse. <Are you depressed?> he says. I reply, <I’m too sick to be depressed. Come back in a few days and I might have a depression for you.>

“We had lost our connection after my discharge. I had referred him to the best therapist I knew in community out patient mental health clinics. He was re-hospitalized. I vehemently protested when hospital policy dictated that he not be admitted to my unit simply because of having had one more birthday since his discharge [ultrapassou o limite de idade de sua clínica]. I might have conquered death, but I was not going to have an effect on the monolithic mental ill-health system. He went to the adult unit and killed himself while out on pass.”

“Exposure, expression, mistake, all are cyclical. My exposure is beginning to sound like my salvation. That which I fear most seems to serve my best interests most powerfully.”

I dodge and twist and evade.”

Carl Whitaker

 

“Before antibiotics, treatment of gonorrhea in the female usually consisted of months of hospital bed-rest. The Green Girls were locked in a big ward on top of the hospital in the middle of the East River. It was my job to try to keep them from becoming overly excited in order to prevent flaring up of the infection that had gotten them arrested and imprisoned.

It was a strange flip for a religious country boy to end up dealing with Broadway chorus girls. They wanted to have their operation by our own gyn department because we used a special incision below the hairline. That way they could go back on the stage and not be laughed at for exposing their surgical scar.”

I saw this big white polar bear sitting on the bed, and I knew he wasn’t real, but I had to call the nurse because he looked so real.”

 

“As I learned more about the vivid experiences of psychosis, I rapidly lost my interest in the mechanical carpentry work we call surgery.”

“A patient who was mumbling to himself explained that voices were calling him horrible things and saying that he had intercourse with his mother. I said, ‘That must be very upsetting,’ and he waved me off with, ‘Oh, no, they’ve been doing that for years, and I don’t pay attention anymore’.”

“Later I talked with an 85 year-old man who came in for molesting an 8 year-old girl. When I met the girl, who looked like a professional actress fresh out of Hollywood, it made huge gashes in my fantasy of what life and people were all about.”

“This call of the wild, the agony and ecstasy of schizophrenia, of the whole psychotic world, ballooned inside of me.” “The magic of schizophrenia, that Alice-in-Wonderland quality of spending hour after hour, sometimes all night long, with a patient whose preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations made him as fascinating as yourself, was matched by the mystery world of play therapy.”

“My discovery of Melanie Klein and her beliefs about infant sexuality was like a repetition in depth of my earlier discovery of the psychotic world.” Oh no, not this bitch again, defenestrate her, from the fifth flour, please!

“my first introduction to psychotherapy was by way of the Philadelphia social work school’s form of Rank’s process thinking. I became more and more intrigued by what brings about change. There was an 8 year-old boy who hadn’t said anything since he had whooping cough [coqueluche] at age 2. I spent 6 months seeing that boy once a week while the social worker talked to his mother upstairs. He never said anything to me either, but we threw the football out in the yard. He did listen to me talk about him. I finally gave up and admitted I couldn’t help. He and his mother went away disappointed. I thought I’d had it with psychotherapy until we got a call back 3 weeks later saying he’d started talking.”

“It became more and more clear that medical students were divided into those who didn’t know how to be tender and those who didn’t know how to be tough. How difficult it was to teach either one to have access to the other. I didn’t really know I was merely talking about myself for some years, but I did discover the joys of working with delinquents. That power! I always thought of them as Cadillacs with steering gear problems, whereas the neurotics we saw in the medical school clinic were like old Fords that were only hitting on two cylinders. Looking back, I often wonder how many of the delinquents stole cars just so they could come back and tell me about it.”

“As a matter of fact, for the next 3 or 4 years I bottle fed almost every patient I saw—man, woman, or child; neurotic, psychotic, psychopathic, or alcoholic—and with a high degree of usefulness, if not success. It was only some time later that it dawned on me that it wasn’t the patient who required the technique, but the therapist. I was learning to mother, and once that was developed I couldn’t use the technique anymore.”

“I didn’t even know then that co-therapy was a secret system for learning how to talk about emotional experiences. It allowed you to be able to objectify a subjective experience shared with someone else.”

I eventually left to work in Atlanta, where we discovered in those early days that the baby bottle was a valuable way to induce regression in the service of growth but that fighting was equally valuable. Just as the baby bottles spread from one to another in our staff group of 7, so the fighting moved until we were apt to be involved physically with almost every patient in one way or another. The intimacy of physical contact—of slapping games, of wrestling, and of arm-wrestling—became a part of our discovery of our own toughness.”

“By 1946 we had 3 daughters and 1 son. The problem of trying to be an administrator and a clinician had exteriorized a lot of my immaturity. When the stress in the hospital and medical school got high, I began to precipitate myself into psychosomatic attacks with cold sweats, chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and a half day in bed. Cuddling with my wife resolved this, but I went back into psychotherapy to help develop confidence in preventing it. Living with our own children also convinced Muriel and me that the only <unconditional positive regard> in this world comes from little children.”

“It was clear to us that the reason people work with schizophrenics is that they want to find their own psychotic inner-person, which is known more and more as the right brain—that nonanalytic total-gestalt-organized part of our cortex. We struggled over the schizophrenogenic mother and over whether the father himself can create schizophrenia. All this anteceded systems theory, which made it clear that it takes a family system (and more) to originate such a holocaust.” Quanta inocência, diria Deleuze…

“The craziness that had overlain her arteriosclerosis of the brain had long since faded into the background. She just ate and slept and smiled and went to the bathroom. But the family still loved her and still enjoyed being with her. They had not turned away from her because of her failing health.”

“It seems that the initial therapist is contaminated with all of the usual problems of being a mother: He’s all-forgiving, all-accepting, and minimally demanding. In contrast, when the consultant comes in for the second interview, he turns out to be very much like the father: He is reality-oriented, demanding, intellectual, much less tempted to accept the original complaints or the original presentation, and very much freer to think about what’s being presented in a conceptual, total gestalt manner.”

“The Atlanta clinic was our private world, and the sophisticated world of a psychoanalytic organized group left me with uncertainties, awkwardness, and the temptation to be isolated.”

“The initial phase of working with the family demands a coup d’état, in which the therapist proves his power and his control of the therapeutic process, thus enabling the family to have the courage to change their living pattern. Other concepts, such as the importance of the detumescence of the scapegoat [resolução, desinchação – conotação cancerígena] or surfacing other scapegoats in the family, spreading the anxiety around the family, and the necessity of using paradoxical intention to reverse the axis of responsibility so the family would carry the initiative for their own change, all were picked up from the residents when they were working with families as co-therapists.”

“One of the covert changes that I experienced was my increasing conviction that everybody is schizophrenic. Most of us don’t have the courage to be crazy except in the middle of the night when we’re sound asleep, and we try to forget it before we wake up. I became more and more courageous in my advancing years and tenured role, and I began to use the word with greater nonchalance. During the first 6 months to 1 year, it was quite a shock, but after that it became gradually more and more accepted, at least in my own head.”

“There is being driven crazy, which means that one’s malignant isolationism¹ is brought about by being forced out of one’s family. There is going crazy, which, in the case of falling in love, is a delightful experience, although very frightening. Going crazy also takes place in the therapeutic setting, where it’s sometimes called transference psychosis, much in the same way we talk of transference neurosis [still two words that can’t make sense]. And then there is acting crazy—the crazy responsiveness of the individual who has once been insane and who, when under stress, returns to that state of being even though he’s not out of control in the same way. He’s like the child who has just learned to walk. If he gets in a hurry, he’ll get down and crawl on his hands and knees, even though it’s slower.”

¹ O que será que quer dizer? Meu caso? Vivendo com 3 idiotas cada vez mais incapazes de me entender e na verdade cada vez mais decorativos (1988-2017), de repente meu corpo se rebela e diz: CHEGA, VOCÊ JÁ SUPORTOU DEMAIS! ACABOU SUA AUTOIMPOSTA EXPIAÇÃO! Mas quer dizer que quem fritava a batata, no fim, eram eles… Consolador!

“the quasicraziness that happens in social groups”

Alex Redmountain (“Despite his name, he is not an American Indian, but, rather improbably, a Jewish-Slavic refugee of World War II.” – Kopp)

 

The affliction is self-love, narcissism, a narrowness of vision that places everything outside oneself at the periphery. Though it appears open and seeking, it makes learning very difficult. Stop reinventing the wheel, I was told; I finally did, but since no one told me to stop reinventing the compass, and sextant, and steam engine, I kept on doing that for quite a while.”

“Out on the street, the therapist is like a hooker who’s been thrown out by her pimp. There’s no security, no status. You’re surrounded by a dozen other hustlers, each selling some exotic solution to life’s problems: astrology, card reading, Scientology, revolution, a quickie in the back of the Dodge van parked across the street. Psychotherapy looks like just another fast fix, a way to set the pain aside momentarily or to pretend to an inflated self-importance. And often it is.”

“I am a clinical psychologist, traditionally trained, and I was still doing the usual clinical psychologist things: testing, individual and group therapy, supervision, formal consultation. But I was getting restless, found it hard to stay within the confines of the clinic where I saw my patients. Little by little, mostly by self-invitation, I cultivated a street beat through familiar geography: free schools and open universities, gay people and street people, adolescents of infinite variety and the many species of chicken-hawk who prey on them, alternate enterprises of every ideology imaginable, and a total spectrum of lifestyles. It seemed like a great opportunity for checking out the barriers. It was also a great opportunity for, as we used to say in The Bronx, getting my ass handed to me—as in the sentence, When I hand you your ass, boy, your head is gonna fall so low you’ll be looking up at roach shit [cocô de barata].

“Basically, I’m a middle-class grown-up with slightly rebellious inclinations; the one time I was impulsive enough to drop out of school, I joined the U.S. Army and was promptly dispatched to die of boredom in Korea. The setting for my street-shrink activities was a deteriorating, exciting, but not especially dangerous or sinful neighborhood in a large Eastern city. It was exciting because of its variety: its residents encompassed all ages and classes, at least 3 races, and 12 ethnic groups; Maoist food <collectives> operated on the same block with 30 year-old Mom and Pop groceries; soul music blared from one record shop speaker while salsa and bomba rhythms leaped out from another around the corner; store-front churches rose from the ashes of revolutionary Trotskyite print shops—and vice versa.”

“Another source was the illusion of being a savior, a reconciliator loved by all. When I walked around the neighborhood, greeting militants and leftover flower children, precinct captains and self-actualization addicts, I imagined myself a combination of country doctor and masterful statesman, healing rifts both psychic and physical as I passed on through. And in the best Lone Ranger silver bullet tradition, I dreamed of encountering evil, overcoming it, and riding off toward the foothills and the setting sun—all within the 30 minutes normally reserved for the radio serials of my youth.

This kind of delusion wreaks havoc with the long-distance running qualities usually required of the psychotherapist. It also helped me suppress some doubts about my own endurance. With every new patient I took on in my public practice, I wondered: Can I really last the journey? As the complexity of every individual unfolded, I worried: It may be just too hard, too long, too draining. What if I want to run off and fast alongside Cesar Chavez [uma espécie de João Pedro Stédile] in the lettuce fields? What if I decide to go to Harvard Business School so I can destroy capitalism from within?

“I’m there in 20 minutes. Who said that house calls were a thing of the past? Upstairs I can hear crunching and smashing noises. Down in the <parlor> 8 resident runaways and 2 counselors mill about, looking worried, indifferent, scared, sullen—depending on whom you are looking at.” “a monstrous teenage version of an NFL defensive end, 6 foot 6, at least 240 pounds. He is methodically ripping apart the wooden bunks—the bunks that my friend Joe put together over a couple of weeks of unpaid labor, after his unemployment ran out! I am outraged.”

Sally greets me with a strange, playful look in her sensual eyes. (Whoops, it’s hard to keep lust and hubris clearly separate.) For many reasons, Sally is one of my favorite counselors.”

Shrink é uma gíria suburbana para psicólogo ou psiquiatra.

God works in mysterious ways, said Sally, having been raised a brimstone Baptist and never quite given it up. I had to agree. I often had the feeling, when I was doing therapy, that anything I said would work: insight, catharsis, epiphanies would follow some inaudible inanity from my mouth. At other times, when I thought I was being wondrous wise, my words fell as flat as a swatted bug. It all has to do with chemistry, or radiation, or smell. Or something. Before I knew that, I sometimes took the calling of therapy very seriously indeed.”

Because I think it’s just an ego trip. I don’t even call myself a therapist, you

know.”

What do you mean, even you! Who are you, Sigmund Freud?”

No, but at least I’m not trying to be something I’m not!”

Aw, fuck you!” she shouts.

Fuck you!” I yell back.

 

All that doctor done was yell at me, tell me I was a whore and would end up a junkie or dead or in prison, and I’d never have kids, or a man, or anything decent at all.”

 

“As far as I am concerned, the making of a therapist and the making of a centered person are parallel, though not congruent, journeys.”

First Tale of Lust. I had agreed to see Janet for short-term therapy at her home; she had a 1 year-old daughter, a night job as a waitress, and no one to babysit. I knew there were many caveats against this kind of thing, but I was sure I could handle it.”

“I kept trying to remember why therapists shouldn’t become sexually involved with patients. I found myself perusing, at length, articles that argued an opposing view. Even the reputable Association of Humanistic Psychology, I noted, was sponsoring a panel at its annual meeting: Sexual Relations Between Therapists and Clients.”

“She observed that the tension between us was palpable. I agreed. In fact, it was becoming intolerable. Yes, I said. Well, she wanted to know, what were we going to do about it?”

“I read Albert Ellis [logo acima!] and Martin Shepard, wrote an essay entitled Challenging Some Traditional Preconceptions in Psychotherapy—in which I never mentioned sex.”

“On the 13th day, I received a short note from Janet on the back of an old Valentine card: I’ve discovered that there are more fine lovers around than psychotherapists. Will you be my (one and only) therapist?

 

Human, all-too-human: After I daydreamed about choking her with a spiked bulldog collar, boiling her in oil, and throwing her out of a dirigible over the most polluted part of the Hudson River, I met with her—in my office. We dealt with it, as the New Yorker cartoon says, by talking about it. We actually went on to do some excellent work together, 50 minutes at a time, 2 days a week, face to face, and no hugging.”

Second Tale of Lust. Tamara was 16, dark as an Arab princess, radiating ripeness. She was a resident at one of the group foster homes at which I dispensed weekly advice. Whenever she greeted me, she would wrap herself around me like the original seductive serpent, and I would try desperately to keep my cool—without success.

I am seldom drawn to adolescents sexually, or so I like to believe. I like the way they look, I enjoy their narcissism from afar, but I’m not crazy enough to trade a tumble for a prison sentence, not even in fantasy.”

“Tamara, whose house parents I met regularly for case consultation and whose Oedipal problems I knew almost as well as my own”

“I couldn’t take my eyes off her, and I didn’t want to take the rest of me off, either.

Although I danced with many people that night, I found myself dancing with Tamara more than with anyone else: more sensually, more energetically, more proximately. After a few beers, I forgot the age gap between us. After a few more, stalwart drinker [robusto bebedor] that I am, I was carried upstairs by some friends and carefully placed upon an unoccupied mattress [colchonete]. I woke a couple of hours later to find Tamara bending over me, swaying, her hair against my face. I wasn’t very alert, but she seemed completely out of it—drunk and stoned and incoherent.

Without thinking, I pulled her down beside me, touched her, kissed her, felt her responding to me. As I caressed her, she spoke softly at first, and then more insistently. Her mumbling only gradually became comprehensible: Daddy, Daddy, Daddy…

Laying her head against the pillow, I drew away gently. The one short pang inside me yielded to tenderness. I massaged her eyes and brow until she fell asleep.”

Third Tale of Lust. It was spring, and 5 of my street clients, including one gay male, declared their love-lust for me. I knew all about transference, of course, but I was also feeling very sexual in my new, slimmed-down version.

At my therapy seminar that week, another fledgling therapist like myself spoke of how he enjoyed his patients’ sexual fantasies about him. Our teacher-supervisor looked at him wryly. <Just remember,> he said, <that there are a dozen paunchy, balding, 70 year-old therapists in this town whose patients are madly in love with them. Don’t take too much credit.>

I decided not to, either.”

Therapist hubris is based on the mutual illusion of patient and therapist that theirs is not a relationship among equals. Thus, it fires the therapist’s infantile yearnings for magical solutions, omnipotence, oceanic love.”

* * *

DE VOLTA AO KOPP (CONCLUSÃO)

 

Everything is folly in this world, except to play the fool.”

 

“The response of embarrassment is not a personal flaw. On the contrary, it is a socially oriented readjustment pattern that acts to reestablish more orderly, adequate behavior. In showing embarrassment, the flustered person (sometimes unwittingly) reveals his responsiveness to the discrepancy between expected and actual performance. This offers the blunderer a chance to get himself together while remaining in consensual accord with the rest of the group. At the same time, perceiving his reaction, his audience is in a position to help him to reestablish his earlier state of unselfconscious ease.”

“I feel less pained and alone in my embarrassment, standing among these other naked therapists.”

“But for those of us who have not been subjected to excessive shaming, failing at something may be experienced as no more than not yet attaining what we might. For others who have too often been made to feel worthless, each failed attempt may create the feeling of being a total failure.”

“It was Erasmus who gave the West the paradox of the Wise Fool. In the literature of the Middle Ages, the Fool had played a minor role. But beginning with Erasmus’ book, In Praise of Folly, the Renaissance Fool stepped forward as a major figure in the humanist vision of man. Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, the bastard son of an obscure father, emerged as a great humanist who would be courted by princes, popes, and scholars of his age, a man whose Wise Fool would foster men’s self-acceptance for centuries to come.”

“Like Socrates, her only claim to wisdom is that she knows that she knows not.”

“Like all those later Fools, Don Quixote, Huck Finn, Chaplin’s little tramp, and the Marx Brothers, she does not comprehend what is expected of her by society. Like all clowns she is free to walk irreverently through the walls of convention, simply because she does not see that they exist. Often enough, these hollow boundaries collapse before the force of her ignorance.”

“The good judgment of the Wise is sometimes no more than the closed mindedness of those who know better.” I’d say Final Judgement.

“By accepting the Fool in myself, I open my imagination to all the possibilities that I was once too wise to consider.”

“So it is that when I was a young man I hoped to make fewer and fewer mistakes, while in my later life my ambition is to make more. I would sin boldly. Not that I have come to like feeling embarrassed. Not at all! Rather most of the time now it all just seems worth it to me to experience feeling foolish if that is the price of trying new ways of being.”

O palhaço que habita em mim saúda o palhaço que um dia habitará em você.

O homem ocidental se tornou zen para não apertar o botão da bomba; isso pausará sua existência cadavérica nesse mundo além de qualquer previsão legal… Eis o problema. O Último Homem aprendeu com seus erros logo após o penúltimo erro – que infortúnio e que pepino para nós! Se apenas houvesse uma máquina de auto-sepultamento, um suicídio assistido por si mesmo, uma auto-eutanásia no mais redundantemente literal dos zentidos… Ainda estamos impessoais demais diante do nosso instinto vital, não operamos a nossa própria máquina para comandar ações grandiloqüentes deste nível e desse porte! Asia Rise!

“A single individual’s solitary failing is painful, but the shared frailties of all men are ultimately comic. So it is that one stutterer is tragic, but like it or not, three stutterers having an argument is a funny scene.”

Seriousness is an accident of time. It consists in putting too high a value on time. In eternity there is no time. Eternity is a mere moment, just long enough for a joke” Herman Hesse, Steppenwolf

 

“Out of the Middle East comes the tradition of the Sufi, that mystical/intuitive aspect of Islam that ranges from the whirling trance states of the Dervishes to the teaching stories of that Wise Fool, Nasrudin. The Sufi tales offer the sort of folk wisdom that discloses that out of each situation comes its own remedy. Each mishap is an opportunity to learn if only our imagination is open to reappraising the source of our discomfort.”

Enjoy yourself, or try to learn—you will annoy someone. If you do not—you will annoy someone.”

 

Who is it who’s rejecting whom?… if somebody rejects me…who they think they’re rejecting isn’t me anyway.… By them pushing me away I see them caught in their own paranoia…” Baba Ram

Ser um incompreendido do meu tempo implica que eu mesmo não posso me compreender!

You don’t decide to give something up. They fall away, that’s the secret of it.”

 

It’s ok to fail on an impossible mission, right, Tom Cruise?

“Even when I am doing well, or being special, being judged is oppressive, carrying with it as it does the impossible ideal of perfection. How much easier is the freedom to be what I am, ordinary and imperfect as that may be, no more than a natural Fool.”

To witness my Self without blaming myself is like being a child again, only this time in a safe, warm place under the watchful eyes of loving parents. It is during such moments that I can accept whatever I do as no more than what I must do at that time. It is then that I would no more question the adequacy of what I am doing than I would wonder whether or not my cat knows just how to go about being a cat.”

Guru, If You Meet the Buddha on the Road, Kill Him!, by the same author.

FILEBO, Ou: Dos prazeres, da inteligência e do Bem

Tradução comentada de trechos de “PLATÓN. Obras Completas (trad. espanhola do grego por Patricio de Azcárate, 1875), Ed. Epicureum (digital)”

Além da tradução ao Português, providenciei notas de rodapé, numeradas, onde achei oportuno abordar pontos polêmicos ou obscuros. Quando a nota for de Azcárate (tradutor) ou de Ana Pérez Vega (editora), um (*) antecederá as aspas.

(*) “Os comentaristas ressaltam que o estilo literário e a composição dramática do diálogo foram deixados em segundo plano na comparação com a obra platônica precoce, dando lugar a definições, classificações e uma linguagem técnica mais áspera, própria de uma exposição didática” – A.P.V.

SÓCRATES – Filebo diz que o Bem para todos os seres animados consiste na alegria, no prazer, no recreio e em todas as demais coisas deste gênero. Eu sustento, por outro lado, que não é isto, senão que consiste o Bem na sabedoria, na inteligência, na memória e em tudo o que for da mesma natureza. Todas essas coisas, a justa opinião e os raciocínios verdadeiros são, para todos os que os possuem, melhores e mais apreciáveis que o prazer; e são, ao mesmo tempo, mais vantajosos também, seja para seres presentes ou para seres futuros, capazes de praticá-los.”

SÓCRATES – Que é que resultaria se descobríssemos algum outro meio preferível a estes dois extremos? Não é certo que se descobrirmos nesse terceiro meio mais afinidade com o prazer estaremos, tu e eu, em situação de viver o prazer e a sabedoria simultaneamente, muito embora a vida dirigida aos prazeres exerça, dentro desse terceiro meio, mais influência sobre nós do que aquela voltada exclusivamente à sabedoria?

PROTARCO – Mas é claro que sim, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – Porém, não seria mentira, também, que esse terceiro meio se aproximaria muito mais da sabedoria que a vida dedicada exclusivamente ao culto dos prazeres… Logo, que tal se tratássemos de descobrir, nesta espécie de união, qual fator, se os prazeres ou a sabedoria, prevalece de maneira mais decisiva? Estais de acordo, meus dois bons jovens, que é possível promover este concurso, a fim de saber quem leva a melhor?

PROTARCO – A mim me parece uma proposta justa e exeqüível.

SÓCRATES – E quanto a ti, Filebo?

FILEBO – Creio e crerei sempre que a vitória se encontra sem dúvida do lado do prazer. Não obstante, já que é assim, numa contenda entre mim e tu Protarco poderá servir de juiz.

PROTARCO – Se tu nos delega esse poder (pois não o farei sem o auxílio de Sócrates), fica atento e só escuta. Não terás o direito de negar nem conceder nada a Sócrates. Eu me encarrego de tudo.

FILEBO – Assim está ótimo, fico nesta disputa, em verdade, como mero expectador; e tomo por testemunha a própria deusa do prazer!”

SÓCRATES – Comecemos, pois, por esta mesma deusa a que se refere Filebo, ninguém menos que Afrodite, que na verdade é apenas um disfarce para seu verdadeiro nome, Prazer.

PROTARCO – Muito bem.

SÓCRATES – Sempre que pronuncio o nome dos deuses, Protarco, sinto um temor, mas não um temor humano, um temor sobre-humano que a tudo ultrapassa, de pronunciar seus nomes em vão: por isso evoco aqui o nome secreto de Afrodite, pois sei que deve ser de seu pleno agrado esse gesto de franqueza. Quanto ao prazer em si mesmo, creio que ele tenha mais de uma forma, sendo necessário apurar suas naturezas. Mas ao falarmos simplesmente em prazer e prazeres, como se o prazer fosse apenas uma palavra e nada mais, como fazem os homens, tomaríamos nosso problema pela coisa mais simples do mundo; mas incorreríamos assim em profundo erro. É preciso aqui pensar em gêneros diferentes de coisas. Sê bastante flexível a fim de que nosso exercício não seja abortado pela impossibilidade de estabelecermos um entendimento em comum. Podemos afirmar que o homem corrompido encontra prazer na libertinagem, e o homem moderado na temperança; que o insensato, cheio de crenças, caprichos, loucuras e esperanças, sente prazer, mas que o sábio também é capaz de senti-lo. (…)

PROTARCO – Concedo, Sócrates, que estes dois tipos de prazeres decorram de origens opostas, mas nem por isto se opõem um ao outro. De resto, como poderia o prazer ser diferente de si mesmo?

SÓCRATES – Então a cor, meu querido, enquanto cor, não difere em nada da cor! Sem embargo, todos sabemos que o preto, além de ser diferente do branco, é-lhe de fato o exato contrário.”

Tu dizes que todas as coisas agradáveis são boas, e ninguém em seu juízo perfeito deixará de saber distinguir o que é agradável do que não o é; mas sendo a maior parte dos prazeres má, e a minoria boa, como estabelecemos, tu dás, não obstante, a todos os tipos de prazeres, não importando sua origem, o nome de <bons>, por mais que reconheças agora que são dissemelhantes entre si, quando se te interroga com mais apuro. Que qualidade comum vês nos prazeres bons e nos prazeres maus, qualidade comum esta suficiente para reconhecer todos os prazeres sob a alcunha de Bem?”

Um prazer não difere de outro prazer: são todos semelhantes. E joguem-se fora os exemplos que antes citei! Voltemos a afirmar as coisas que afirmam aqueles homens que são incapazes de discutir qualquer assunto.”

Não devemos dissimular, caro Protarco, a diferença que há entre meu bem e o teu bem!”

SÓCRATES – (…) Não há nem pode haver um meio mais precioso para as indagações que este que adoto já há longo tempo; mas confesso que ele vem falhando bastante ultimamente, deixando-me sozinho e perplexo.

PROTARCO – Que meio é este?

SÓCRATES – Não é difícil descrevê-lo ou saber sobre ele; o difícil é segui-lo. Todas as descobertas obtidas até agora, que exigem algum conhecimento técnico, derivam deste mesmo método que vou-te apresentar.

(…)

Enquanto permaneço capaz de avaliar, é-me um presente divino. Creio que nos caiu do céu devido ao ato de algum Prometeu, pois emana do fogo sagrado. Os antigos, muito mais valorosos que nós, nos transmitiram a tradição de que todas as coisas às quais se atribui uma existência eterna se compõem de unidades, isto é, de um ou de muitos, e reúnem em sua natureza o finito e o infinito. Já que as coisas são assim, é preciso, na indagação de cada objeto, aspirar sempre à descoberta de uma idéia singular. Efetivamente só pode existir uma idéia para cada existência verdadeira; e uma vez descoberta esta idéia, é preciso examinar se não podemos ainda depurá-la mais, por estarmos diante de um coletivo de coisas existentes, i.e., se não se trata, investigando melhor, de mais de uma idéia, com certas afinidades entre si. Podem ser duas, três, quatro… não importa o número. Das idéias que descobrirmos, vale a pena apurar, de novo e de novo, se estas idéias não abrigam outras idéias em si, ou seja, se elas não passam apenas de imagens de idéias, tendo apenas aparências de unidade. É preciso chegar até o final da depuração, a fim de se descobrir, por fim, se a Idéia mais primitiva seria una, múltipla ou uma infinidade. Veja que não se deve aplicar a uma pluralidade a idéia do infinito, pelo menos não até havermos fixado o número preciso que descreve a quantidade de idéias, maior que 1 e menor que o infinito, necessariamente! Só então é que se pode deixar a cada qual que se encaixe na categoria de <infinito>.¹ Os deuses, como eu disse, nos presentearam com o dom de avaliar, de aprender e nos instruirmos entre nós; mas os sábios de hoje em dia fazem essas coisas como que a esmo, sem método consciente; digamos que eles erram mais do que seria conveniente para uma investigação digna. Ou se demoram demais sobre algo supérfluo ou se demoram de menos em algo fundamental, sem darem por isso. Depois da unidade, estes falsos sábios já passam de repente, sem transição clara, ao infinito, e os números intermediários fogem-lhes de vista. Contudo, estes números intermediários são a chave de nossa discussão, pois encerram a ordem e as leis da dialética, e diferenciam-na das artes que não passam de jogo e disputa não-verdadeira, seja oratória ou retórica ou outro nome qualquer que lhas dêem.”

¹ Podemos estar diante, basicamente, dos parágrafos que iniciam, verdadeiramente, a tradição do Idealismo alemão. Eis o que Azcárate tem a dizer sobre esta passagem: “A unidade é o gênero; o infinito é a coleção dos indivíduos; o número intermediário é o das espécies”. Não sei se mais ajuda ou atrapalha àquele não-familiarizado com o platonismo e a teoria das Idéias! Mas vejamos como poderei “mediar este debate” e traduzir com minhas próprias palavras o teor da longa passagem do discurso de Sócrates: essas considerações, embora não se deva ignorar a repercussão filosófica (metafísica) invisível destas palavras, para um começo de compreensão, não distam muito da estruturação do conhecimento do método científico do Ocidente moderno. Para que algo seja empírico e teorizável, é preciso que se organize num quadro de referências lógicas, enfim, de categorias. Assim o Homem pós-platônico estuda as coisas. Pouco importa, por exemplo, remetendo-nos à Biologia, que haja 7 bilhões de seres humanos na Terra e que não conhecemos todos. Estudamos o Homem pela unidade (gênero Homo sapiens). Não devemos ignorar que o número, por mais quantificável que seja, está sempre sujeito a alterações imediatas, seja pelas mortes ou pelos nascimentos ininterruptos, seja porque no momento somos incapazes de dizer se fora de nosso alcance (planeta Terra, atualmente) não haveria de haver outros homens. Nesse sentido, pode-se chamar a quantidade de homens de infinita, mas isso tampouco prejudica nossa faculdade investigativa. Como usei o homem como exemplo, não posso dividi-lo em sub-espécies, i.e., raças, mas isso (números intermediários) utilizamos sem problemas para os mamíferos, p.ex. Lembrar que poderíamos considerar os homens, mas de uma perspectiva outra que não a biológica, que acabei de eleger: as espécies poderiam ser cada nacionalidade. Continua a haver uma Idéia dentro da outra (homens nascidos em uma nação), mas esta Idéia de nação é concisa o suficiente para se opor à mais abrangente de Humanidade. Cientistas podem debater entre si sobre vários de seus descobrimentos, inúmeros detalhes suscetíveis de controvérsia dentro de seu campo do conhecimento, mas sempre se estabelecem verdades reconhecidas como universais que se tornam o legado das próximas gerações.

SÓCRATES – A voz, que sai da boca, é uma e ao mesmo tempo infinita em número para todos e para cada um.

PROTARCO – Estou conforme.

SÓCRATES – Não somos sábios por havê-lo afirmado; nem porque reconheçamos as naturezas infinita e una da voz. Mas saber quantos são os elementos distintos de cada uma e quais são estes não seria o objeto da Gramática?¹

PROTARCO – De pleno acordo.

SÓCRATES – O mesmo para a Música.

PROTARCO – Hein?

SÓCRATES – A voz considerada em relação a esta arte é una.

PROTARCO – Ó, sem dúvida.

SÓCRATES – Podemos considerá-la de duas maneiras: uma voz grave e uma voz aguda; e um terceiro tom uniforme. Não é assim?

PROTARCO – Sim.

SÓCRATES – Se não sabes mais que isto, porém, jamais serás hábil em música; e se o ignoras, tanto pior, pois nem mesmo atendes ao pré-requisito mais fundamental para entender esta arte.

PROTARCO – Isso é certo!

SÓCRATES – Mas, querido amigo, só quando tiveres aprendido a conhecer o número dos intervalos da voz – tanto para o som agudo quanto para o grave –, a qualidade e os limites destes intervalos, e os sistemas que deles resultam, é que, tal como os antigos fizeram, irás descobrir e ser capaz de transmitir aos vivos as idéias sobre harmonia; através dos ensinamentos dos antigos compreendemos tanto isso como as propriedades análogas que emanam do movimento dos corpos, que, medidos por números, devem se chamar ritmo e medida. Quando perceberes que deves portar-te desta maneira em todo saber (em tudo que é uno e múltiplo), aí então poderás enfim chamar-te a ti mesmo sábio.”

¹ Atual Lingüística.

FILEBO – Eu penso da mesma maneira. Mas que significa tudo isto, e aonde quer nos levar Sócrates?”

Descobrir que a voz é infinita foi a obra de um deus ou de algum homem divino, como se refere no Egito de um certo Tot que foi o primeiro que se apercebeu de que este infinito continha unidades chamadas vogais, distinguindo, então, que era não uma, mas muitas; depois, descobriu outras letras, cuja natureza era distinta das vogais, mas que mesmo assim participavam dos sons, vindo a reconhecer, conforme estudava e refletia, o número destas vozes não-vocálicas, que chamou de consoantes. Distinguiu até uma terceira ordem ou espécie de letras, que são o grupo que hoje chamamos de mudas.¹ Depois, ainda, aperfeiçoou seus conhecimentos e separou uma a uma as letras mudas ou privadas de som; e em seguida fez o mesmo com as vogais e as intermediárias [consoantes], até que, havendo descoberto o número das existentes, deu a todas e a cada uma o nome de elemento. Tot, notando que nenhum homem poderia aprender nenhum desses sons ou letras isoladamente, i.e., que reconhecer que uma implicava ao mesmo tempo em reconhecer todas as outras, imaginou o enlace de uma nova unidade, e ao representar-se isto, deu-lhe o nome Gramática, que então nasceu.”

¹ O lingüista sabe que aqui estamos falando de sílabas ou fonemas, não mais de letras em si, embora esta distinção não importasse no tempo de Sócrates (Gramática antiga). Se refere Sócrates, nesse discurso, a semi-vogais ou semi-consoantes, que há em todos os sistemas lingüísticos.

PROTARCO – (…) Sócrates, depois de mil rodeios, metestes-nos numa questão que não é nada fácil resolver. (…) Está-me parecendo que Sócrates nos pergunta se o prazer tem espécies ou não, quantas e quais são; e espera de nós a mesma resposta também com relação à sabedoria.

SÓCRATES – Mataste a charada, filho de Cálias!”

PROTARCO – (…) Havendo-se a discussão empenhado tanto dum lado como do outro, chegamos a ameaçar-te, em tom desafiador e confiante, de não deixar-te arredar o pé e voltar a tua casa antes de que sanasses esta questão! Tu consentiste finalmente, e estás-te dedicando a nós há vários minutos. Agora dizemos como as crianças que não se pode abandonar a meias aquilo que já está bem-desenvolvido, mais perto de terminar do que de haver começado. Portanto, cessa de enrolar-nos, Sócrates, da forma como estás fazendo, e volta a cumprir o combinado!

SÓCRATES – Mas que é que estou a fazer?

PROTARCO – Pões-nos obstáculos atrás de obstáculos e nos suscitas questões e questiúnculas, às quais não podemos dar uma resposta satisfatória sem muita meditação. Porque não imaginamos que o objeto desta conversação seja o reduzir-nos simplesmente a não saber o que dizer! (…) Já que a situação é esta, fala tu! Delibera tu mesmo e fornece-nos a divisão completa dos prazeres e das sabedorias; a menos que possas deixar isto sem exame e ainda assim possas e queiras tomar outro rumo e explicar-nos as coisas de outro modo até chegarmos a uma solução.

SÓCRATES – Depois do que acabo de ouvir, nada de mal posso temer de vossa parte! Esta frase: <a menos que… …queiras> é o que me tranqüiliza, em verdade. E, de resto, me parece que um deus acaba de visitar-me e iluminar-me a memória com certas luzes!”

Começaste prodigiosamente, Sócrates. Agora termina idem!”

SÓCRATES – Examinemos e avaliemos, pois, a vida do prazer e a vida da sabedoria, considerando cada uma à parte.

PROTARCO – Como é?!

SÓCRATES – Façamos de forma que a sabedoria não invada nunca a vida do prazer, e nem o prazer invada jamais a vida da sabedoria. Porque se um dos dois for o Bem, é preciso que não haja absolutamente nada que se mescle, e se um ou outro nos parece carente dalguma coisa, não seria já o verdadeiro Bem que buscamos.”

SÓCRATES – Consentirias tu, Protarco, em passar o resto de teus dias no gozo dos maiores prazeres?

PROTARCO – Ora, se não!

SÓCRATES – Se nada a ti faltasse, crerias então que tens ainda necessidade dalguma coisa?

PROTARCO – Evidente que não.

SÓCRATES – Examina bem se não terias necessidade de pensar, nem de conceber, nem de raciocinar quando se mostrasse necessário, nem de nada do tipo. Será que nem mesmo precisarias ver?

PROTARCO – Pra quê? Se fruísse para sempre do prazer, já tudo teria!

SÓCRATES – Não é necessário que, vivendo desta maneira, passarias os dias em meio aos maiores prazeres?

PROTARCO – Indubitavelmente.

SÓCRATES – Mas como faltar-te-ia a inteligência, a memória, a ciência, a opinião, estarias privado de toda reflexão, e é uma conseqüência que ignorarias então se sentias prazer ou não.

PROTARCO – Ora, é verdade.

SÓCRATES – Assim como assim, desprovido de memória, decorre daí obrigatoriamente que não poder-te-ias lembrar se já houveras sentido prazer ou não outrora, e que não saberias, portanto, aquilo que sentes no presente imediato. E, ao não possuir qualquer opinião verdadeira, é certo que não crerias em absoluto sentir gozo no instante em que de fato está-lo-ias sentindo! Por estar destituído da razão, serias incapaz, outrossim, de concluir que te regozijarias no futuro. Ou seja: viverias tal qual uma esponja, e não como um homem! Se não como uma esponja, pelo menos como uma espécie de animal marinho que vive encerrado em concha, fechado ao mundo, vá lá. Concordas até este ponto, ou tens algo a dizer sobre em que estado te encontrarias?

PROTARCO – Sócrates, não haveria como formar uma outra idéia melhor.

SÓCRATES – E bem: tal vida é apetecível?

PROTARCO – Sócrates, esta pergunta não faz o menor sentido.”

SÓCRATES – Será que qualquer um de nós três seria capaz de viver possuindo sabedoria, inteligência, ciência, memória, em que pese não fosse apto para sentir o mínimo prazer, nem dor, nem para experimentar qualquer sentimento correlato?

PROTARCO – Tal vida em nada me invejaria, Sócrates. Nem creio mesmo que fosse possível uma única vida assim entre todos os mortais.

SÓCRATES – E se se juntassem estas duas vidas, Protarco? E se não formassem mais que uma só, amalgamando-se prazer e sabedoria na mesma unha e carne?

(…)

PROTARCO – Não haveria ninguém que deixasse de preferir este gênero de vida aos dois extremos que elencaste, Sócrates. Insisto que não seja coisa de preferência de uns ou outros: é um juízo universal, sem exceções.

SÓCRATES – Já podemos, portanto, extrair as conclusões do que acaba de ser dito?

PROTARCO – Sim, meu caro Sócrates. Que dos três gêneros de vida apresentados, dois são insuficientes em si mesmos, e mesmo que o fossem são inapetecíveis para qualquer homem ou ser.”

SÓCRATES – Já demonstramos suficientemente que a deusa de Filebo não deve ser vista como o Bem em si.

FILEBO – Mas tua inteligência, Sócrates, tampouco poderia ser este Bem, porquanto está sujeita às mesmas objeções…

SÓCRATES – A minha sim, Filebo, talvez tenhas razão… Mas quanto à verdadeira e divina Inteligência julgo eu que seja outra coisa completamente diferente. Na vida mista não se contesta a vitória da inteligência, mas é necessário ainda avaliar que opinião adotaremos com relação ao segundo posto hierárquico. Talvez devamos dizer, cada qual: <a inteligência>, eu; <o prazer>, tu; no caso de se nos perguntar qual é a principal causa da felicidade presente na condição mista. Procedendo assim, ainda que esta causa predileta não seja o Bem em si mesmo, pelo menos vemos cada qual nosso fator favorito como causa primeira. E acerca disso estou mais excitado do que nunca para a pugna contra meu rival Filebo! Sou capaz de jurar que qualquer que seja a coisa que faz dessa vida algo apetecível, a inteligência tem, de qualquer modo, mais afinidade e semelhança com tal coisa que o prazer. Vou ainda mais longe, ousado que estou: o prazer não tem sequer o direito de aspirar ao posto de <vice> nesta eleição, e com bastante probabilidade não ocupará nem sequer o pódio ou o bronze! Mas para que eu o demonstre necessito de vossa complacência e paciência, ainda que temporárias. Ou seja, confiai em minha inteligência, por Zeus!”

Ó, Protarco! Creio que ainda temos muita estrada pela frente nesta discussão! Neste momento sinto como nossa empreitada é árdua. Porque se aspiramos ao segundo posto, e minha opinião é de que a inteligência o ocupará, é preferível, a essa altura, dadas as circunstâncias, volvermo-nos a outros métodos. Abandonemos por ora a linha de raciocínio precedente.”

SÓCRATES – Dividamos em duas ou mais partes, p.ex., 3, todos os seres deste universo.

PROTARCO – Como?

SÓCRATES – Repitamos algo do que já tínhamos estabelecido.

PROTARCO – Que coisa?

SÓCRATES – Disséramos, não faz muito, que deus foi quem nos fez conhecer os seres, uns como infinitos, outros como finitos.”

SÓCRATES – (…) Mas vejo que em breve serei visto como ridículo se continuar empregando estas divisões.

PROTARCO – Ora, Sócrates, não entendo-te tão bem.

SÓCRATES – Parece-me que tenho necessidade de um quarto gênero!

PROTARCO – Qual seria esse?

SÓCRATES – Apura com o pensamento a causa da mescla das duas primeiras espécies: põe-na ao lado das três; eis a quarta.

PROTARCO – Não seria possível, procedendo assim, também um quinto gênero, com o que poderias separar os seres mais a gosto?

SÓCRATES – Ó, sim! Mas neste momento da argumentação não acho conveniente. Em todo caso, se no decorrer de nossa exposição se fizer necessário um quinto, por que não?!

PROTARCO – De acordo.

SÓCRATES – Bem, destas quatro espécies ponhamos 3 à parte; procuremos, em seguida, examinar as duas primeiras, que têm muitas ramificações e divisões; depois compreendamos cada uma sob uma só idéia; e tratemos, finalmente, de descobrir como numa e noutra se dão o Um e o Muito.

PROTARCO – Se te explicas com mais clareza, talvez eu te possa seguir, Sócrates, mas isto no momento é impossível!

SÓCRATES – As duas espécies a que me refiro são a infinita e a finita. Esforçar-me-ei por provar que a infinita é, de certa maneira, múltipla. Quanto à finita, peço que aguarde um juízo, por ora.

PROTARCO – Creio que a espécie finita não fugirá, Sócrates. Temos tempo.”

SÓCRATES – O mais e o menos, dizíamos, encontram-se sempre no mais quente e no mais frio.

PROTARCO – Com certeza.

SÓCRATES – Por conseguinte, a razão sempre nos faz entender que estas duas coisas não têm fim; e, ao não terem fim, são, por isso, infinitas.

PROTARCO – Agora definiste a coisa com exuberância!

SÓCRATES – Creio que agora fui mais didático, não, Protarco?! Por falar em exuberância e exuberante, eis aí um termo que possui seu oposto em pobre ou escasso, não di-lo-ias? E não dirias que este binômio exuberante-escasso funciona sobre as mesmas bases que o mais e o menos? Em qualquer ponto em que se encontrem, não consentem jamais que a coisa tenha uma quantidade determinada, senão que, passando sempre do mais exuberante ao mais escasso, e reciprocamente, fazem com que nasça o mais e o menos, obrigando o quantum a desaparecer. Com efeito, como já dissemos, caso essas classificações de extremo a extremo acerca de uma coisa não fizessem desaparecer o <quanto?>, deixando-o ocupar o lugar do mais e do menos, do exuberante e do pobre, sendo um intermediário polimórfico, estas coisas mesmas correriam o risco de desaparecer, pois já não faria sentido falar em exuberância, em escassez, em quente, em frio ou em algo que fosse mais e em algo que fosse menos. Ficaria tudo embaralhado, afinal um número nada é, ou pelo menos não pode ser tudo em simultâneo! Porque se se admite o quantum tem-se que a coisa não é mais quente ou mais fria, porque o mais quente cresce indefinidamente, não havendo fenômeno que o desminta; coisa igual acontece com o mais frio. Essas escalas ou retas são infinitas e inserem as coisas em transições sem começo nem final. Mas um ponto fixo será sempre um ponto fixo, não concordas? Desde que cesse o movimento, aí tens alguma propriedade bem-definida no lugar de um quantum. Convimos, portanto, que o mais quente e o mais frio são infinitos.”

Parece que faremos melhor se abrangermos na categoria do finito o que não admite essas qualidades mas sim suas contrárias, ou seja, em primeiro lugar o igual e a igualdade; em seguida o dobro; repara que sempre que tivermos um número, poderemos equivalê-lo à metade de outro número, por exemplo.”

SÓCRATES – Como é que representaremos a terceira espécie que resulta das duas anteriores?

PROTARCO – Aguardo tua lição, Sócrates, pois estou no escuro quanto a isso.

SÓCRATES – Não, não serei eu, Protarco, será um deus, se algum se digna a ouvir minhas súplicas!

PROTARCO – Suplica, então; e medita no problema.

SÓCRATES – Medito, medito… E me parece, caro Protarco… que alguma divindade nos foi favorável em nossos rogos!”

Entendo a espécie do igual, do dobro, como aquilo que faz cessar a inimizade entre contrários, produzindo entre eles a proporção e o acordo, numericamente representáveis.”

SÓCRATES – Tu opinas que limitar o prazer é destruí-lo, e eu sustento, pelo contrário, que limitar o prazer é conservá-lo!

PROTARCO – Nisso não mentes, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – Expliquei as 3 primeiras espécies. Até agora, compreendeste minhas palavras.

PROTARCO – Sim, creio que compreendi, a maior parte. Distingues, na natureza das coisas, uma espécie que é o infinito; uma segunda espécie, que é o finito; porém, Sócrates, com respeito a essa terceira, não concebo muito bem como a defines em tua cabeça.”

SÓCRATES – (…) Compreendo numa terceira espécie tudo aquilo que é produzido pela mescla das duas primeiras, e que a medida que acompanha o finito produz as condições para a geração da essência da coisa.(*)

PROTARCO – Positivo.

SÓCRATES – Mas para além destes 3 gêneros, é preciso ver qual é aquele que eu disse ser o 4o. Façamos juntos esta apuração!”

(*) “Pela geração da essência, Platão entende neste caso a transição rumo a existência física do objeto.” – P.A. – Modo análogo de dizer: o mundo observável está contido entre as fronteiras inexpugnáveis e apenas inferíveis do finito e do infinito.

O que produz não precede sempre, por sua natureza; e o que é produzido não vem sempre depois, sendo considerado efeito?

(…)

Disso advém que são duas coisas e não uma só; causa-e-efeito (o que causa e o que obedece à causa em seu trânsito rumo à existência).

(…)

Porém, as coisas produzidas e as coisas que produzem geram, por assim dizer, 3 espécies de ser.

(…)

Digamos, então, que a causa produtora de todos esses seres constitui uma 4ª espécie, e que está suficientemente demonstrado que ela difere das outras 3.”

Portanto, vai esta suma: a primeira espécie é o infinito; a segunda, o finito; a terceira, a essência,¹ que é produzida pela mescla das duas primeiras; a quarta é a causa mesma dessa mescla e produção.²”

¹ O “fenômeno” ou “aparência” na linguagem técnica de hoje. A existência em si, poder-se-ia da mesma forma dizer, já que a <essência> do texto é um conceito bastante ardiloso, quase antagônico ao que Platão quer de fato expressar.

² O protótipo ideal ou Deus.

SÓCRATES – E tua pura vida de prazer, Filebo, em qual espécie está situada?

(…)

O prazer e a dor têm limites, ou são das coisas suscetíveis do mais e do menos?

FILEBO – São da segunda espécie, são infinitas, Sócrates. Porque o prazer não seria o soberano bem se por sua própria natureza não fosse infinito em número e em magnitude.

SÓCRATES – E portanto a dor não seria o soberano mal. Por isso é preciso contemplar as coisas de um outro ângulo, saindo da espécie do infinito, a fim de descobrirmos quê é que comunica ao prazer uma parte do bem. Conviríamos acaso que esta coisa emanasse da própria espécie do infinito? Ora, que o prazer nela esteja, se fazeis tanta questão! Mas ainda persistiria o seguinte problema: em que classe estão a sabedoria, a ciência, a inteligência, meus queridos Protarco e Filebo? Não sejamos ímpios! Parece-me que corremos grandes riscos ao ensaiar uma resposta para esta última pergunta.

FILEBO – Ó Sócrates! Será que não superestimas tua deusa?”

Diremos, Protarco, que um poder, desprovido de razão, temerário e que obra ao acaso, governa todas as coisas que formam o que chamamos universo? Ou, ao contrário, há, como disseram os antigos, uma inteligência, uma sabedoria admirável, que preside o governo do mundo?”

Com relação à natureza dos corpos de todos os animais, vemos que o fogo, a água, o ar e a terra, como dizem os velhos marinheiros, entram em sua composição.”

SÓCRATES – Não temos mais que uma pequena e desprezível parte de cada um, que não é pura de nenhuma maneira, de modo que a força que esta parte desemboca em nós não responde satisfatoriamente a sua natureza original. Tomemos um elemento em particular, com seus atributos derivados, e apliquemo-lo a todos os demais. Por exemplo, há fogo em nós, e o há, por igual, no universo.

PROTARCO – Sem dúvida assim o é.

SÓCRATES – O fogo que nós temos, não seria diminuto em quantidade, ao grau da debilidade e do desprezível, ao passo que o fogo do universo não é admirável em quantidade, beleza e força?

PROTARCO – Incontestavelmente.”

SÓCRATES – (…) Não é à reunião de todos os elementos que acabo de elencar que demos o nome de corpos?

PROTARCO – Exato.

SÓCRATES – Vê, pois, que o mesmo sucede com aquilo que chamamos de universo, porque, compondo-se este dos mesmos elementos, é o universo, por analogia, também um corpo.

PROTARCO – Disseste muito bem.”

SÓCRATES – Mas como? Não diremos que nosso corpo tem uma alma?

PROTARCO – É claro que diremos!

SÓCRATES – De onde a tiraste, querido Protarco, se o próprio corpo do universo não é animado, sendo que ele tem tudo que nossos corpos têm, e em ainda maior abundância?

(…)

E tudo isso, meu caro Protarco, porque não reparáramos até aqui que desses quatro gêneros, o finito, o infinito, o misto e a causa, este quarto e último, existindo em tudo, é que nos concede uma alma, que sustenta os corpos, que, quando enfermo, adoece a saúde, e que se combina de mil maneiras a fim de criar milhares de milhares de objetos, recebendo o nome de sabedoria absoluta e universal! Este quarto gênero está sempre presente sob uma infinda variedade de formas; o gênero mais belo e excelente se encontra na extensa região dos céus, onde sem dúvida tudo o que há são os mesmos elementos que nos constituem, conquanto em muito maior proporção, dispondo de beleza incomparável e de uma pureza sem igual.”

SÓCRATES – (…) neste universo há muito de infinito e uma quantidade suficiente de finito, mas todos são governados por uma causa, que nada tem de desprezível ou avara, pois que ajusta e ordena os anos, as estações, os meses, e merece com razão o nome de sabedoria ou inteligência.

PROTARCO – Ó Sócrates, tens toda a razão do mundo!

SÓCRATES – Mas não pode haver sabedoria e inteligência ali onde não há alma!

PROTARCO – Isso é verdade.

SÓCRATES – (…) Na natureza de Zeus, enquanto causa, há uma alma real, uma inteligência real, e na natureza dos outros deuses há muitas belas qualidades, pelo menos uma das quais cada deus gosta que se lhe atribua em especial.”

Algumas vezes o estilo festivo é uma forma de levar adiante as indagações mais sérias.”

SÓCRATES – A fome, p.ex., é uma dissolução e uma dor.

PROTARCO – Sim.

SÓCRATES – Comer, ao contrário, é uma repleção e um prazer.

PROTARCO – De acordo.

SÓCRATES – A sede é, de novo, dor e dissolução. Mas a qualidade do úmido, que preenche o que seca, origina um prazer. O mesmo pode ser dito da sensação de um calor excessivo e que seja anti-natural, causando segregação, dor, enfim; o restabelecimento do estado normal e o refrigério do corpo, neste caso, é encarado como um prazer.

(…)

O frio, que enregela o úmido presente no animal até o ponto de ser contra a natureza, quando excessivo, é considerado dolorido; os humores, cada um seguindo seu curso, quando em conformidade com a natureza, equivalem à sensação do prazer. (…) quando o animal se corrompe, a corrupção é uma dor; já o retrocesso de cada coisa a sua constituição primeva é um prazer.”

Eis um terceiro estado, diferente do prazer e da dor. Neste ponto é necessário um esforço intelectivo para me acompanhar. Sem compreender este estado, não resolveremos esta nossa questão. Mas continuo apenas com tua bênção.

(…)

Sabes que nada impede que viva desta maneira aquele que assumiu para si o estilo de vida do sábio?”

PROTARCO – Mas Sócrates, se estás correto isso seria indício de que os deuses não estariam sujeitos quer à alegria quer à tristeza.”

SÓCRATES – Parece-me que é preciso explicar antes o que é a memória, e antes da memória o que é a sensação, se é que pretendemos levar isso às últimas conseqüências.

PROTARCO – Não te entendo.

SÓCRATES – Dá por estabelecido, amigo, que entre as afeições que nosso corpo experimenta de ordinário algumas se estendem ao corpo sem tocar a alma, não impingindo-lhe nenhum sentimento; outras afeições são transmitidas do corpo à alma, e produzem uma espécie de comoção, que pode ser caracterizada como singular, pois que o corpo a interpreta duma maneira, a alma doutra, ainda que reste algo que seja comum às duas instâncias.”

SÓCRATES – (…) o esquecimento é a perda da memória, e no caso presente nem há que se falar propriamente de memória; seria um absurdo dizer que se pode perder aquilo que sequer existe, nem existiu jamais, não pões-te de acordo?

PROTARCO – E como não, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – Modifica, pois, os termos um pouquinho.

PROTARCO – Ã?

SÓCRATES – Em vez de dizer que quando a alma não sente as comoções de que padece o corpo e estas comoções lhe escapam por completo há esquecimento, melhor seria dizer que há insensibilidade.

PROTARCO – Ah, agora está claro.

SÓCRATES – Mas nota que quando a afecção ou afeição é comum à alma e ao corpo, e ambos sentem-se comovidos, não te enganarás se chamares a este movimento de sensação.

PROTARCO – Continua, Sócrates, pois sigo de acordo.

(…)

SÓCRATES – Mas se se diz que a memória é a conservação da sensação, tem-se aqui uma boa definição, a meu ver.

PROTARCO – A meu ver também é uma boa definição.

SÓCRATES – Não dizíamos que a reminiscência é diferente da memória?

PROTARCO – Quem sabe…

SÓCRATES – Não consiste essa diferença no seguinte–

PROTARCO – No quê??

SÓCRATES – –que quando a alma, em condições de isolamento e julgamento equilibrado, afastada do corpo, entregue, por assim dizer, somente a si mesma, recorda o que experimentara noutro tempo, a isto chamamos reminiscência. Alguma objeção?¹

PROTARCO – De modo algum.

SÓCRATES – E quando, tendo perdido a recordação, seja de uma sensação, seja de um conhecimento, reprodu-lo em si própria, chamamos este processo reminiscência e memória, isto é, toda memória é uma reminiscência, mas jamais o contrário.”

¹ A memória diz respeito principalmente à vida fenomênica do sujeito, diria um filósofo contemporâneo. A reminiscência ajuda a explicar e fundamentar lembranças atávicas da alma, i.e., coisas vivenciadas pelo Ser antes de ser o eu atual, única explicação possível, no platonismo, para a capacidade que se tem, na vida fenomênica, de se chegar à Verdade e à Idéia das coisas. Há um quê de misticismo, por um lado, que associa Platão à Pitágoras, mas, no fundo, esta é a base da fenomenologia ocidental mais aplicada, lógica e abstrata, que não dá lugar ao inconsiderado (sobrenatural). Nossa essência, nosso Ser, diria um Heidegger, dependem desta discriminação aparentemente tão inocente entre uma simples memória e uma autêntica reminiscência.

PROTARCO – Examinemos então o desejo, como tu pedes, pois nisto nada perderemos, tendo em vista o fim que temos.

SÓCRATES – Sim, Protarco: ao encontrarmos o que tanto buscamos, desaparecerão imediatamente nossas dúvidas acerca de todos estes objetos, e parecerá que ganhamos tempo, ao invés de perdê-lo!

PROTARCO – Tua réplica é a mais justa de todas, mas de pouco adianta nos determos aqui com belas palavras, Sócrates.”

SÓCRATES – Que há de comum entre afecções tão diferentes, a ponto de denominá-las por uma mesma palavra?

PROTARCO – Por Zeus! Se eu soubesse, talvez não estivéssemos enredados em todo este imbróglio, Sócrates… É preciso, não obstante, achar algo que dizer.

SÓCRATES – Nada melhor que o ponto de partida ser o aqui e o agora.

PROTARCO – Explica isso melhor.

SÓCRATES – Não se diz, de ordinário, que tem-se sede?

PROTARCO – Ora, sim.

SÓCRATES – Ter sede, não é dar-se conta de um vazio em si?

PROTARCO – Decerto.

SÓCRATES – A sede não é um desejo?

PROTARCO – Sim, um desejo de bebida.

SÓCRATES – De bebida, ou de ver-se saciado pela bebida?

PROTARCO – Mais exatamente isto; ver-se saciado.

SÓCRATES – Então posso concluir que deseja-se o contrário daquilo que é? De maneira que quem sente-se vazio quer-se saciar.

PROTARCO – Permito-te esta conclusão.

SÓCRATES – E é possível que um homem que se encontra afetado por este vazio, pela primeira vez em sua vida chegue – seja através da sensação, seja através da memória – a preencher este vazio com algo imaginário e inaudito?

PROTARCO – Mas como poderia suceder tal loucura, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – Todo homem que deseja, não deseja alguma coisa? É o que se diz.

PROTARCO – Conforme…

SÓCRATES – Não deseja o que ele experimenta, porque ele tem sede; a sede é um vazio e deseja suprimi-lo. Com efeito, seria contraditório dizer que ele experimenta algo e tem desejo desse algo ao mesmo tempo.

PROTARCO – Agora que o disseste…

SÓCRATES – É preciso que aquele que sente sede chegue a uma repleção exterior ou então a satisfaça com seu próprio ser.

PROTARCO – Entendo-te a meias, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – Bem, posso-te adiantar que é impossível que com o corpo o corpo livre-se da sede, posto que é o corpo que se encontra de algum modo esvaziado.

PROTARCO – Claro…

SÓCRATES – Resta, portanto, que a alma chegue à repleção, e isto só se poderia dar mediante a memória!

PROTARCO – Isto é claro como a luz.

SÓCRATES – Por qual outro método este homem haveria de consegui-lo?

PROTARCO – Sou incapaz de conceber qualquer outro.

(…)

SÓCRATES – Esta reflexão nos faz ver, Protarco, que não há desejo do corpo.

PROTARCO – ???

SÓCRATES – O esforço de todo organismo animal se dirige sempre no sentido de atingir o estado contrário ao que experimenta no presente.

(…)

Este apetite, que arrasta dum extremo a outro através da experiência (sensações), prova que há nele uma memória congênita das coisas opostas às paixões do corpo, não vês?

(…)

Só pode ser a memória aquilo que leva o animal à realização de seu desejo e, portanto, todo desejo tem sua sede na alma, com o perdão do trocadilho.¹ A alma comanda o animal.²”

¹ Esta parte da tradução foi inovação minha: ambos conversavam sobre a <sêde> (vazio, dor ou sintomas da desidratação), e agora Sócrates fala da fonte, residência ou causa deste desejo de matar a sede (<séde>). A grafia das palavras, diferente da pronúncia, em nada difere.

² O animal deve ser entendido aqui como o homem, sob pena de comprometer-se todo o raciocínio caso estendamos esta compreensão às bestas ou criaturas irracionais, o <animal> no sentido da Biologia.

SÓCRATES – (…) Parece-me que chegamos ao ponto em que descobrimos uma espécie particular de vida.

PROTARCO – Que vida?!

SÓCRATES – Descobrimos esta vida que consiste no esvaziamento e na repleção; ou seja, tudo aquilo que se relaciona à conservação e à alteração do estado atual. É fácil notar que podemos sentir dor ou prazer independentemente do estado em que nos encontramos, não sendo o <vazio> ou o <cheio> o incômodo em si.

PROTARCO – Começo a entender onde queres chegar…

SÓCRATES – Que sucede quando nos achamos a meio caminho entre estas duas situações extremas de carência e de consumação?

PROTARCO – Agora explica isso de <meio caminho>.

SÓCRATES – Meio caminho ou ponto médio. Quando se sente dor em virtude da forma como o corpo está sendo afetado por algo, recordando-se sensações agradáveis, parece que a dor já cessa um pouco. Podes conceber que um homem sedento console-se de achar água, mesmo não achando, e consiga enganar a sede? Quem tem esperança de preencher o vazio, já não está num ponto médio entre a mais terrível sede e a realização plena do desejo de não ter mais sede?

(…)

E pensa que há algum ponto em que o homem é pura alegria? Ou pura dor?

PROTARCO – Refletindo bastante, penso que não. (…)

SÓCRATES – (…) Compreendes então que há um <duplo> invisível deste vazio ou falta de vazio, certo? Tanto quanto podemos conceber um homem esperançoso em preencher-se, há também o homem desesperado que não vê como poderia escapar de um agravamento desta sede.

PROTARCO – Consinto.”

SÓCRATES – Não seria estranho dizer que o homem e os demais animais experimentam simultaneamente dor e alegria.”

Devemos renunciar absolutamente a todos os rodeios e discussões que ainda nos separam de nosso objetivo final.”

Não é certo que aquele que forma uma opinião, seja fundada ou infundada, nem pela chance de estar errado deixa por isso de formar uma opinião?

(…)

Igualmente, não é evidente que aquele que goza uma alegria, haja ou não motivo para regozijar-se, nem por isso deixa de regozijar-se realmente?

(…)

Como seria possível que estejamos sujeitos a ter opiniões, tanto verdadeiras quanto falsas, e que nossos prazeres sejam sempre verdadeiros, como alegas, enquanto que os atos de formar uma opinião e regozijar-se existem de forma análoga e espelhada?”

SÓCRATES – Neste caso, nossa alma é parecida com um livro.

PROTARCO – Em que particularidade?

SÓCRATES – A memória e os sentidos, concorrendo ao mesmo objeto com as afecções que deles dependem, inscrevem, já que usei esta metáfora, em nossas almas, certos silogismos ou raciocínios, e quando aparece ali escrita esta verdade, nasce em todos nós uma opinião verdadeira derivada de raciocínios verdadeiros, bem como opiniões falsificadas, quando nosso secretário interior escreveu com base em opiniões fajutas, i.e., silogismos.”

SÓCRATES – As grandes e súbitas mudanças excitam-nos sentimentos de dor e prazer; já as mudanças mais matizadas ou insignificantes são incapazes de nos propiciar dor ou prazer.

(…)

Mas eis aí que o gênero de vida de que tratávamos faz sua reaparição!

(…)

Estou falando daquele gênero de vida normalmente isento da dor e do prazer.

(…)

admitamos 3 classes de vida: uma de prazer, outra de dor, e uma terceira que não é de um nem do outro. Que opinas sobre isso?

PROTARCO – Penso, como tu, que é preciso admitir estas 3 classes de vida.

SÓCRATES – Portanto, estar isento de dor nunca pode ser o mesmo que sentir prazer.

PROTARCO – Como?

SÓCRATES – Vejo, ó Protarco, que tu não conheces os inimigos de Filebo!

PROTARCO – E quem seriam?

SÓCRATES – Homens que passam por mui sábios sobre as coisas da natureza, capazes de sustentar, p.ex., que não há absolutamente prazer.(*)

PROTARCO – Hein?!

SÓCRATES – É isso mesmo que ouviste! Dizem que aquilo que os partidários de Filebo denominam prazer nada é senão a carência da dor.

PROTARCO – Mas e quanto a ti, Sócrates? Aconselhas-nos a seguir seu ditame?

SÓCRATES – De maneira alguma! Mas quero que os ouçamos como se fossem adivinhos ou oniscientes. Mortais assim, se existissem, ao dar-se-lhes crédito, seríamos obrigados a reconhecer que odiariam ou desprezariam o que chamamos nós de prazer. Aquilo que lhes agrada, tomam por ilusão, não algo existente. É dessa perspectiva que desejo que mireis o problema, a fim de ganharmos em conhecimento, ainda que eles não estejam certos.

(*) “Referência a Antístenes e os Cínicos.” – P.A.

Se desejássemos conhecer a natureza do que quer que seja, p.ex., da rigidez, não seria viável conhecê-la melhor fixando-nos no que há de mais rígido ao invés de entretermo-nos nas coisas mais ou menos rígidas? Anda Protarco, é necessário dar satisfação a estes homens cavilosos, como também a mim.”

Quem se encontra atormentado pela febre e outras enfermidades que-tais não sente mais sede, frio e outras afecções que o comum? Não se encontram com mais necessidades, e quando as satisfazem não experimentam certo grau de prazer? Deixaremos de confessar estas verdades?”

Não percebes na vida corrompida, senão um maior número, prazeres maiores e mais consideráveis, havendo sempre a necessidade de veemência e vivacidade por parte dessas pessoas, pelo menos muito mais do que na vida de uma pessoa moderada?”

SÓCRATES – Acaso ignoras que na comédia nossa alma se vê afetada por uma mescla de dor e prazer?

PROTARCO – Ainda não percebo muito bem esta característica.

SÓCRATES – Confesso, Protarco, que não estás de todo fora do tom: é um tipo de sentimento difícil de distinguir a princípio.

PROTARCO – Sinto que é.

(…)

SÓCRATES – Encaras como dor da alma isso que chamam de inveja?

PROTARCO – Sim.

SÓCRATES – E no entanto, vemos que o invejoso se regozija com o mal do próximo.

PROTARCO – E não é pouco!”

PROTARCO – Quais são os prazeres, Sócrates, que com mais razão podemos tomar por verdadeiros?

SÓCRATES – São aqueles que têm por objeto as cores belas e as belas figuras, a maior parte dos que nascem dos odores e sons, e todos aqueles, em suma, cuja privação não é sensível, nem dolorosa, e cujo gozo vai acompanhado de uma sensação agradável, sem mescla alguma de dor.¹”

¹ Platão acaba de resumir os fundamentos da ciência da Estética.

Por <beleza das figuras> não entendo o que muitos poderão imaginar: corpos formosos, pinturas de qualidade; entendo aquilo que é reto e circular, plano, sólido, obras desse gênero, trabalhadas em suas singularidades. Falo dessas figuras que poderíamos reproduzir com régua e esquadro. Será que penetras meu pensamento? A meu ver essas figuras não são como as outras, belas por comparação (relativamente belas), mas sempre e absolutamente belas, em si mesmas, naturalmente belas. (…) Outro tanto digo eu das belas cores que possuem uma beleza correlata à anterior, e de todos os prazeres que guardam relação com o que eu descrevi.

(…)

Quanto aos sons, digo que os fluidos e nítidos, componentes de uma melodia pura, são mais do que relativamente belos, são belos por si mesmos.

(…)

Já a espécie de prazer que resulta dos odores tem algo de menos divino, reconheço-o; mas os prazeres em que não se mescla nenhuma dor por necessidade devem ser classificados no gênero oposto ao dos prazeres de que falamos antes, por isso não posso me contradizer. Em suma, amigo Protarco, chegamos à definição de dois tipos diferentes de prazeres.

(…)

Não nos esqueçamos também dos prazeres que acompanham a ciência, se é que pressupomos que há qualquer coisa de gratuito no ato de conhecer, nada ligado ao desejo ou compulsão de aprender visando a outro fim, e que essa sede de ciência espontânea e como fim em si não causa qualquer tipo de dor.

(…)

Doeria na alma se, plena de conhecimento, chegasse a perder alguns por esquecimento?

(…)

Como bem concluíste, enquanto o conhecedor não refletir sobre isso, abandonando a naturalidade da questão, ele jamais sentirá qualquer dor ou pesar, enquanto não lembrar que esqueceu.

(…)

Resulta de tudo isso que os prazeres da ciência são puros e despidos de dor, e que não estão destinados a todo mundo.

(…)

Agora que já separamos com segurança os prazeres puros daqueles que não o são, acrescentemos que os prazeres violentos são desmedidos, e que os demais são comedidos. Afirmemos também que aqueles, maiores e mais fortes, fazendo-se sentir, não importa, uma ou múltiplas vezes, fato é que pertencem à classe do infinito, que atua com mais ou menos vivacidade sobre corpo e alma; estes (os comedidos) são da espécie finita.”

SÓCRATES – Como e em que consiste a pureza da brancura? Na magnitude e na quantidade? Ou no aparecer sem mescla, sem vestígio algum de outras cores?

PROTARCO – É evidente que na última característica, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – Muito bem! Não diremos, pois, que esta brancura é a mais verdadeira e ao mesmo tempo a mais bela de todas as brancuras, e não a que é maior em quantidade nem em tamanho?”

Todo prazer que não carrega consigo uma dor, ainda que pequena e desprezível, é mais agradável, mais autêntico e mais belo que aqueles que a carregam, ainda que alguns prazeres que carreguem dores apareçam como mais vivos, numerosos e majestosos.”

SÓCRATES – Não ouvimos dizerem com contumácia que o prazer está sempre no caminho da gestação e nunca exatamente no estado da existência? Muitos oradores dos mais hábeis já tentaram demonstrá-lo. Nada mais poderíamos fazer senão agradecê-los!

PROTARCO – Por quê, Sócrates?

(…)

SÓCRATES – Não há duas classes de coisas, uma das que existem por si mesmas e outra das que aspiram sem cessar a ser outra coisa?” “Uma é naturalmente nobre, e a outra inferior àquela em dignidade.”

jovens formosos que tinham por amantes a homens cheios de valor.”

PROTARCO – Falaste algumas coisas que me soaram obscuras, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – Não é bom que façamos mil recapitulações e digressões, assim não acabamos nunca. Mas, Protarco, eu não consigo evitar: a própria discussão parece ter gosto em me entorpecer! Ela quer nos fazer entender que, duas coisas consideradas, uma é sempre meio e a outra fim.

PROTARCO – Mesmo que repitas uma e duas vezes, isso não me entra na cabeça.”

SÓCRATES – Partamos de outro ponto então. Consideremos duas coisas novas…

PROTARCO – Quais?

SÓCRATES – Uma, o fenômeno; a outra, o ser.

PROTARCO – Pois bem, isto está conforme: o ser e o fenômeno.

SÓCRATES – Muito bem. Qual das duas diremos que foi feita para a outra? O fenômeno existe para a existência, ou a existência é que é causa do fenômeno?

PROTARCO – Me perguntas realmente isso: se a existência existe porque existe a aparência?

SÓCRATES – Exato!

PROTARCO – Que diabo de pergunta é essa?

SÓCRATES – Protarco, a construção dos navios se faz em nome dos navios, ou os navios em nome da construção? (…)

PROTARCO – Por que não te respondes a ti mesmo, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – Não haveria inconveniente nisso, mas não quero falar só!

PROTARCO – Então com prazer…

SÓCRATES – Digo, então, que os ingredientes, os instrumentos, os materiais de todas as coisas servem a fenômenos; e que todo fenômeno serve a tipos de existências; e a totalidade dos fenômenos serve à totalidade da existência, que é o fim último.

PROTARCO – Perfeito.

SÓCRATES – E que, portanto, se o prazer é um fenômeno, é indispensável que seja o meio para alguma existência.

PROTARCO – Convenho totalmente.

SÓCRATES – Mas a coisa que é sempre fim para outra coisa que é sempre o meio, não deve ser esta coisa chamada de Bem? Logo, vemos que as coisas estão em classes diferentes.

PROTARCO – É óbvio.

SÓCRATES – Logo, se o prazer é um fenômeno, não diríamos que está subordinado ao Bem?

PROTARCO – Tens razão.

SÓCRATES – Desta forma, como disse no começo, precisamos ser gratos àqueles que nos fizeram conhecer que o prazer é um fenômeno e que não tem absolutamente existência em si mesmo¹”

¹ Platão volta a falar dos céticos.

SÓCRATES – Estes homens mesmos se rirão, sem dúvida, daqueles que fazem consistir sua felicidade no fenômeno.

PROTARCO – Mas de que maneira exatamente, e de quem falas?

SÓCRATES – Falo daqueles que, matando a fome e a sede e outras necessidades análogas, satisfazem-se no fenômeno. Está claro que se regozijam do prazer que lhes causa a repleção. Alegam que não gostariam de viver se não estivessem sujeitos à sede, à fome e outras tantas faltas, verificadas mediante sensações.

PROTARCO – Sim, de acordo.

SÓCRATES – Não conviremos todos em que a alteração dum fenômeno é o contrário de sua geração?

PROTARCO – Sim, conviremos.

SÓCRATES – O que elege a vida dos prazeres, elege a geração e a alteração, mas não um terceiro estado no qual não teriam lugar os prazeres, nem a dor, tão-somente a mais pura sabedoria.

PROTARCO – Agora entendo, Sócrates, que é o mais rematado absurdo eleger o prazer como o sumo Bem!”

SÓCRATES – (…) Não seria igualmente absurdo dizer que quem não experimenta o prazer e a dor é mau durante todo o tempo que sofre, ainda que estejamos falando do homem mais virtuoso do mundo? E não seria disparatado afirmar que quem experimenta o prazer é por esta mesma razão virtuoso, mais virtuoso quão maior for o prazer que experimenta?

PROTARCO – Sócrates, nada mais absurdo e disparatado que isso tudo!”

SÓCRATES – Não se dividem as ciências em dois ramos, um as artes mecânicas, o outro a educação, seja da alma ou do corpo?

PROTARCO – De acordo.”

SÓCRATES – Separemos, então, as artes que estão acima das outras.

PROTARCO – Quais seriam, e qual critério utilizaremos?

SÓCRATES – P.ex., se excluirmos dentre as diversas artes as de contar, medir e pesar, restará bem pouca coisa, não crês?

(…)

Depois, nada nos resta senão pedir socorro às probabilidades, exercitar os sentidos mediante a experiência e nos submeter a uma certa rotina, valendo-nos do talento para conjeturar, ao que muitos dão o nome de arte, pelo menos quando já se desenvolveu a um grau sublime pela reflexão e pelo trabalho nela desempenhado (aperfeiçoando o talento para conjeturas).

PROTARCO – Dizes algo irrefutável.

SÓCRATES – Não está neste último caso a música, pois que não se calcula sua harmonia, mas avança-se por conjeturas e ao azar, que depois são tornados familiares pelo hábito do tocador? Assim como a parte instrumental desta arte tampouco se submete a uma justa medida ao pôr-se em movimento cada corda, de maneira que na música há muitas coisas desconhecidas e algumas poucas seguras e certas?

PROTARCO – Nada mais verdadeiro.

SÓCRATES – Aplicando o raciocínio, veremos que é também o caso da medicina, da agricultura, da navegação e até da arte militar.

PROTARCO – Ó, sem dúvida!

SÓCRATES – E que, ao contrário, a arquitetura faz uso, a meu entender, de muitas medidas e cálculos, e instrumentos, que lhe dão grande firmeza e rigidez, fazendo-a exata, ou pelo menos mais exata que grande parte das ciências.¹”

¹ Está claro que hoje não pensamos mais assim.

Sigamos: separaremos as artes em duas ordens. Umas, dependentes da música, são mais imprecisas; outras, dependentes dos princípios arquitetônicos, são mais precisas.

PROTARCO – Assim seja.

SÓCRATES – Coloquemos entre as artes mais exatas aquelas de que primeiro faláramos.

PROTARCO – Se não me engano, falas da aritmética e das suas mais aparentadas.”

Veja a aritmética: não estamos conformes que há uma vulgar e outra própria dos filósofos?”

o vulgo faz entrar na mesma conta unidades desiguais, como dois exércitos, dois bois, duas unidades muita pequenas ou muito grandes. Os filósofos, ao contrário, jamais darão ouvidos a quem se nega a admitir que, entre todas as unidades, não há uma unidade que não difira absolutamente em nada de qualquer outra unidade.”

A arte de calcular e de medir – que empregam os arquitetos e os mercadores –, não difere ela da geometria e dos cálculos racionais dos filósofos? Diremos que é a mesma arte, ou a dividiremos em duas?”

SÓCRATES – Protarco, compreendes por que entramos neste mérito?

PROTARCO – Talvez…”

SÓCRATES – Há duas aritméticas e duas geometrias, e dependendo de quais outras múltiplas artes consideremos, por mais que vulgarmente se as compreenda sob um mesmo nome, pode muito bem haver várias artes ou ciências duplas.”

SÓCRATES – A dialética nos acusará, Protarco, de termos dado a preferência a outra ciência em detrimento dela.

PROTARCO – Que entendes por dialética, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – É a ciência das ciências, que conhece todas as outras ciências. É o conhecimento mais verdadeiro e sem comparação, pois tem por objeto o ser mesmo, aquilo que realmente existe, e cuja natureza é inalterável. Que pensas da dialética, Protarco?

PROTARCO – Não nego, Sócrates, que ouvi muitas vezes Górgias dizer que a arte da persuasão leva vantagem sobre todas as demais. Fica tudo submetido à persuasão do orador, não pela força, mas pela vontade. Em suma, não haveria nada mais excelente. Me sinto desconfortável, portanto: não quero contradizer meu mestre Górgias, nem tampouco a ti, querido.

SÓCRATES – Me parece que no momento de alvejar tua flecha contra mim, vacilaste.

PROTARCO – Se assim o queres, digo que tu podes tratar como bem entender, nesta conversação, o estatuto destas duas ciências.

SÓCRATES – Mas é culpa minha se não entendes o que digo exatamente?

PROTARCO – Como?

SÓCRATES – Não te perguntei, meu querido, qual é a arte ou a ciência que se encontra no topo das outras em termos de importância, excelência e vantagens que possa conceder ao usuário, mas qual é a ciência cujo objeto é o mais claro, exato e verdadeiro, seja ou não de grande utilidade. Eis o que agora buscamos. Se ages com prudência, não cais em desgraça com Górgias, nem tampouco me afrentas.”

SÓCRATES – (…) quando alguém diz estudar a natureza, já sabes que se ocupa a vida inteira em averiguar as causas, ou seja, como veio a se produzir o universo; pois todo efeito, que se apura agora, provém de determinadas causas. Ou não?

PROTARCO – Mas é claro que sim, Sócrates.

SÓCRATES – O objeto do naturalista não é necessariamente aquilo que existe sempre? O que é, o que foi e o que será?

PROTARCO – Em última instância, é isto mesmo.

SÓCRATES – Podemos dizer que é auto-demonstrável o objeto que procuramos, que nunca existiu, nem existe, nem existirá de forma dessemelhante? Ou bem a única coisa que podemos afirmar, com base na investigação dos fenômenos, seria: nada há que permanece idêntico e estável?!

PROTARCO – O segundo, Sócrates, porque o fenômeno é o meio, mas–

SÓCRATES – …Já sei o que irás dizer! Está claro que se trata de fenômenos, mas como chegar à misteriosa causa, já que este fim é invisível e só vemos o meio?

PROTARCO – Pois creio que ficaremos eternamente no escuro quanto a isso.

SÓCRATES – Portanto, a verdade pura não se encontra na inteligência nem no conhecimento possível sobre os objetos.

PROTARCO – Com efeito.

SÓCRATES – E então é preciso que deixemos de lado tudo isso, tu, eu, Górgias e Filebo: seguindo tão-só a razão, devemos afirmar o que segue…–

PROTARCO – O quê, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – …que a estabilidade, a pureza, a verdade e o que nós chamamos de sinceridade, não se encontram senão no que subsiste eternamente, no mesmo estado, da mesma maneira, sem mescla; e onde mais se encontra de forma menos mesclada, isto é, em segundo lugar? Podemos chegar lá? Creio que todo o demais deve ser rebaixado em nossa hierarquia de valores.

PROTARCO – Concordo plenamente.”

SÓCRATES – Não são os nomes mais preciosos os da inteligência e sabedoria?

PROTARCO – Parece que sim.”

SÓCRATES – Sigo uma velha máxima, que nunca é má: Nunca é demais indagar duas, três ou mais vezes, se preciso, sobre o quê é o Bem.

PROTARCO – Convenho, convenho.

SÓCRATES – Em nome de Zeus, muita atenção agora! Vamos recordar como começamos todo este debate, a fim de podermos rematá-lo!

(…)

Filebo sustentava que o prazer é o fim legítimo de todos os seres animados e o objeto a que se devem consagrar sem exceção; que o prazer é o supremo Bem e que estas duas palavras, bom e agradável, pertencem, no fim de contas, a uma mesma natureza. Sócrates, ao contrário, sustentava que, como bom e agradável são duas palavras distintas, expressavam igualmente duas coisas de natureza distinta, e que a sabedoria participava mais da condição do Bem que o prazer. Não começamos assim, Protarco?

PROTARCO – Sim, Sócrates, foste verdadeiro.

SÓCRATES – E, dando continuidade: convimos que o ser animado que esteja em possessão plena e integral, ininterrupta, durante toda sua vida, do Bem, não tem ele necessidade de nada mais, porque aquilo já lhe basta. Que dizes?

PROTARCO – Mais uma vez, foste impecável ao rememorar nossos passos.”

SÓCRATES – Nem o prazer nem a sabedoria são esse Bem perfeito, o bem que apetece a todos, o soberano Bem!

PROTARCO – Agora vejo que não!

SÓCRATES – Destarte, é preciso descobrir o Bem ou em si mesmo ou nalguma imagem, para ver, como já dissemos, a quem devemos adjudicar o segundo posto.”

Não cabe buscar o bem numa vida sem mescla, pois que ele reside na vida mesclada ou intermediária.”

SÓCRATES – Seja: Conseguiríamos atingir nosso objeto mesclando toda sorte de prazeres com toda sorte de sabedorias?

PROTARCO – Hm, talvez…

SÓCRATES – Não, este meio não é confiável. Vou te propor um novo método de mesclar as coisas sem tantos riscos.

(…)

Há, segundo entendo, alguns prazeres muito mais meritórios que outros; e artes mais exatas que outras.”

Segue daí que devemos mesclar só as porções mais autênticas de uma e outra parte, e cabe-nos examinar se há uma mescla verossímil o suficiente para que a classifiquemos de vida mais apetecível.”

SÓCRATES – Será preciso incluir a música, que, conforme vimos, está repleta de conjeturas e de imitação, e carente, por isso mesmo, de pureza?

PROTARCO – Isso me parece necessário, a fim de tornar a vida suportável.

SÓCRATES – Em outras palavras, queres que eu seja um porteiro relaxado e deixe que um tropel de arraias-miúdas arrombe o portão e invada, com todas as ciências e mesclas possíveis e imagináveis?

PROTARCO – Sócrates, não vejo como pode ser um mal que um homem possua em si todas as ciências, contanto que possua as principais.

SÓCRATES – Sigo, então, tua prescrição, e deixo com que todas passem pelo meu portão, para invadirem o jardim poético de Homero.”

Porém, quanto aos prazeres, ainda resta por decidir: quais classes de prazeres deixaremos entrar impunemente? Só caberão neste jardim os verdadeiros, ou aceitaremos todos sem distinção?”

A essência do Bem nos escapa novamente! Foi-se refugiar dentro da essência do Belo, porque em todo lugar e por todas as partes a justa medida e a proporção são uma beleza e uma virtude.

(…)

Mas não esqueçamos que a verdade tem de entrar com as outras coisas neste mescla.

(…)

Portanto, se não podemos abarcar o Bem sob uma só idéia, fá-lo-emos sob 3, a saber: a da Beleza, a da Proporção e a da Verdade. Digamos que, se essas 3 coisas pudessem ser 1 só, formariam assim a causa verdadeira da excelência desta mescla do tipo de vida perfeita e alcançável pelo homem. Se a causa é boa, a mescla só pode ser boa.”

PROTARCO – (…) o prazer é a coisa mais mentirosa do mundo. Assim se diz por aí. E também que os deuses perdoam todo perjúrio cometido em meio aos prazeres do amor, ou da carne, que passam por ser os mais elevados de todos; isso me faz pensar que os prazeres, tal como as crianças, não têm a menor faísca de sabedoria!”

o primeiro Bem é a medida, o justo meio, a oportunidade e todas as qualidades semelhantes, que devem ser tomadas como condições imprescindíveis de uma natureza imutável.” “o segundo Bem é a proporção, o belo, o perfeito, o que se basta a si mesmo, e tudo o mais que for deste gênero.” “E aí tens o posto da sabedoria e da inteligência: fazem parte da verdade, como terceiro Bem.”

Não situaremos em quarto lugar as ciências, as artes, as opiniões justas, que afirmamos pertencer a uma alma só, se está certo dizer que estas coisas têm um laço mais íntimo com o bem e com o prazer?”

Em quinto lugar colocaremos os prazeres, mas apenas aqueles isentos de dor, chamando-os conhecimentos puros da alma.”

SÓCRATES – À sexta geração, diz Orfeu, ponde fim a vossos cantos. Me parece que poremos fim também a este discurso com este sexto lugar. Já nada nos resta senão condensar e arredondar tudo o que descobrimos.

PROTARCO – Sem dúvida, Sócrates, não há mais remédio senão pararmos por aqui e finalizarmos com dignidade.

SÓCRATES – Voltemos, então, pela terceira vez, salvo engano, ao mesmo discurso, e demos as graças a Zeus o Conservador.

PROTARCO – Como o efetuarás, Sócrates?

SÓCRATES – Filebo qualificava o prazer perfeito e pleno como o Bem (…)”

Bem, vimos que nem um nem o outro desses bens inicialmente inferidos por nós dois é suficiente por si mesmo!” “Tendo-se apresentado diate de nós uma terceira forma de bem, superior aos outros dois, nos pareceu, também, que a inteligência tinha com a essência dessa terceira forma mais afinidade (mil vezes mais afinidade!) que o prazer mais gozoso. Mas vimos que o prazer mais puro não ocupa lugar melhor que o quinto em nossa escala de valores. Mas os bois, cavalos e demais bestas, sem exceção, não seriam a refutação do que dissemos? A maior parte dos homens, referindo-se a elas, como dizem os intérpretes do canto dos pássaros, julga que os prazeres são a principal fonte da felicidade da vida, e crê que o instinto das bestas é uma garantia mais segura e verdadeira que os discursos inspirados pela Musa.”

PROTARCO – Convimos, sem qualquer restrição, Sócrates, que tudo o que disseste é perfeitamente verdadeiro.

SÓCRATES – Então me permitireis partir!”

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF HOMOSEXUALITY

PREFACE

Biographies of gay men and lesbian women discuss their orientation only when unavoidable, as with Oscar Wilde. There have been several encyclopedias and dictionaries of sexuality (beginning with a German one of 1922, the Handbuch der Sexualwissenschaft), but this work is the first to treat homosexuality in all its complexity and variety.

all the efforts of church and state over the centuries to obliterate homosexual behavior and its expression in literature, tradition, and subculture have come to naught, if only because the capacity for homoerotic response and homosexual activity is embedded in human nature, and cannot be eradicated by any amount of suffering inflicted upon hapless individuals.”

The editors are persuaded that the phenomenology of lesbianism and that of male homosexuality have much in common, especially when viewed in the cultural and social context, where massive homophobia has provided a shared setting, if not necessarily an equal duress.”

Perhaps the most difficult obstacle to a simple focus on <homosexuality> is the growing realization that what has been lumped together under that term since its coinage in 1869 is not a simple, unitary phenomenon. The more one works with data from times and cultures other than contemporary middle-class American and northern European ones, the more one tends to see a multiplicity of homosexualities.”

The Greeks who institutionalized pederasty and used it for educational ends take a prominent role, as does the Judeo-Christian tradition of sexual restriction and homophobia that prevailed under the church Fathers, Scholasticism, and the Reformers, and – in altered form – during the 20th century under Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin and Castro.

ACHILLES

He is a tragic hero, being aware of the shortness of his life, and his devoted friendship for Patroclus is one of the major themes of the epic. Later Greek speculation made the two lovers, and also gave Achilles a passion for Troilus. The homoerotic elements in the figure of Achilles are characteristically Hellenic. He is supremely beautiful, kalos as the later vase inscriptions have it; he is ever youthful as well as short-lived, yet he foresees and mourns his own death as he anticipates the grief that it will bring to others. His attachment to Patroclus is an archetypal male bond that occurs elsewhere in Greek culture: Damon and Pythias, Orestes and Pylades, Harmodius and Aristogiton are pairs of comrades who gladly face danger and death for and beside each other. From the Semitic world stem Gilgamesh and Enkidu, as well as David and Jonathan. The friendship of Achilles and Patroclus is mentioned explicitly only once in the Iliad, and then in a context of military excellence; it is the comradeship of warriors who fight always in each other’s ken: <From then on the son of Thetis urged that never in the moil of Ares [nas confusões da guerra] should Patroclus be stationed apart from his own man-slaughtering spear.>”

The friendship with Patroclus blossomed into overt homosexual love in the fifth and fourth centuries, in the works of Aeschylus, Plato, and Aeschines, and as such seems to have inspired the enigmatic verses in Lycophron’s third-century Alexandra that make unrequited love Achilles’ motive for killing Troilus. By the IV century of our era this story had been elaborated into a sadomasochistic version in which Achilles causes the death of his beloved by crushing him in a lover’s embrace. As a rule, the post-classical tradition shows Achilles as heterosexual and having an exemplary asexual friendship with Patroclus. The figure of Achilles remained polyvalent. The classical Greek pederastic tradition only sporadically assimilated him, new variations appeared in pagan writings after the Golden Age of Hellenic civilization, and medieval Christian writers deliberately suppressed the homoerotic nuances of the figure.”

W. M. Clarke, Achilles and Patroclus in Love (1978)

AESCHINES

Athenian orator. His exchanges with Demosthenes in the courts in 343 and 330 reflect the relations between Athens and Macedon in the era of Alexander the Great. Aeschines and Demosthenes were both members of the Athenian boule (assembly) in the year 347-46, and their disagreements led to 16 years of bitter enmity. Demosthenes opposed Aeschines and the efforts to reach an accord with Philip of Macedon, while Aeschines supported the negotiations and wanted to extend them into a peace that would provide for joint action against aggressors and make it possible to do without Macedonian help. In 346-45 Demosthenes began a prosecution of Aeschines for his part in the peace negotiations – Aeschines replied with a charge that Timarchus, Demosthenes’ ally, had prostituted himself with other males and thereby incurred atimia, <civic dishonor>, which disqualified him from addressing the assembly. Aeschines’ stratagem was successful, and Timarchus was defeated and disenfranchised. The oration is often discussed because of the texts of the Athenian laws that it cites, as well as such accusations that Timarchus had gone down to Piraeus, ostensibly to learn the barber’s trade.

AESCHYLUS

QUEM DISSE, JAEGER, QUE NÃO SE PODE SER SOLDADO E POETA AO MESMO TEMPO? First of the great Attic tragedians. Aeschylus fought against the Persians at Marathon and probably Salamis. Profoundly religious and patriotic, he produced, according to one catalogue, 72 titles, but 10 others are mentioned elsewhere. He was the one who first added a second actor to speak against the chorus. Of his 7 surviving tragedies, none is pederastic. His lost Myrmidons, however, described in lascivious terms the physical love of Achilles for Patroclus’ thighs, altering the age relationship given in Homer’s Iliad – where Patroclus is a few years the older, but as they grew up together, they were essentially agemates – to suggest that Achilles was the lover (erastes) of Patroclus.

Plato had Phaedrus point out the confusion, and argue that Patroclus must have been the older and therefore the lover, while the beautiful Achilles was his beloved (Symposium, 180a). Among Attic tragedians Aeschylus was followed by Sophocles, Euripides, and Agathon.

Sophocles (496-406 B.C.), who first bested Aeschylus in 468 and added a third actor, wrote 123 tragedies of which 7 survive, all from later than 440. At least 4 of his tragedies were pederastic. Euripides (480-406 B.C.) wrote 75 tragedies of which 19 survive, and the lost Chrysippus, and probably some others as well, were pederastic. Euripides loved the beautiful but effeminate tragedian Agathon until Agathon was 40. The latter, who won his first victory in 416, was the first to reduce the chorus to a mere interlude, but none of his works survive.

All four of the greatest tragedians wrote pederastic plays but none survive, possibly because of Christian homophobia. The tragedians seem to have shared the pederastic enthusiasm of the lyric poets and of Pindar, though many of their mythical and historical source-themes antedated the formal institutionalization of paiderasteia in Greece toward the beginning of the sixth century before our era.”

(o artigo de William Percy foi transcrito na íntegra)

AFRICA, NORTH

Pederasty was virtually pandemic in North Africa during the periods of Arab and Turkish rule. Islam as a whole was tolerant of pederasty, and in North Africa particularly so. (The Islamic high-water points in this respect may tentatively be marked out as Baghdad of The Thousand and One Nights, Cairo of the Mamluks, Moorish Granada, and Algiers of the 16th and 17th centuries.) The era of Arabic rule in North Africa did, however, witness occasional puritan movements and rulers, such as the Almohads and a Shiite puritanism centered in Fez (Morocco). This puritanism continues with the current King Hassan II of Morocco, who is, however, hampered by an openly homosexual brother.”

400 Franciscan friars left the Spain of Isabel the Catholic and embraced Islam rather than <mend their ways>, as she had commanded them to do.”

Universal throughout pre-colonial North Africa was the singing and dancing boy, widely preferred over the female in café entertainments and suburban pleasure gardens. A prime cultural rationale was to protect the chastity of the females, who would instantly assume the status of a prostitute in presenting such a performance. The result was several centuries of erotic performances by boys, who were the preferred entertainers even when female prostitutes were available, and who did not limit their acts to arousing the lust of the patrons. A North African merchant could stop at the café for a cup of tea and a hookah [narguilé], provided by a young lad, listen to the singing, and then proceed to have sex with the boy right on the premises, before returning to his shop.

The present writer has spoken with a Tunisian supervisor of schools who firmly believes in the death penalty for all homosexuals. Thus, in their rush to modernism, Third World leaders often adopt the sexual standards of medieval Christendom, even as Europe and America are moving toward legalization and tolerance of same-sex activity. Such, at least in part, is also the plight of modern North Africa.”

Tunisia. A small and impoverished country of some 4 million, Tunisia’s high birthrate keeps the country very young – about half the people are under 18. Although it is common to see men walking hand-in-hand (as in all Islamic countries), it would not be wise for a foreigner to adopt the practice with a male lover. Tunisians can easily tell the difference between two friends of approximately equal status (where hand-holding is expected) and a sexual relation (which is <officially> disapproved of and therefore not to be made public).” “In the days of Carthage, the city was known for its perfumed male prostitutes and courtesans. After Carthage was destroyed in the Punic wars, Tunisia became a Roman colony. The country did not regain its independence until modern times. The Romans were supplanted by the Vandals, who in turn surrendered the country to the Byzantine Empire. The rise of the followers of Muhammad swept Tunisia out of Christendom forever, and the country eventually passed into the Turkish Empire, where it remained until the French protectorate.”

Marxist societies abominate homosexuality, and this influence has had a chilling effect on Algeria. The passing tourist will see nothing of such activity, although residents may have a different experience. Another fact is that Algerians do not like the French (because of the war) and this dislike is frequently extended to all people who look like Frenchmen, though they may be Canadian or Polish. It is a strange country, where you can spot signs saying <Parking Reserved for the National Liberation Front> (the stalls are filled with Mercedes Benzes), and also the only place in all of North Africa where the present writer has even seen a large graffito proclaiming <Nous voulons vivre français!> (We want to live as Frenchmen!).

The adventures of Oscar Wilde and André Gide in Tunisia and Algeria before the war are good evidence that this modern difference between the two countries was in fact caused by the trauma of the war. There is better evidence in the history of Algiers long before. During the 16th and 17th centuries, Algiers was possibly the leading homosexual city in the world. It was the leading Ottoman naval and administrative center in the western Mediterranean, and was key to Turkey’s foreign trade with every country but Italy. Of the major North African cities, it was the furthest from the enemy – Europe. It was the most Turkish city in North Africa, in fact the most Turkish city outside Turkey.”

The bath-houses (hammams) of Fez were the object of scandalous comments around 1500. Two factors assume a bolder relief in Morocco, although they are typical of North Africa as a whole. One is a horror of masturbation. This dislike, combined with the seclusion of good women and the diseases of prostitutes, leads many a Maghrebi [africano setentrional] to regard anal copulation with a friend as the only alternative open to him, and clearly superior to masturbation. It also leads

to such behavior being regarded as a mere peccadillo. The other, more peculiarly Moroccan tradition is that of baraka, a sort of <religious good luck>. It is believed that a saintly man can transmit some of this baraka to other men by the mechanism of anal intercourse. (Fellatio has traditionally been regarded with disgust in the region, although the 20th century has been changing attitudes.)”

Malek Chebel, L’Esprit de sérail: Perversions et marginalités sexuelles au

Magreb, Paris: Lieu Commun, 1988.

ALCIBIADES

Reared in the household of his guardian and uncle Pericles, he became the eromenos and later intimate friend of Socrates, who saved his life in battle. His, brilliance enabled him in 420 to become leader of the extreme democratic faction, and his imperialistic designs led Athens into an alliance with Argos and other foes of Sparta, a policy largely discredited by the Spartan victory at Mantinea. He sponsored the plan for a Sicilian expedition to outflank Sparta, which ended after his recall in the capture of thousands of Athenians, most of whom died in the salt mines where they were confined, but soon after the fleet reached Sicily his enemies recalled him on the pretext of his complicity in the mutilation of the Hermae, the phallic pillars marking boundaries between lots of land. He escaped, however, to Sparta and became the adviser of the Spartan high command. Losing the confidence of the Spartans and accused of impregnating the wife of one of Sparta’s two kings, he fled to Persia, then tried to win reinstatement at Athens by winning Persian support for the city and promoting an oligarchic revolution, but without success. Then being appointed commander by the Athenian fleet at Samos, he displayed his military skills for several years and won a brilliant victory at Cyzicus in 410, but reverses in battle and political intrigue at home led to his downfall, and he was finally murdered in Phrygia in 404 [Sócrates, mais velho, foi condenado apenas em 399]. Though an outstanding politician and military leader, Alcibiades compromised himself by the excesses of his sexual life, which was not confined to his own sex, but was uninhibitedly bisexual, as was typical of a member of the Athenian aristocracy. The Attic comedians scolded him for his adventures; Aristophanes wrote a play (now lost) entitled Triphales (The man with three phalli), in which Alcibiades’ erotic exploits were satirized. In his youth, admired by the whole of Athens for his beauty, he bore on his coat of arms an Eros hurling a lightning bolt. Diogenes Laertius said of him that <when a young man, he separated men from their wives, and later, wives from their husbands,> while the comedian Pherecrates declared that <Alcibiades, who once was no man, is now the man of all women>. He gained a bad reputation for introducing luxurious practices into Athenian life, and even his dress was reproached for extravagance. He combined the ambitious political careerist and the bisexual dandy, a synthesis possible only in a society that tolerated homosexual expression and even a certain amount of heterosexual licence in its public figures. His physical beauty alone impressed his contemporaries enough to remain an inseparable part of his historical image.”

Walter Ellis, Alcibiades, New York: Routledge, 1989;

Jean Hatzfeld, Alcibiade: Étude sur l’histoire d’Athènes à la fin du Ve siècle, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1951.

ANARCHISM

Étienne de la Boétie (1530-1563) and William Godwin (1756-1836) wrote two proto-anarchist classics. Boétie’s Discours de la servitude voluntaire (1552-53) (translated as The Politics of Obedience and as The Will to Bondage) is still read by anarchists.” Ver excertos em Português em http://xtudotudo6.zip.net/arch2012-11-01_2012-11-30.html.

Pederasty comes not so much from lack of marriage bed as from a hazy yearning for masculine beauty.” Proudhon

The boy-lover John Henry Mackay (1864-1933), who wrote widely on both pederastic (under the pseudonym Sagitta) and anarchist topics, prepared the first (and only) biography of Stirner in 1898.”

Karl Marx & Frederick Engels had a personal disgust for homosexuality (Engels told Marx to be grateful that they were too old to attract homosexuals). Marx published full-length diatribes against Proudhon, Stirner, and Bakunin. He used Bakunin’s relationship to Nechaev as an excuse for expelling the anarchists from the International in 1872. Lenin later denounced anarchists as politically <infantile>, just as Freudians argued that homosexuality was an arrested infantile (or adolescent) development.”

Thomas Bell, a gay secretary of Frank Harris and a trick[?] of Wilde’s, has written a book on Wilde’s anarchism, available only in Portuguese.[!]”

In Spain during the Civil War (1936-39), anarchists fought against both the fascists and the communists, and for a time dominated large areas of the country. Many gay men and lesbians volunteered to fight in the war, while others worked as ambulance drivers and medics.”

Emma Goldman (1869-1940) is unquestionably the first person to lecture publicly in the United States on homosexual emancipation”

Whether from choice or necessity, anarchists have written extensively against prisons and in favor of prisoners, many of whom either from choice or necessity have experienced prison homosexuality. William Godwin opposed punishment of any kind and all anarchists have opposed any enforced sexuality.”

Both anarchists and gays can be found in the Punk Rock movement. Since many anarchists do not really believe in organizations, they can often be as hard to identify as homosexuals once were. During the early 80s at the New York Gay Pride marches, gay anarchists, S/M groups, gay atheists, NAMBLA, Pag Rag and others all marched together with banners as individual members drifted back and forth between all the groups.”

A major question is whether homosexuals are inherently attracted to anarchism or whether homosexuals have been equally attracted to democracy, communism, fascism, monarchy, nationalism or capitalism. Because of the secrecy, no one can ever figure what percentage of homosexuals are anarchists and what percentage of anarchists are homosexual. But only among anarchists has there been a consistent commitment, rooted in basic principles of the philosophy, to build a society in which every person is free to express him- or herself sexually in every way.”

ANDERSEN, HANS CHRISTIAN

His fame rests upon the 168 fairy tales and stories which he wrote between 1835 and 1872. Some of the very first became children’s classics from the moment of their appearance; the tales have since been translated into more than 100 languages. Some are almost child-like in their simplicity; others are so subtle and sophisticated that they can be properly appreciated only by adults.”

It has been speculated that the fairy tale The Little Mermaid, completed in January 1837, is based on Andersen’s self-identification with a sexless creature with a fish’s tail who tragically loves a handsome prince, but instead of saving her own future as a mermaid by killing the prince and his bride sacrifices herself and commits suicide – another theme of early homosexual apologetic literature.”

ANDROGYNY

There is a tendency to consider androgyny primarily psychic and constitutional, while hermaphroditism is anatomical.”

with reference to male human beings <androgynous> implies effeminacy. Logically, it should then mean <viraginous, masculinized> when applied to women, but this parallel is rarely drawn. Thus there is an unanalyzed tendency to regard androgynization as essentially a process of softening or mitigating maleness. Stereotypically, the androgyne is a half-man or incomplete male. In addition to these relatively specific usages there is a kind of semantic halo effect, whereby androgyny is taken to refer to a more all-encompassing realm. Significantly, in this broader, almost mystical sense the negative connotations fall away, and androgyny may even be a prized quality. For example the figures in the Renaissance paintings of Botticelli and Leonardo are sometimes admired for their androgynous beauty. It comes as no surprise that these aspects of the artists were first emphasized by homosexual art critics of the 19th century.”

In Hinduism and some African religions there are male gods who have female manifestations or avatars. A strand of Jewish medieval interpretation of Genesis holds that Adam and Eve were androgynous before the Fall. If this be the case, God himself must be androgynous since he made man <in his own image>. Working from different premises, medieval Christian mystics found that the compassion of Christ required that he be conceived of as a mother. Jakob Böhme (1575-1624), the German seer, held that all perfect beings, Christ as well as the angels, were androgynous. He foresaw that ultimately Christ’s sacrifice would make possible a restoration of the primal androgyny.”

androgyny points the way to a return to the Golden Age, an era of harmony unmarred by the conflict and dissension of today which are rooted in an unnatural polarization.”

Mircea Eliade, Mephistopheles and the Androgyne, New York: Harper and Row, 1965.

ANIMAL HOMOSEXUALITY

In the 1970s the well-publicized reports of the German ethologist Konrad Lorenz drew attention to male-male pair bonds in greylag geese. Controlled reports of <lesbian> behavior among birds, in which two females share the responsibilities of a single nest, have existed since 1885. Mounting behavior has been observed among male lizards, monkeys, and mountain goats. In some cases one male bests the other in combat, and then mounts his fellow, engaging in penile thrusts – though rarely with intromission. In other instances, a submissive male will <present> to a dominant one, by exhibiting his buttocks in a receptive manner. Mutual masturbation and fellatio have been observed among male stump-tailed macaques. During oestrus female rhesus monkeys engage in mutual full-body rubbing. Those who have observed these same-sex patterns in various species have noted, explicitly or implicitly, similarities with human behavior. It is vital, however, not to elide differences. Mounting behavior may not be sexual, but an expression of social hierarchy: the dominant partner reaffirms his superiority over the presenting one. In most cases where a sexual pairing does occur, one partner adopts the characteristic behavior of the other sex. While this behavioral inversion sometimes occurs in human homosexual conduct, it is by no means universal. Thus while (say) Roman homosexuality, which often involved slaves submitting to their masters, may find its analogue among animals, modern American androphilia largely does not. This difference suggests that the cultural matrix is important.” “In the light of this complexity, a simple identification of human homosexual behavior with same-sex interactions among animals is reductive, and may block or misdirect the search for an understanding of the remaining mysteries of human sexuality. Still, for those aspects to which they have relevance, animal patterns of homosexual behavior help to place human ones in a phylogenetic perspective – in somewhat the same way as animal cries and calls have a relation to human language, and the structures built by birds and beavers anticipate the feats of human architecture.

ARISTOCRATIC VICE

In the 17th century Sir Edward Coke attributed the origin of sodomy to <pride, excess of diet, idleness and contempt of the poor>. The noted English jurist was in fact offering a variation on the prophet Ezekiel (16:49). This accusation reflects the perennial truism that wealth, idleness, and lust tend to go together – a cluster summed up in the Latin term luxuria.

The stereotype of aristocratic vice has a sequel in the early 20th-century Marxist notion that the purported increase of homosexuality in modem industrial states stems from the decadence of capitalism; in this view the workers fortunately remain psychologically healthy and thus untainted by the debilitating proclivity. In the Krupp and von Moltke-Eulenburg scandals in Germany in 1903-08, journalists of the socialist press did their best to inflame their readership against the unnatural vices of the aristocracy, which were bringing the nation to the brink of ruin.”

ARISTOTLE

As a thinker Aristotle is outstanding for the breadth of his interests, which encompassed the entire panorama of the ancient sciences, and for his efforts to make sense of the world through applying an organic and developmental approach. In this way he departed from the essentialist, deductive emphasis of Plato. Unfortunately, Aristotle’s polished essays, which were noted for their style, are lost, and the massive corpus of surviving works derives largely from lecture notes. In these the wording of the Greek presents many uncertainties”

Although Aristotle is known to have had several male lovers, in his writings he tended to follow Plato’s lead in favoring restraints on overt expression of homoerotic feelings. He differs, however, from Plato’s ethical and idealizing approach to male same-sex love by his stress on biological factors. In a brief but important treatment in the Nicomachean Ethics (7:5) he was the first to distinguish clearly between innate and acquired homosexuality. This dichotomy corresponds to a standard Greek distinction between processes which are determined by nature (physis) and those which are conditioned by culture or custom (nomos). The approach set forth in this text was to be echoed a millennium and a half later in the Christian Scholastic treatments of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas (Summa Theologiae, 31:7). In The History of Animals (9:8), Aristotle anticipates modem ethology by showing that homosexual behavior among birds is linked to patterns of domination and submission. In various passages he speaks of homosexual relations among noted Athenian men and boys as a matter of course. His treatment of friendship (Nicomachean Ethics, books 8 and 9) emphasizes its mutual character, based on the equality of the parties, which requires time for full consolidation. He takes it as given that true friendship can occur only between two free males of equal status, excluding slaves and women. Aristotle’s ideas on friendship were to be echoed by Cicero, Erasmus, Michel de Montaigne, and Francis Bacon.

The Problems (4:26), a work attributed to Aristotle but probably compiled by a follower, attributes desire for anal intercourse in men to the accumulation of semen in the fundament. This notion derives from the common Greek medical view that semen is produced in the region of the brain and then transferred by a series of conduits to the lower body.

In England and America a spurious compilation of sexual and generative knowledge, Aristotle’s Masterpiece, enjoyed a long run of popularity. Compiled from a variety of sources, including the Hippocratic and Galenic medical traditions, the medieval writings of Albertus Magnus, and folklore of all kinds, this farrago was apparently first published in English in 1684. A predecessor of later sex manuals, the book contains such lore as the determination of the size of the penis from that of the nose.

ART, VISUAL

Before the 16th century, we find only representations of friendship between women; then in the Venetian school there begins an imagery of lesbian dalliance – but only for male entertainment. Only in recent decades has there been a substantial production of lesbian art by lesbians and for lesbians.”

pe(re)nial tradition

In antiquity the Greeks were noted for their national peculiarity of exercising in the nude. Out of this custom grew the monumental nude statue, a genre that Greece bequeathed to the world. The tradition began a little before 600 B.C. with the sequence of nude youths known as kowoi. (Monumental female nudes did not appear until ca. 350 B.C.) Although archeologists have maintained a deafening silence on the matter, it seems clear that the radiance of these figures can only be explained in the light of the Greek homoerotic appreciation of the male form. Whatever else they may have been, the kowoi were the finest pin-ups ever created.

The Romans did not share the Greek fondness for nude exercise and their attitude toward homosexual behavior was more ambiguous. Perhaps it is not surprising that they favored the old religious subject of the hermaphrodite, the double-sexed being, but now reduced largely to a subject of titillation [erotização – vulgarização]. They also were capable of depicting scenes of peeping toms [machos, provavelmente felinos] that recall the atmosphere of Petronius’s Satyricon.”

After the reign of Hadrian, who died in 138, the great age of ancient homoerotic art was over. Consequently, the adoption of Christianity cannot be said to have killed off a vibrant tradition, but it certainly did not encourage its revival.”

Since Freud’s essay of 1910 the enigmatic figure of Leonardo has offered a special appeal.”

By the turn of the century magazines began to appear in Germany presenting, by means of photographic reproduction, works appealing exclusively to male homosexual taste; lesbian magazines were only to emerge after World War I. Exceptionally, the American George Piatt Lynes (1907-1955) pursued a career in both mainstream and gay media (the latter in his extensive work for the Swiss magazine, Dei Kreis).”

Although the Surrealists sought to explore sexuality, the homophobia of their leader André Breton placed a ban on gay subjects – or at least male ones. Two related figures did explore in this realm however, the writer Jean Cocteau (1889-1963), with his drawings of sailors, and the Argentine-born painter Leonor Fini (b. 1908), with enigmatic scenes of women. The ambitious Russian-born Pavel Tchelitchev (1898-1957), connected with several avant-garde circles in Europe and America, also belongs in this company.”

It may be doubted that the long-standing premises of the modernist aesthetic – its sense of discontinuity, irony, and high seriousness – have been definitively overcome, but there is no doubt that the boundaries of the acceptable have been broadened. This enlargement creates opportunities for gay and lesbian artists. At the same time, however, the tyranny of the market and of critical stereotypes is as great as ever, so that artists are under great pressure to settle into niches that have been prepared for them. It should be remembered that many painters, sculptors, and photographers whose personal orientation is homosexual are as reluctant to be styled <gay artists> as they are to be called neo-expressionist, neo-mannerist, or some other label.”

BALZAC

Vautrin’s secret is that he does not love women, but when and how does he love men? He does so only in the rents of the fabric of the narrative, because the technique of the novelist lies exactly in not speaking openly, but letting the reader know indirectly the erotic background of the events of his story. The physical union of Vautrin with Lucien he presents with stylistic subtlety as a predestined coupling of two halves of one being, as submission to a law of nature. The homosexual aspect of the discourse must always be masked, must hide behind a euphemism, a taunting ambiguity that nevertheless tells all to the knowing reader. The pact struck between Vautrin and Lucien is a Faustian one. Vautrin dreams of owning a plantation in the American South (sic) where on a 100,000 acres he can have absolute power over his slaves – including their bodies. Balzac refers explicitly to examples of the pederasty of antiquity as a creative, civilization-building force by analogy with the Promethean influence of Vautrin upon his beloved Lucien. Vautrin is almost diabolical as a figure of exuberant masculinity, while Lucien embodies the gentleness and meekness of the feminine. The unconscious dimension of their relationship Balzac underlines with magnificent symbolism. He characterizes Vautrin as a monster, <but attached by love to humanity>. Homosexual love is not relegated to the margin of society, as in the dark underworld of the prison, but expresses the fullness of affection with all its physical demands and its spiritual powers.”

Having revealed to the hero and heroine an ideal love, Séraphitus-Séraphita departs for a heaven free of the earthly misery that human beings must endure.”

BARTHES, ROLAND

Barthes introduced into the discussion of literature an original interpretation of semiotics based on the work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. His work was associated with the structuralist trend as represented by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Julia Kristeva, Tzvetan Todorov, and others. Attacked by the academic establishment for subjectivism, he formulated a concept of criticism as a creative process on an equal plane with fiction and poetry. Even those favorable to his work conceded that this could amount to a <sensuous manhandling> of the text. The turning point in his criticism is probably the tour de force S/Z (Paris, 1970), analyzing Balzac’s novella about an aging castrato, Sarrasine. Here Barthes turns away from the linear, goal-oriented procedures of traditional criticism in favor of a new mode that is dispersed, deliberately marginal, and <masturbatory>. In literature, he emphasized the factor of jouissance, a word which means both <bliss> and <sexual ejaculation>. Whether these procedures constitute models for a new feminist/gay critical practice that will erode the power of patriarchy, as some of his admirers have asserted, remains unclear.

Barthes, who never married, was actively homosexual during most of his life. Although his books are often personal, in his writing he excluded this major aspect of his experience, even when writing about love. Because of the attacks launched against him for his critical innovations, he was apparently reluctant to give his enemies an additional stick with which to beat him. Barthes’ posthumously published Incidents (Paris, 1987) does contain some revealing diary entries. The first group stems from visits he made, evidently in part for sexual purposes, to North Africa in 1968-69. The second group of entries records restless evenings in Paris in the autumn of 1979 just before his death. These jottings reveal that, despite his great fame, he frequently experienced rejection and loneliness. Whatever his personal sorrows, Barthes’ books remain to attest a remarkable human being whose activity coincided with an ebullient phase of Western culture.”

Sanford Freedman, Roland Barthes: A Bibliographical Reader’s Guide, New York: Garland, 1983.

BEAT GENERATION

The origins of this trend in American culture can be traced to the friendship of three key figures in New York City at the beginning of the 1940s. Allen Ginsberg (1926-[1997]) and Jack Kerouac (1922-1969) met as students at Columbia University, where both were working at becoming writers. In 1944 Ginsberg encountered the somewhat older William Burroughs (1914-[1997]), who was not connected with the University, but whose acquaintance with avant-garde literature supplied an essential intellectual complement to college study. Both Ginsberg and Burroughs were homosexual; Kerouac bisexual. At first the ideas and accomplishments of the three were known only to a small circle. But toward the end of the 1950s, as their works began to be published and widely read, large numbers of young people, <beatniks> and <hippies>, took up elements of their life-style.”

The word beat was sometimes traced to <beatific>, and sometimes to <beat out> and similar expressions, suggesting a pleasant exhaustion that derives from intensity of experience. Its appeal also reflects the beat and improvisation of jazz music, one of the principal influences on the trend. Some beat poets tried to match their writings with jazz in ballroom recitals, prefiguring the more effective melding of words and music in folk and rock. The ideal of spontaneity was one of the essential elements of the beat aesthetic. These writers sought to capture the immediacy of speech and lived experience, which were, if possible, to be transcribed directly as they occurred. This and related ideals reflect a new version of American folk pragmatism, preferring life to theory, immediacy to reflection, and feeling to reason. Contrary to what one might expect, however, the beat generation was not anti-intellectual, but chose to seek new sources of inspiration in neglected aspects of the European avant-garde and in Eastern thought and religion.”

First published in Paris in 1959, his novel Naked Lunch became available in the United States only after a series of landmark obscenity decisions. With its phantasmagoric and sometimes sexually explicit subject matter, together with its quasi-surrealist techniques of narrative and syntactic disjunction, this novel presented a striking new vision. This novel was followed by The Soft Machine and The Ticket That Exploded to form a trilogy. Nova Express (1964) makes extensive use of the <cut-up> techniques, which Burroughs had developed with his friend Brion Gysin. A keen observer of contemporary reality in several countries, Burroughs has sought to present a kind of <world upside down> in order to sharpen the reader’s consciousness. One of his major themes has been his anarchist-based protest against what he sees as increasingly repressive social control through such institutions as medicine and the police. Involved with

drugs for some years, he managed to kick the habit, but there is no doubt that such experiences shaped his viewpoint. His works have been compared to pop art in painting and science fiction in literature. Sometimes taxed for misogyny, his world tends to be a masculine one, sometimes exploiting fantasies of regression to a hedonistic world of juvenile freedom. Burroughs’s hedonism is acerbic and ironic, and his mixture of qualities yields a distorting mirror of reality which some have found, because perhaps of the many contradictions of later 20th-century civilization itself, to be a compelling representation.”

Ted Morgan, Literary Outlaw: The Life and Times of William Burroughs, New York: Henry Holt, 1988.

BEATS AND HIPPIES

The journalistic word <beatnik> is a pseudo-Slavic coinage of a type popular in the 1960s, the core element deriving from <beat> (generation), the suffix -nik being the formative of the noun of agent in Slavic languages. The term <hippie> was originally a slightly pejorative diminutive of the beat <hipster>, which in turn seems to derive from 1940s jivetalk adjective <hep>, meaning <with it, in step with current fashions>. The original hippies were a younger group with more spending money and more flamboyant dress. Their music was rock instead of the jazz of the beats. Despite differences that seemed important at the time, beats and hippies are probably best regarded as successive phases of a single phenomenon.

Attracted by the prestige of the beat writers, many beats/hippies cultivated claims to be poets and philosophers. In reality, once the tendency became modish only a few of the beat recruits were certifiably creative in literature and the arts; these individuals were surrounded by masses of people attracted by the atmosphere of revolt and experiment, or just seeking temporary separation – a moratorium as it was then called – from the banalities of ordinary American life. At its height the phenomenon supported scores of underground newspapers, which were read avidly by curious outsiders as well.”

Significantly, the street term for the Other, <straight>, could refer either to non-drug users or heterosexuals.”

Mysticism exerted a potent influence among beats and hippies, and some steeped themselves in Asian religions, especially Buddhism, Taoism, and Sufism. This fascination was not new, inasmuch as ever since the foundation of Theosophy as an official movement in 1875, American and other western societies had been permeated by Eastern religious elements. Impelled by a search for wisdom and cheap living conditions, many hippies and beatniks set out for prolonged sojourns in India, Nepal, and North Africa. Stay-at-homes professed their deep respect for American Indian culture.”

Most hippies were heterosexual, but their long hair exposed them to jibes of effeminacy. In this way they could experience something of the rejection that had always been the lot of homosexuals.”

With its adoption of a variant of jive talk, largely derived from black urban speech, the movement has left a lasting impression on the English vernacular, as seen in such expressions as <cool>, <spaced out>, and <rip off>.”

Marco Vassi, The Stoned Apocalypse, New York: Trident, 1972.

BENTHAM, JEREMY (1748-1832)

English philosopher and law reformer. Bentham was the founder of the Utilitarian school of social philosophy, which held that legislation should promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number. (…) His Principles of Morals and Legislation (1789) was eventually extremely influential in England, France, Spain, and Latin America where several new republics adopted constitutions and penal codes drawn up by him or inspired by his writings.

Bentham’s utilitarian ethics led him to favor abolition of laws prohibiting homosexual behavior. English law in his day (and until 1861) prescribed hanging for sodomy and during the early 19th century was enforced with, on the average, 2 or 3 hangings a year. Bentham held that relations between men were a source of sexual pleasure that did not lead to unwanted pregnancies and hence a social good rather than a social evil. He wrote extensive notes favoring law reform about 1774 and a 50-page manuscript essay in 1785. In 1791, the French National Assembly repealed France’s sodomy law but in England the period of reaction that followed the outbreak of the French Revolution made reforms impossible. In 1814 and 1816 Bentham returned to the subject and wrote lengthy critiques of traditional homophobia which he regarded as an irrational prejudice leading to <cruelty and intolerance>. In 1817-18 he wrote over 300 pages of notes on homosexuality and the Bible. Homophobic sentiment was, however, so intense in England, both in the popular press and in learned circles, that Bentham did not dare to publish any of his writings on this subject. They remained in manuscript until 1931 when C.K. Ogden included brief excerpts in an appendix to his edition of Bentham’s Theory of Legislation. Bentham’s manuscript writings on this subject are excerpted and described in detail in Louis Crompton’s 1985 monograph on Byron. Bentham’s views on homosexuality are sufficiently positive that he might be described as a precursor of the modern gay liberation movement. Bentham not only treats legal, literary, and religious aspects of the subject in his notes, but also finds support for his opinions in ancient history and comparative anthropology.”

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The emergence of systematic bibliographical control had to await the birth of the first homosexual emancipation movement in Berlin in 1897. This movement firmly held that progress toward homosexual rights must go hand in hand with intellectual enlightenment. Accordingly, each year’s production was noted in the annual volumes of the Jahrbuch fur sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899-1923); by the end of the first ten years of monitoring over 1,000 new titles had been recorded. Although surveys were made of earlier literature, up to the time of the extinction of the movement by National-Socialism in 1933, no attempt had been made to organize this material into a single comprehensive bibliography of homosexual studies. Nonetheless, much valuable material was noted in the vast work of Magnus Hirschfeld, Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weisses (Berlin, 1914).”

Athenaeus (fl. ca. A.D. 200), Deipnosophists, Book 13;

Félix Buffiére, Eros adolescent: la pederastie dans la Grece antique (Paris, 1980);

Vern Bullough et al., Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality (2 vols., New York, 1976);

Wayne R. Dynes, Homosexuality: A Research Guide (New York, 1987).

BRAZIL [HOMOPHOBIA NEWLAND] & PORTUGAL

The Colonial Era. When the Portuguese reached Brazil in 1500, they were horrified to discover so many Indians who practiced the <unspeakable sin of sodomy>. In the Indian language they were called tivira, and André Thevet, chaplain to Catherine de Medici, described them in 1575 with the word bardache, perhaps the first occasion on which this term was used to describe Amerindian homosexuals. The native women also had relations with one another: according to the chroniclers they were completely <inverted> in appearance, work, and leisure, preferring to die rather than accept the name of women. Perhaps these cacoaimbeguire contributed to the rise of the New World Amazon myth.

In their turn the blacks – more than 5 million were imported during almost 4 centuries of slavery – made a major contribution to the spread of homosexuality in the <Land of the Parrots>. The first transvestite in Brazilian history was a black named Francisco, of the Mani-Congo tribe, who was denounced in 1591 by the Inquisition visitors, but refused to discard women’s clothing. Francisco was a member of the brotherhood of the quimbanba, homosexual fetishists who were well known and respected in the old kingdom of Congo-Angola. Less well established than among the Amerindians and Africans, the Portuguese component (despite the menace of the Tribunal of the Holy Office, 1536-62) continued unabated during the whole history of the kingdom, involving 3 rulers and innumerable notables, and earning sodomy the sobriquet of the <vice of the clergy>. If we compare Portugal with the other European countries of the Renaissance – not excluding England and the Netherlands – our documentation (abundant in the archives of the Inquisition) requires the conclusion that Lisbon and the principal cities of the realm, including the overseas metropolises of Bahia and Rio de Janeiro, boasted a gay subculture that was stronger, more vital, and more stratified than those of other lands, reflecting the fact that Luso-Brazilian gays were accorded more tolerance and social acceptance. Thirty sodomites were burned by the Inquisition during 3 centuries of repression, but none in Brazil, despite the more than 300 who were denounced for practicing the <evil sin>. They were referred to as sodomitas and fanchonos.

Independence. With Brazilian independence and the promulgation of the first constitution (1823) under the influence of the Napoleonic Code, homosexual behavior ceased to be criminal, and from this date forward there has been no Brazilian law restricting homosexuality [Bolsonaro e seu séquito se encontram quase 200 anos enterrados na História; me admira que não tenham morrido asfixiados em seu ideal de mundo até agora!] – apart from the prohibition with persons less than 18 years of age, the same as for heterosexuals. Lesbianism, outlawed by the Inquisition since 1646, had always been less visible than male homosexuality in Brazil, and there is no record of any mulher-macho (<male woman>) burned by the Portuguese Inquisition. In the course of Brazilian history various persons of note were publicly defamed for practicing homosexuality: in the 17th century 2 Bahia governors, Diogo Botelho and Câmara Coutinho, both contemporaries of the major satirical poet, Gregorio de Matos, author of the oldest known poem about a lesbian in the Americas, Nise. He himself was brought before the Inquisition for blasphemy in saying that <Jesus Christ was a sodomite>. [HAHAHA!] In the 19th century the revolutionary leader Sabino was accused of homosexual practices. A considerable surviving correspondence between Empress Leopoldina, consort of the Brazil’s first sovereign, Dom Pedro, with her English lady in waiting, Maria Graham, attests that they had both a homosexual relationship and an intense homoemotional reciprocity. Such famous poets and writers as Álvares de Azevedo (1831-1852), Olavo Bilac (1865-1918), and Mário de Andrade (1893-1945) rank among the votaries of Ganymede. The list also includes the pioneer of Brazilian aeronautics, Alberto Santos-Dumont (1873-1932), after whose airship the pommes Santos-Dumont were named. At the end of the 19th century homosexuality appears as a literary theme. In 1890 Aluizio Azevedo included a realistic lesbian scene in O Cortiço, and in 1895 Adolfo Caminha devoted the entire novel O Bom Crioulo (which has been translated into English) to a love affair between a cabin boy and his black protector. In the faculties of medicine of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia various theses addressed the homosexual question, beginning with O Androfilismo of Domingos Firmínio Ribeiro (1898) and O Homosexualismo: A Libertinagem no Rio de Janeiro (1906) by Pires de Almeida – both strongly influenced by the European psychiatrists Moll, Krafft-Ebing, and Tardieu. From 1930 comes the first and most outspoken Brazilian novel on lesbianism, O Terceiro Sexo, by Odilon Azevedo, where lesbian workers founded an association intended to displace men from power, thus setting forth a radical feminist discourse.

In 1976 appeared the main gay journal of Brazilian history, O Lampião (The Lantern)[!], which had a great positive effect on the rise of the Brazilian homosexual movement.” “One of the chief battles of gay activists is to denounce the repeated murders of homosexuals – about every 10 days the newspapers report a homophobic crime.”

Recently the transvestite Roberta Close appeared on the cover of the main national magazines, receiving the accolade of <the model of the beauty of the Brazilian woman>. In the mid-1980s more than 400 Brazilian transvestites could be counted in the Bois de Boulogne in Paris; many also offer themselves in Rome. When they hear the statistics of the Kinsey Report, Brazilian gays smile, suggesting through experience and <participant observation> that in Brazil the proportion of predominantly homosexual men is as high as 30%.

Brazil, once the paradise of gays, has entered a difficult path.” Premonitório. Mas falava apenas da AIDS.

BUDDHISM

Among world religions, Buddhism has been notable for the absence of condemnation of homosexuality as such.”

For an account of the earliest form of Buddhism, scholars look to the canonical texts of the Tipitaka preserved in the Pali language and transmitted orally until committed to writing in the 2nd century B.C. These scriptures remain authoritative for the Theravada or Hinayana school of Buddhism, now dominant in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. The Pali Canon draws a sharp distinction between the path of the lay-person and that of the bhikkhu (mendicant monk, an ordained member of the Buddhist Sangha or Order). The former is expected primarily to support the Sangha and to improve his karmic standing through the performance of meritorious deeds so that his future lives will be more fortunate than his present one. The bhikkhu, in contrast, is expected to devote all his energies to self-liberation, the struggle to cast off the attachments which prevent him from attaining the goal of nirvana in the present lifetime.”

all acts involving the intentional emission of his semen are prohibited for the monk; the insertion of the penis into a female or male is grounds for automatic expulsion from the Sangha, while even masturbation is a (lesser) offense.” “there is no law against a monk receiving a penis into his own body.”

The full rules of the vinaya are not applied to the samanera or novice monk, who may be taken into the Sangha as early as 7 years old and who is generally expected though not obligated to take the Higher Ordination by the age of 21. In this way the more intense sexual drive of the male teenager is tacitly allowed for. A samanera may masturbate without committing an offense. Interestingly, while a novice commits a grave offense if he engages in coitus with a female, requiring him to leave the Sangha, should he instead have sex with a male he is only guilty of a lesser offense requiring that he reaffirms his samanera vows and perform such penance as is directed by his teacher. This may be the only instance of a world religion treating homosexual acts more favorably than heterosexual ones.”

it has been speculated that homosexual orientation may arise from the residual karma of a previous life spent in the opposite gender from that of the body currently occupied by the life-continuum. This explanation contains no element of negativity but rather posits homosexuality as a <natural> result of the rebirth cycle.”

The form of Buddhism which spread northward into Tibet, China, Japan, Korea, and Mongolia from its Indian heartland came to be known as the Mahayana. It de-emphasized the dichotomy between monk and lay-person and relaxed the strict vinaya codes, even permitting monks to marry (in Japan). The Mahayana doctrinally sought to obliterate categorical thinking in general and resolutely fought against conceptual dualism. These tendencies favored the development of positive attitudes toward homosexual practices, most notably in Japan.”

When Father Francis Xavier arrived in Japan in the mid-16th century with the hope of converting the Japanese to Christianity, he was horrified upon encountering many Buddhist monks involved in same-sex relationships; indeed, he soon began referring to homoeroticism as the <Japanese vice>. Although some Buddhist monks condemned such relationships, notably the monk Genshin, many others either accepted or participated in same-sex relationships. Among Japanese Buddhist sects in which such relationships have been documented are the Jishu, Hokkeshu, Shingon, and Zen.”

Zen, that form of Buddhism perhaps most familiar to Westerners, emerged during the 9th century. In the Zen monasteries of medieval Japan, same-sex relations, both between monks and between monks and novices (known as kasshiki and shami), appear to have been so commonplace that the shogun Hojo Sadatoki (whom we might now refer to as <homophobic>) initiated an unsuccessful campaign in 1303 to rid the monasteries of same-sex love. Homoerotic relationships occurring within a Zen Buddhist context have been documented in such literary works as the Gozan Bungaku, Iwatsutsuji, and Comrade Loves of the Samurai [1972]. The blending of Buddhism and homoeroticism has continued to figure prominently in the works of contemporary Japanese writers, notably Yukio Mishima and Mutsuo Takahashi.”

the Gelugpas [seita tibetana dos Lamas que se sucedem] condemned heterosexual intercourse for monks, believing that the mere odor resulting from heterosexual copulation could provoke the rage of certain deities. Such misogynistic and anti-heterosexual notions may have encouraged same-sex bonding.”

Among those who may be credited with introducing the West to Buddhism are Walt Whitman and Henry David Thoreau, both of whom are thought to have loved members of the same sex and both of whom blended elements of Buddhism with elements of other spiritual traditions in their work. In the latter half of the 20th century, many American gays are practitioners of Buddhism, and the blending of homoeroticism and Buddhism may be found in the work of a number of gay American writers and musicians including Allen Ginsberg, Harold Norse, Richard Ronan, Franklin Abbott, and Lou Harrison.”

BYRON

The most influential poet of his day, with a world-wide reputation, Byron became famous with the publication of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-

18), an account of his early travels in Portugal, Spain, Albania, and Greece. The proud, gloomy, guilt-ridden, alienated Harold defined the <Byronic hero> who was to reappear in various guises in Byron’s later poems, notably in Manfred, The Corsair, and Lara. The type became a defining image for European and American romanticism. Forced into exile in 1816 because of the scandal caused by his wife’s leaving him, Byron settled in Italy, principally in Venice. There he wrote his sparkling satire on cant and hypocrisy, Don Juan. He spent the last months of his life in Greece, trying to help the Greeks in their struggle to gain independence from the Turks.”

Because of the intense homophobia of English society these poems were ostensibly addressed to a woman, as the name Thyrza and Byron’s use of feminine pronouns implied.”

publicity about his love affair with his half-sister, Augusta Leigh, compounded the scandal [of his homosexuality].”

Byron’s last three poems, On This Day I Complete My 36th Year, Last Words on Greece, and Love and Death, poignantly describe his love for Loukas, which was not reciprocated.”

A surreptitiously published erotic poem, Don Leon, purporting to be Byron’s lost autobiography, probably written in 1833, had set forth many of the facts about Byron’s homosexuality but was dismissed as an unwarranted libel. An edition appeared in 1866 but it remained unknown to all but a few specialists. When the Fortune Press reprinted it in 1934, the publication was confiscated by the British police.”

CAESAR

In addition to his three wives and several mistresses, Julius Caesar had a number of homosexual affairs.”

Arthur D. Kahn, The Education of Julius Caesar: A Biography, a Reconstruction, New York: Schocken, 1986;

Caesar, Gallic Wars (uma prosa bélica comemorativa cortante)

CAPOTE

American novelist and journalist. Capote became famous at the age of 24 with his elegant, evocative book Other Voices, Other Rooms, which concerns the growing consciousness of a boy seeking to comprehend the ambivalent inhabitants of a remote Mississippi house. Dubbed <swamp baroque>, this short novel was easily assimilated into then-current notions of Southern decadence. (…) In 1966 he published In Cold Blood, a <non-fiction novel> about the seemingly senseless murder of a Kansas farm family by two drifters. In preparing for the book, Capote gained the confidence of the murderers, and was thus able to make vivid their sleazy mental universe.”

Capote became the confidant of rich and famous people, especially women, and he gathered their stories for incorporation in a major work which was intended to rival Marcel Proust. Yet when excerpts from this work-in-progress were published in magazines, not only were they found to be vulgar and lacking in insight, but Capote began to be dropped by the socialites he had so unsubtly satirized. Dismayed, the writer sank more and more into a miasma of alcohol, cocaine, and valium – his only consolation the devoted love, or so he claimed, of a succession of straight, proletarian young men whom he prized because of their very ordinariness.”

CARAVAGGIO

Caravaggio came under the protection of Cardinal Francesco Maria del Monte, a homosexual prelate. During this period he painted several works showing ambiguous or androgynous young men, including The Musicians (New York, Metropolitan Museum). Efforts have been made to deny the homoerotic implications of these works, but they seem feeble.”

caravaggio1

Only after World War II did his reputation begin to climb, attaining remarkable heights in the 1980s, when even the abstract artist Frank Stella praised him. In 1986 Derek Jarman’s stylish film Caravaggio was released, presenting the artist as bisexual, but emphasizing the homosexual side.”

caravaggio2
Baco/Dionísio pelas mãos do pintor bissexual italiano.

CASTRATI

The castrati were male singers emasculated in boyhood to preserve the soprano or contralto range of their voices, who from the 16th century to the 19th played roles in Italian opera.” “Boys are commonly mischievous, unruly, and troublesome, and by the time they have really been trained their voices are usually on the edge of breaking; falsettists do not share these drawbacks, but their voices have a peculiar, unpleasant quality, and as a rule cannot attain as high a range as the soprano.”

The elaborate a cappella style, which began to flourish about the middle of the 15th century, required a much wider range of voices and a higher degree of virtuosity than anything that had gone before, and for this task the existing singers were inadequate. The first response took the form of Spanish falsettists of a special kind, but by the end of the 16th century these had yielded to the castrati, who also dominated the new baroque art form – the opera, which was the principal musical activity of the Italian nation in the next two centuries. Opera was unlike legitimate theatre in that it traveled well; it was the first form of musical entertainment that was both popular and to a certain degree international, so that a star system transcending national borders arose. Leading singers were discussed, criticized, and compared in fashionable drawing rooms from Lisbon to St. Petersburg. (…) If other nations had some form of native opera, this ranked lower on the cultural scale and was indifferently sung, while the Italian version enjoyed the highest standard of singing that had ever been known, and will in all likelihood never again be attained. France alone refused admission to Italian singers, and virtually banned the castrati; but Frenchmen, like other Europeans, were full of praise for the opera of Italy.

Since no recording devices existed in the heyday of the castrati, the modern critic has no way of judging the quality of their performance, yet 6 generations of music-lovers preferred the voices of these <half-men> to those of women themselves and of whole men.

In this economic stratum, however, it was accepted that any male child who betrayed the slightest aptitude for music should be sold into servitude, just as in modern Thailand children are sold by their parents to labor in factories or serve in brothels. The successful castrato naturally tried to conceal his humble origins and pose as the scion of an honorable family. The singing-masters of that era were responsible for the perfection of the art of the castrati; no one since has rivaled them in perseverance and thoroughness, and in their perfect command of the capabilities and shortcomings of the human vocal organs. They usually worked in a conservatorio, though sometimes they had their own singing schools or tutored pupils on the side.

Since canon law condemned castration and threatened anyone involved in it with excommunication, which could be reinforced by civil penalties, the business had to be carried on more or less clandestinely, and everywhere prying questions brought only misleading and deceitful answers. The town of Lecce in Apulia, and Norcia, a small town in the Papal States about 20 miles east of Spoleto, are mentioned as notorious for the practice, though the castrati themselves came from all parts of the peninsula. The doctors most esteemed for their skill in the operation were those of Bologna, and their services were in demand not just in Italy but abroad as well.

The curriculum entailed much hard work, and was thorough and comprehensive; as much attention was given to the theory of singing as to its actual practice. Between the ages of 15 and 20, a castrato who had retained and embellished his voice, and passed the various tests with greater or lesser distinction, was considered ready for his debut. On contract to some opera house, he would often first be seen in a female part, for which his youth and fresh complexion would particularly suit him. His looks and unfamiliarity would perhaps gain him greater success than his art would have merited, to the rage and envy of his senior colleagues. Once his name was made, he would have his clique of admirers who attended en masse his every performance and extolled him as their idol; aristocratic ladies and gentlemen would fancy themselves in love with him and manipulate a piquant interview. Backstage, the rivalry with other singers could rage with intense virulence; and a castrato who was too vain and insolent might be assassinated by the hirelings of a rival’s protector. If, however, the performer did not please his audience, he would be doomed to touring small provincial opera houses, or to performing in a church choir. Dissatisfied with his situation, he could set off for Bologna, the marketplace for the musical profession in Italy, to better his fortunes. The castrati came in for a great amount of scurrilous and unkind abuse, and as their fame increased, so did the hatred of them. They were often castigated as malign creatures who lured men into homosexuality, and there were admittedly homosexual castrati, as Casanova’s accounts of XVIII century Italy bear witness. He mentions meeting an abbé whom he

took for a girl in disguise, but was later told that it was a famous castrate. In Rome in 1762, he attended a performance at which the prima donna was a castrato, the minion of Cardinal Borghese, who supped every evening with his protector. From his behavior on stage, <it was obvious that he hoped to inspire the love of those who liked him as a man, and probably would not have done so as a woman.> He concludes by saying that the holy city of Rome forces every man to become a pederast, even if it does not believe in the effect of the illusion which the castrati provoke.”

Opponents of castration have claimed that the practice caused its victims an early loss of voice and an untimely death, while others have affirmed that castration prolonged the life of the vocal cords, and even that of their owner. There is no solid evidence for either contention: the castrati had approximately the same life span as their contemporaries, and retired at roughly the same age as other singers. The operation appears to have had surprisingly little effect on the general health and well-being of the subject, any more than on his sexual impulses. The trauma was largely a psychological one, in an age when virility was deemed a sovereign virtue.A castração tardia não elimina a libido, ao contrário da crença vulgar. Não há solução fácil para o dilema da energia! Eu-nuco El-niño or neverminds

Toward the end of the XVIII century castrati went out of fashion, and new styles in musical composition led to the disappearance of these singers. Meyerbeer was the last composer of importance to write for the male soprano voice; his Il Crociato in Egitto, produced at Venice in 1824, was designed especially for a castrato star. Succeeding generations regarded their memory with derision and disgust, and were happy to live in an age when such products of barbarism were no longer possible. A few castrati performed in the Vatican chapel and some other Roman churches until late in the XIX century, but their vogue on the operatic stage had long passed.”

Angus Heriot, The Castrati in Opera

CATAMITE

The Latin common noun, catamitus, designating a minion or kept boy, is usually derived from the Greek proper name Ganymede(s), the favorite of Zeus. Another possible source is Kadmilos, the companion of the Theban god Kabeiros. The word entered English in 16th century as part of the Renaissance revival of classical literature, and has always retained a learned, quasi-exotic aura. The term could also be used as a verbal adjective, as <a catamited boy>.” “In modern English the termination -ite tends to be perceived as pejorative, as in Trotskyite (vs. Trotskyist) and sodomite.”

CATULLUS

Born at Verona, he spent most of his life in Rome, but kept a villa near his birthplace at Smirno on Lake Garda. Often considered the best Republican poet, he imitated Sappho as well as other archaic, classical, and Hellenistic models, upon which he often improved, and which he combined with native Latin traditions to create stunning, original pieces. He wrote poems, 250 of which survive, of happiness and bitter disappointment. Some are addressed to his mistress Clodia, 10 years his senior, whom he addressed as Lesbia (though with no insinuation of what we now call lesbianism), and who was unfaithful to him with other men. Homophobic Christians and modern schoolmasters have, however, greatly exaggerated the importance of the poems to Lesbia, which amount to no more than 1/8 of the Catullan corpus.”

Sophisticated and fastidious, he set the standard for the Augustan poets of love Ovid, Horace, Vergil, and Propertius. In the Silver Age even Martial acknowledged his debt to Catullus’ epigrams. Like those poets, and most specifically Tibullus, he showed little inhibition and equal attraction to boys and women, but also shared the traditional attitude that the active, full-grown male partner degraded the passive one, and that the threat to penetrate another male symbolized one’s superior virility and power. On the other hand, the accusation of having been raped by another male has a largely negative force”

CENSORSHIP AND OBSCENITY

The practice of tolerating certain hand-produced materials clearly shows that censorship is concerned not simply with the prohibition of materials, but with the size of the audience. It is for this reason that medical and other books dealing with sexual matters formerly had the crucial details in Latin.”

The urge to censor is probably ultimately rooted in fear of blasphemy, the apprehension that if utterances offensive to the gods are tolerated their wrath will fall on the whole society. It was impiety toward the gods for which Socrates was tried and condemned in 399 B.C. The Roman erotic poet Ovid was banished by the puritanical emperor Augustus in A.D. 8.”

Since the monasteries had a monopoly on producing manuscripts, it was assumed that such oversight was not necessary. In fact the abbey scriptoria not only copied erotic materials from Greco-Roman times, but created their own new genres of this type. In any event, the medieval authorities were concerned more with doctrinal deviation than with obscenity.” “The centralization of printing in the hands of a relatively few firms made it possible to scrutinize their intended productions before publication; only those that had passed the test and bore the imprimatur [seal] could be printed. It was then only necessary to make sure that heretical materials were not smuggled in from abroad. In Catholic countries this system was put in place by the establishment, under the Inquisition, with the Index of Prohibited Books in 1557. In countries where the Reformation took hold the control of books was generally assumed by the government. In England the requirement that books should be licenced for printing by the privy council or other agents of the crown was introduced in 1538. These origins explain why the activity of censors was for long chiefly concerned with the printed word. Revealingly, this system is still in force in Communist countries today [1990].”

The French author Nicolas Chorier contrived an even more ambitious ruse for his pansexual dialogues of Aloisia Sigea (1658(?)), which purported to be a translation into Latin by a Dutch author (Jan de Meurs) working from a Spanish original by a learned woman.” Entendeu? Uma tradução para o latim (língua culta) de um escrito erudito (mas vulgar) de uma espanhola, feito por um holandês, para circular na França!

Many French books, unwelcome to throne and altar, were published in Geneva, in Amsterdam, and in Germany. With the coming of the French revolution, however, all restraints were off. Thus the large works which the Marquis de Sade had composed in prison were published, as well as two fascinating homosexual pamphlets, Les enfans de Sodome and Les petits bougres au manège. Although controls were eventually tightened again, Paris gained the reputation (which lasted until about 1960) among English and American travelers as the place where <dirty books> could be obtained.

Through his prudish editions of Shakespeare, Thomas Bowdler (1754-1825) gave rise to the term <bowdlerize>. At the ports, an efficient customs service kept all but a trickle of works deemed to be obscene from coming in. In the United States, the morals crusader Anthony Comstock (1844-1915) not only fought successfully for stringent new legislation, but as head of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice [haha] he claimed responsibility for the destruction of 160 tons of literature and pictures. The restrictions on malleability proved to be particularly hard on publishers of homosexual material, and this problem was not overcome until the ONE, Inc. case in 1954. A landmark in freedom to read books in the United States was the 1931 Ulysses case. Shortly thereafter, however, Hollywood instituted a system of self-censorship known as the Hays Office. This device effectively prevented any direct representation of homosexual love on the silver screen for decades, the only exceptions being a very few foreign films shown at art houses. During this period book publishers practiced their own form of self-censorship by insisting that novels featuring homosexual characters must doom them to an unhappy end.

Only after World War II did the walls begin to come tumbling down in English-speaking countries. In Britain the publishers of Lady Chatterley’s Lover by D.H. Lawrence were acquitted after a spectacular trial in 1960. In America Grove Press had obtained a favorable court decision on the availability of Lady Chatterley in 1959; three years later the firm went on to publish Henry Miller’s Tropic of Cancer without difficulty. The travails of a book containing explicit homosexual passages, William Burroughs’ Naked Lunch, were more extended. In 1958 authorities at the University of Chicago refused to permit publication of excerpts in a campus literary review. This led to the founding of a new journal, largely to publish the Burroughs text; once this had been done, a lengthy court battle ensued. Only in 1964 was the way clear for the whole novel to be issued by Grove Press. (The book had been published in Paris in 1959.)

Subsequently, a series of United States Supreme Court decisions made censorship impractical, and for all intents and purposes it has ceased nationally, though local option is sometimes exercised. This cessation permitted the appearance and sale of a mass of sexually explicit

books, films, and magazines. The only restriction that is ubiquitously enforced is the ban on <kiddy porn>, photographs and films of children engaging in sexual acts. In an unlikely de facto alliance, two groups emerged at the end of the 1970s in America to reestablish some form of censorship: one consisting of fundamentalists and other religious conservatives; the other of feminist groups [haha].

Michael Barry Goodman, Contemporary Literary Censorship: The Case of Burroughs’ Naked Lunch, Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1981;

Rocco, Alcibiades The Schoolboy (1652) (diálogo êmulo de Platão apólogo da pederastia)

CERVANTES

For 5 years he was a captive in Algiers, where he was on surprisingly good terms with a homosexual convert to Islam; he refers several times in his writings to the pederasty that flourished in the Ottoman empire – on his return from Algiers he was accused of unspecified filthy acts. His marriage was unhappy, and women in his works are treated distantly. Like Manuel Azaña, he put a very high value on freedom.

While Cervantes presented the male-female relationship as the theoretical ideal and goal for most people, the use of pairs of male friends is characteristic of his fiction, and questions of gender are often close to the surface. In his masterpiece Don Quixote (1605-15), which includes cross-dressing by both sexes, the middle-aged protagonist has never had, and has no interest in, sexual intercourse with a woman. A boy servant who appears fleetingly at the outset is replaced by the unhappily-married companion Sancho Panza. The two men come to love each other, although the love is not sexual.”

Verbete por Daniel Eisenberg

Louis Combet, Cervantes ou les incertitudes du désir, Lyon: Presses Universitaires, 1982 (review in MLN, 97 [1982], 422-27);

Rosa Rossi, Ascoltare Cervantes, Milan: Riuniti, 1987 (Spanish translation: Escuchar a Cervantes, Valladolid: Ámbito, 1988);

Luis Rosales, Cervantes y la libertad, 2ed., Madrid: Cultura Hispánica, 1985;

Ruth El Saffar, Cervantes and the Androgyne, Cervantes, III (1983);

______. Beyond Fiction: The Recovery of the Feminine in the Novels of Cervantes, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984.

CHINA

The civilization of China emerged from pre-history during the first half of the 2nd millennium B.C. in the valley of the Huang-He (Yellow River), spreading gradually southwards. Over the centuries China has exercised extensive influence on Korea, Japan, and southeast Asia. Inasmuch as Chinese society has traditionally viewed male homosexuality and lesbianism as altogether different, their histories are separate and are consequently treated in sequence in this article.

During the latter part of the Zhou, homosexuality appears as a part of the sex lives of the rulers of many states of that era. Ancient records include homosexual relationships as unexceptional in nature and not needing justification or explanation. This tone of prosaic acceptance indicates that these authors considered homosexuality among the social elite to be fairly common and unremarkable. However, the political, ritual and social importance of the family unit made procreation a necessity. Bisexuality therefore became more accepted than exclusive homosexuality, a predominance continuing throughout Chinese history.

The Eastern Zhou produced several figures who became so associated with homosexuality that later generations invoked their names as symbols of homosexual love, much in the same way that Europeans looked to Ganymede, Socrates, and Hadrian. These famous men included Mizi Xia, who offered his royal lover a half-eaten peach, and Long Yang, who compared the fickle [volúvel] lover to a fisherman who tosses back a small fish when he catches a larger one. Rather than adopt scientific terminology, with associations of sexual pathology, Chinese litterateurs preferred the aesthetic appeal of these literary tropes [figures of speech].”

One incident in the life of Dong Xian became a timeless metaphor for homosexuality. A tersely worded account [relato oral sucinto] relates how Emperor Ai [last Han] was sleeping with Dong Xian one afternoon when he was called to court. Rather than wake up his beloved, who was reclining across the emperor’s sleeve [manga, sobra de tecido], Ai took out a dagger and cut off the end of his garment. When courtiers inquired after the missing fabric, Emperor Ai told them what had happened. This example of love moved his courtiers to cut off the ends of their own sleeves in imitation, beginning a new fashion trend.

The Jin dynasty (265-420) poet Zhang Hanbian wrote a glowing tribute to the 15-year-old boy prostitute Zhou Xiaoshi. In it he presents the boy’s life as happy and care-free, <inclined toward extravagance and festiveness, gazing around at the leisurely and beautiful>. A later poet, the Liang dynasty (502-557) figure Liu Zun, tried to present a more balanced view in a poem entitled Many Blossoms. In this piece he shows the dangers and uncertainty associated with a boy prostitute’s life. His Zhou Xiaoshi

<knows both wounds and frivolity

Withholding words, ashamed of communicating.>

Although these poems take opposite perspectives on homosexual prostitution, the appearance of this theme as an inspiration for poetry points to the presence of a significant homosexual world complete with male prostitutes catering [sendo ofertados] to the wealthy.”

The high profile of male prostitution led the Song rulers to take limited action against it. Many Confucian moralists objected to male prostitution because they saw the sexual passivity of a prostitute as extremely feminizing. In the early 12th century, a law was codified which declared that male prostitutes would receive 100 strokes of a bamboo rod and pay a fine of 50,000 cash. Considering the harsh legal penalties of the period, which included mutilation and death by slicing, this punishment was actually quite lenient. And it appears that the law was rarely if ever enforced, so it soon became a dead letter.”

Legal intervention peaked in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) when the Kang Xi Emperor (r. 1662-1723) took steps against the sexual procurement of young boys, homosexual rape, and even consensual homosexual acts.” “it seems that the traditional government laissez-faire attitude toward male sexuality prevented enforcement of the law against consensual homosexual acts.”

A thirst for knowledge of homosexual history led to the compilation of the anonymous Ming collection Records of the Cut Sleeve (Duan xiu pian) which contains vignettes of homosexual encounters culled from nearly two millennia of sources. This anthology is the first history of Chinese homosexuality, perhaps the first comprehensive homosexual history in any culture, and still serves as our primary guide to China’s male homosexual past.”

In Fujian province on the South China coast, a form of male marriage developed during the Ming. Two men were united, the older referred to as an <adoptive older brother> (qixiong) and the younger as <adoptive younger brother> (qidi). The younger qidi would move into the qixiong’s household, where he would be treated as a son-in-law by his husband’s parents. Throughout the marriage, which often lasted for 20 years, the qixiong was completely responsible for his younger husband’s upkeep. Wealthy qixiong even adopted young boys who were raised as sons by the couple. At the end of each marriage, which was usually terminated because of the familial responsibilities of procreation, the older husband paid the necessary price to acquire a suitable bride for his beloved qidi.” [!!!]

The famous 17th century author Li Yu wrote several works featuring male homosexuality and lesbianism. The greatest Chinese work of prose fiction, Dream of the Red Chamber (Honglou meng), features a bisexual protagonist and many homosexual interludes. And the mid-19th century saw the creation of A Mirror Ranking Precious Flowers (Pinhua baojian), a literary masterpiece detailing the romances of male actors and their scholar patrons.”

Within a few generations, China shifted from a relative tolerance of homosexuality to open hostility. The reasons for this change are complex and not yet completely understood. First, the creation of colloquial baihua literary language removed many potential readers from the difficult classical Chinese works which contained the native homosexual tradition. Also, the Chinese reformers early in the century began to see any divergence between their own society and that of the West as a sign of backwardness. This led to a restructuring of Chinese marriage and sexuality along more Western lines. The uncritical acceptance of Western science, which regarded homosexuality as pathological, added to the Chinese rejection of same-sex love. The end result is a contemporary China in which the native homosexual tradition has been virtually forgotten and homosexuality is ironically seen as a recent importation from the decadent West.

Communist China. In the People’s Republic of China, homosexuality is taken as a sign of bourgeois immorality and punished by <reeducation> in labor camps. Officially the incidence of homosexuality is quite low. Western psychologists, however, have noted that the official reporting of impotence is much higher in mainland China than in the West. It seems that many Chinese men, unfamiliar with homosexual role models, interpret their sexuality solely according to their attraction to women. Nevertheless, a small gay subculture has begun to develop in the major cities since the end of the Maoist era [?]. Fear of discovery and lack of privacy tend to limit the quality and duration of homosexual relationships. And for the vast majority of Chinese living in the conservative country-side, homosexual contacts are much more difficult to come by.” “With the 1997 return of Hong Kong to China approaching, British liberals have supported a last minute repeal of the sodomy law.”

Traditionally, Chinese people have viewed male homosexuality and lesbianism as unrelated. Consequently, much of the information we have on male homosexuality in China does not apply to the female experience. Piecing together the Chinese lesbian past is frustrated by the relative lack of source material. Since literature and scholarship were usually written by men and for men, aspects of female sexuality unrelated to male concerns were almost always ignored.” “Sex manuals of the period Ming include instructions integrating lesbian acts with heterosexual intercourse as a way of varying the sex lives of men with multiple concubines.”

Li Yu’s first play, Pitying the Fragrant Companion (Lianxiangban), describes a young married woman’s love for a younger unmarried woman. The married woman convinces her husband to take her talented beloved as a concubine. The 3 then live as a happy ménage-à-trois free from jealousy. A more conventional lesbian love affair is detailed in Dream of the Red Chamber, in which a former actress regularly offers incense to the memory of her deceased beloved.”

The most highly developed form of female relationship was the lesbian marriages formed by the exclusively female membership of Golden Orchid Associations. A lesbian couple within this group could choose to undergo a marriage ceremony in which one partner was designated <husband> and the other <wife>. After an exchange of ritual gifts, a wedding feast attended by female friends served to witness the marriage. These married lesbian couples could even adopt young girls, who in turn could inherit family property from the couple’s parents. This ritual was not uncommon in 19th-century Guangzhou province. Prior to this, the only other honorable way for a woman to remain unmarried was to enter a Buddhist nunnery.” “The existence of Golden Orchid Associations became possible only by the rise of a textile industry in south China which enabled women to become economically independent. The traditional social and economic attachment of women to the home has so far prevented the emergence in modem China of a lesbian community on even so limited a scale as that of male homosexuals.”

Lanling Xiaoxiao Sheng, Golden Lotus ou The Plum [Ameixa] in The Golden Vase (2013) (título original: Jin ping mei) (novela de costumes, considerada o “Lolita” oriental), s/ data precisa (~séc. XVI; ed. por Zhang Zhupo no século seguinte). trad. francesa: La merveilleuse histoire de Hsi Men avec ses six femmes (1), Fleur en fiole d’or (2);

Pai Hsien-yung, The Outsiders (Niezi) (inspirou um filme homônimo, de 1986)

CHRISTIANITY

ORÍGENES” DO MAL II: “By about A.D. 200, the church had come to recognize the texts making up the New Testament as a single canon. After some hesitation, the Hebrew Bible, known to Christians as the Old Testament, was taken from Judaism and also accepted as divinely inspired. From this point onwards, Christian doctrines were elaborated by a group of intellectuals, known as the Fathers of the Church or the Patristic writers, beginning with such figures as Origen, Clement of Alexandria and Tertullian.” “Though they based their exegesis upon the Bible, they were inevitably influenced by philosophical and religious currents of their own time, especially Greek Stoicism and Neo-Platonism and by rival mystery cults such as Manichaeanism and Gnosticism.” “Still today there are differences on such sexually related topics as divorce, celibacy, and so forth between Roman Catholics and members of various eastern branches of Christianity which date from the foundations of Christianity, including Coptic, Nestorian, and various Orthodox Churches. In practice, most of these churches have been more tolerant of homosexuality than the Roman Catholic Church and its Protestant off-shoots.”

RESUMO DAS CONFISSÕES DE UM HOMEM POUCO SANTO

St. Augustine (d. 430), one of the great scholars of the ancient world, had converted to the austere faith of Manichaeanism after receiving a classical education. It seemed to his mind more suited to his Neo-Platonic and Stoic ideals than the Christianity of his mother. In Manichaean belief, which drew heavily from Zoroastrianism, intercourse leading to procreation was particularly evil because it caused other souls to be imprisoned in bodies, thus continuing the cycle of good versus evil.

Augustine was a member of the Manichaean religion for some 11 years but never reached the stage of the Elect in part because of his inability to control his sexual appetites. He kept a mistress, fathered a child, and according to his own statement, struggled to overcome his lustful appetites everyday by praying: <Give me chastity, and continence, but do not give it yet>. Recognizing his own inability to give up sexual intercourse, Augustine finally arrived at the conclusion that the only way to control his venereal desire was through marriage. He expelled his mistress and his son from his house, became engaged to a young girl not yet of age for wedlock (probably under 12 years of age), and planned a marriage. Unable to abstain from sex, he turned to prostitutes, went through a religious crisis, and in the process became converted to Christianity.

HA-HA: “All other sex was sinful including coitus within marriage not performed in the proper position (the female on her back and facing the male) and using the proper appendages and orifices (penis in vagina). St. Augustine’s views became the views of the western church centered in Rome.” “In general there was no extensive discussion of homosexuality by any of the early Church Fathers, and most of the references are incidental.”

The Augustinian views were modified in the 13th century [o que houve nestes 7 séculos além de monges devassos e burros?] by St. Thomas Aquinas, who held that homosexual activities, though similar to other sins of lust, were more sinful because they were also sins against nature. The sins against nature in descending order were (I) masturbation, (2) intercourse in an unnatural position, (3) copulation with the same sex (homosexuality and lesbianism), and (4) sex with non-humans (bestiality).

One of the key sources in the early medieval Church is the penitential literature. Originally penance had been a way of reconciling the sinner with God and had taken place through open confession. The earliest penitentials put sexual purity at a high premium, and failure to observe the sexual regulations was classified as equal to idolatry (reversion to paganism) and homicide. Ultimately public penance was replaced by private penance and confession which was regulated by the manuals or penitentials designed to guide those who were hearing them. Most of the early penitentials classified homosexual and lesbian activities as equivalent to fornication. Later ones classified such activities as equivalent to adultery although some writers distinguished between interfemoral intercourse and anal intercourse and between fellatio or oral-genital contacts. Anal intercourse was regarded as being the most serious sin.“Sodomy came to be regarded as the most heinous of sexual offenses, even worse than incest, and as civil law began to take over from canon law, it could be punished as a capital crime.”

Antes só dormia, hoje sodomia.

Só dormia, ou será que prazer também? No lato sensucht

Calvin & Child Harolde: “Catholics denounced Calvin for his supposed pederasty, a charge that was completely unfounded.”

NADA COMO COMER O BRIOCO DUMA INDIAZINHA: “In 1730-31 the great Dutch persecution of sodomites occurred, and in the accompanying propaganda the old charges against Roman Catholicism were revived. In Catholic countries themselves, the dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 was preceded by accusations of sodomy.”

Graciano, A Harmony of Discordant Canons (1140)

St. Peter Damián (1007-1072), Liber Gomorrhianus

CHURCHES, GAY

The emergence of Christian churches with predominantly gay and lesbian congregations, as well as interest groups within or allied to existing denominations, is a recent phenomenon, centered in the English-speaking world. There are records of homosexual monks, nuns, and priests, especially in the later Middle Ages and in early modern times, but no indication that they even thought of organizing on the basis of their sexual preference. Christian homosexuals drawn to particular parishes, where cliques [panelinhas] occasionally even became a visible segment of the congregation, would not openly avow this shift in the church’s character: they remained closeted gay Christians, so to speak.”

Some maintain that Jesus – an unmarried man in a Jewish milieu where marriage and procreation were de rigueur even for the religious elite – had a passionate relationship with John, the beloved disciple. Liturgically and sociologically the UFMCC tends to be of a <low church> character, with notable exceptions in some congregations. The evangelical fundamentalist domination of the UFMCC may be regarded as a response to the homophobic vehemence of the mainstream fundamentalist churches, which drives gay Christians out of their fold with a vengeance and forces them into an external redoubt, in contrast to the relatively more tolerant atmosphere, hospitable to internal gay caucuses [panelinhas, partidos], of the more liberal churches.”

CICERO

Roman politician, orator, and writer, who left behind a corpus of Latin prose (speeches, treatises, letters) that make him one of the great authors of classical antiquity. Unsuccessful in politics, he was overestimated as a philosopher by the Middle Ages and the Renaissance and underestimated in modern times, but was and is ranked as one of the greatest masters of Latin style. His career as an orator began in 81 B.C., and from the very beginning his speeches revealed his rhetorical gifts. His denunciation of Verres, the proconsul who had plundered the province of Sicily, opened the way to his election as aedile, praetor, and then consul, but subsequently the intrigues of his enemies led to his banishment from Rome (58/57), followed by his triumphal return. In the civil war he took the side of Pompey and so failed again, but was pardoned by the victorious Caesar, after whose death he launched a rhetorical attack on Mark Antony. The formation of the triumvirate meant that Cicero was to be proscribed by his opponent and murdered by his henchmen.”

In the last turbulent century of the Roman republic in which he lived, a contrast between the austere virtue of earlier times and the luxury and vice of the present had become commonplace. Also, as we know from the slightly later genre of satirical poetry, a taste for salacious gossip had taken root in the metropolis. In his orations Cicero remorselessly flays the homosexual acts of his enemies, contrasting homosexual love with the passion inspired by women which is <far more of natural inspiration>.”

Something of the Roman antipathy to Greek paiderasteia transpires from Cicero’s condemnation of the nudity which the Greeks flaunted in their public baths and gymnasia, and from his assertion that the Greeks were inconsistent in their notion of friendship. He pointedly noted: <Why is it that no one falls in love with an ugly youth or a handsome old man?> Effeminacy and passive homosexuality are unnatural and blameworthy in a free man, though Cicero remained enough under the influence of Greek mores to express no negative judgment on the practice of keeping handsome young slaves as minions of their master.” “The Judaic condemnation of homosexuality per se had not yet reached Rome, but the

distinction that had existed in Hellenic law and custom between acts worthy and unworthy of a citizen was adopted and even heightened by the com[cu]bination of appeal to Roman civic virtue and his own rhetorical flair.”

The term patientia used with reference to Verres implies the passivity in sexual relations that is degrading and unworthy of a free man, just as in the case of Mark Antony, charged with having <prostituted himself to all>, much like the Timarchus whom Aeschines had denounced centuries earlier in Athens for a like failing [op. cit. – para mais detalhes, vide seção OBRAS RECOMENDADAS em https://seclusao.art.blog/2019/09/28/do-espirito-das-leis-de-montesquieu-abreviado-na-traducao-de-jean-melville-com-comentarios-e-aprofundamentos-de-rafael-aguiar-indicacoes-de-leituras-durante-o-tratado-e-ao-final/].”

SMEAR CAMPAIGN: “Cicero’s rhetoric thus had two sides: the attempt to discredit opponents by inflammatory imputations of homosexual conduct and of sexual immorality in general – a type of smear to be followed in political life down to modern times”

CIRCUMCISION

GENEALOGIA DA PROFILAXIA: “Male circumcision, or the cutting away of the foreskin [prepúcio] of the penis, has been practiced by numerous peoples from remotest antiquity as a religious custom, while to some modern homosexuals it has an aesthetic and erotic significance. It has been speculated that the custom originated somewhere in Africa where water was scarce and the ability to wash was limited. Thus the Western Semites (Israelites, Canaanites, Phoenicians, Arabs, Edomites, Syrians), who lived in an area where water was never really plentiful, also observed the custom, while the Eastem Semites (Assyrians and Babylonians), in an area where water was more abundant, did not circumcise. This is true also of the Greeks and other Aegean peoples who always lived near the water.”

Jesus never mentioned circumcision, though the Jewish rite was (Luke 2:21) performed upon him on his 8th day as it was with all other males of his community of faith – hence the designation of the calendar in which the first day of the year is January 1 as <circumcision style>. In the early church the party of Paul of Tarsus which opposed circumcision was victorious, and uncircumcised Greeks and Romans poured into the new faith, so that to this day the majority of European men have retained their foreskins. With the coming of the faith of Islam, however, in the VII century the Middle East and North Africa became a stronghold of the practice of circumcision. Hindus and Buddhists avoid it, hence East Asians – and Amerindians – retain their foreskins.”

In the late 20th century the trend is being reversed in America as more and more medical articles – and some books – have argued that the operation in most cases is needless.”

There are even groups of men who have retained their foreskins (and others who admire them); these individuals with generous or pronounced <curtains> are in demand.”

Bud Berkeley & Joe Tiffenbach, Circumcision: Its Past, Its Present, and Its Future, San Francisco: Bud Berkeley, 1983-84;

Rosemary Romberg, Circumcision: The Painful Dilemma, South Hadley, MA: Bergin & Garvey, 1985;

Edward Wallerstein, Circumcision: An American Health Fallacy, New York: Springer Publishing Co., 1980.

CLASS

When there are no children to raise there is more discretionary income, so that adopting a homosexual lifestyle provides a margin for class enhancement.” “An established gay man or lesbian may put resources which parents would use for raising the status of their children into helping a lover-protegé. The mentor may also provide private lessons in manners and business acumen.” “Curiously, some parents seem to tolerate same-sex alliances by their offspring more easily than those that cross class or racial lines. § Internalizing the folk belief that homosexuals are more <artistic>, some gay men cultivate musical, theatrical, and culinary tastes that are above their <station> – and above their income. Acquisition of these refined preferences, together with <corrected> speech patterns, hinders easy communication with former peers, though there are many factors that work for geographical and psychological distance between homosexuals, on the one hand, and their families and original peer groups, on the other. Given their relative freedom, some individuals may be inclined to experiment with <class bending>, [sinuosidade de classe] sometimes with paradoxical results.”

There is class, and there is class fantasy.”

CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA

Greek church father. Born in Athens, probably of pagan and peasant ancestry, he is not to be confused with Clement, bishop of Rome, author of the New Testament epistle. After his conversion, Clement of Alexandria traveled widely to study under Christians, finally under the learned Pantaenus in Alexandria. Of the early Fathers, he had the most thorough knowledge of Greek literature. He quoted Homer, Hesiod, the dramatists, and (most of all) Platonic and Stoic philosophers. Sometime before 200 he succeeded Pantaenus, whom he praised for his orthodoxy, as head of the catechetical school at Alexandria, but in 202 he had to flee the persecution unleashed by the emperor Septimius Severus and perhaps died in Asia Minor.”

Although Clement’s christianity has been criticized as being too Hellenized, his serene hope and classical learning helped convert the upper classes. His pseudo-Platonic doctrine that homosexuality was particularly noxious because it was <against nature> served to combine that strand of classical philosophy with Hellenistic Jewish homophobia, most trenchantly exemplified by the Alexandrian philosopher Philo Judaeus (20 B.C.-A.D. 45), to justify persecution of sodomites. He thus preceded and stimulated the homophobia of the Christian emperors, from Constantine’s sons to Justinian, and of the two most influential Fathers, John Chrysostom and Augustine of Hippo.

CLERGY, GAY

that there is a psychological affinity between religious ministry and hemophilia” Edward Carpenter

The patrician John XII (938-964) went so far as to model himself on the scandalous Roman emperor Heliogabalus, holding homosexual orgies in the papal palace – a practice imitated by Benedict IX (1021-ca. 1052).” “paradoxically the enforcement of celibacy on priests and even attempts to impose it on those in lesser orders increased the danger of homosexuality.”

Friars, who unlike the monks were free to wander among the laity without much supervision, became notorious as seducers of boys as well as women, whose confessions they often heard to the disgruntlement [desabono] of parish priests. Many homosexual clergy, then as now, confessed to one another and were formally absolved. Indeed, the confessional at times became the locus of seduction.

Philip IV of France charged Boniface VIII not only with heresy, usury, and simony, but with sodomy and masturbation as well.”

The Renaissance in Italy, with its revival of classical antiquity and love of art, saw a number of popes who were interested in their own sex. Among them were the anti-pope John XXIII (d. 1419), who began his career as a pirate. Entering the clergy he quickly acquired the reputation of an unblushing libertine. The humanist pope Pius II (1405-1464) watched boys run naked in a race at Pienza, noting a boy <with fair hair and a beautiful body, though disfigured with mud>. The vain Venetian Paul II (1417-1471) toyed with adopting the name Formosus. Affecting the most lavish costumes, he was attacked by his enemies as <Our Lady of Pity>. His successor, Sixtus IV (1414-1482), made his mark as an art patron, erecting the Sistine chapel. He also elevated to the cardinalate a number of handsome young men. Julius II (1443-1513), another art-loving pope, provoked such scandal that he was arraigned under various charges, including that of sodomy, but he managed to survive the attempt to depose him. His successor, the extravagant Medici Leo X (1475-1521), became embroiled in intrigues to advance favorite nephews, a hobby that strained the treasury to the utmost. Julius III (1487-1555), who had presided over the Council of Trent before his pontificate, was nonetheless sometimes seen at official functions with catamites [<coroinhas>], one of whom he made a cardinal.”

The anticlerical literature of the last decades of that century delighted in exposing cases in which a clergyman had committed a sexual offense, to the point where in 1911 the Pope had to issue the motu proprio decree Quamvis diligenter forbidding the Catholic laity to bring charges against the clergy before secular courts. This step unilaterally abolished the principle of the equality of all citizens before the law established by the French Revolution, reinstating the <benefit of clergy> of the Middle Ages. The anticlerical literature of that period still needs study for the light that it can shed on the homosexual subculture of the clerical milieux.”

The Bible for Believers and Unbelievers (1922) (clássico anticlerical russo)

The Rule of St. Benedict, chapter 22.

Transcrição completa do capítulo 22 das regras de São Benedito (regulamento dos monges na alta idade média):

CHAPTER XXII: HOW THE MONKS ARE TO SLEEP

Let them sleep singly in separate beds. Let them receive bedding suitable to their manner of life, at the discretion of the abbot. If it can be done, let all sleep in one room: but if their number does not allow of this, let them repose by tens or by twenties with their seniors who have charge of them. Let a candle burn continually in the dormitory until morning. Let them sleep clothed and girded with girdles or cords, but let them not have knives at their sides while they sleep, lest by chance while dreaming they wound a sleeper; and let them be monks always ready; and upon the signal being given let them rise without delay and hasten one after the other, yet with all gravity and decorum, to be ready in good time for the Work of God. Let not the younger brethren have their beds by themselves, but among those of the seniors: and let them be allowed gently to encourage one another as they rise for the Work of God, because some may feel drowsy and listless.”

COCTEAU, JEAN

The Infernal Machine (peça)

COLETTE

A happy childhood is a bad preparation for contact with human beings.”

COLOR SYMBOLISM

A current Russian term for a gay man is golubchik, from goluboy, <blue>, evidently through association with the <blue blood> of the aristocracy of the Old Régime.”

According to Havelock Ellis, one could not safely walk down the streets of late 19th century New York wearing a red tie without being accosted, since this garment was then the universal mark of the male prostitute.” “Because of the <scarlet woman>, the great Whore of Babylon of the book of Revelation, that color has acquired a strong association with prostitution and adultery”

In American culture the word lavender – a blend of red and blue (as in <lavender lover>, The Lavender Lexicon, etc.) – almost speaks for itself.”

The mid-1980s saw public display at rallies and marches of a rainbow Gay Pride Flag, consisting of six parallel stripes ranging from bright red to deep purple. The juxtaposition of colors stands for the diversity of the gay/lesbian community with regard to ethnicity, gender, and class – perhaps also connoting, in the minds of some, the coalition politics of the Rainbow Alliance headed by Jesse Jackson.”

COMICS

The first true comic strips were introduced in 1897 as a circulation-building device in the Sunday supplements of the Hearst newspapers. The now-familiar pulp comic book was a creation of the Depression: the first commercial example is Famous Funnies of 1934. Although these strips generally affirmed middle-class values, and certainly contained not the slightest overt indication of sex, they were regularly denounced by pundits as a pernicious influence on the young.”

Batman, appearing in 1939, featured the adventures of a playboy detective and his teenage ward, Robin. Although the relationship is portrayed as a simple mentor-protegé one, some teenage male readers were able to project something stronger into it. This aspect was certainly flirted with in the campy television off-shoot beginning in 1966, though this series reflects a much changed cultural climate. In 1941 there appeared Wonder-woman, featuring an Amazon with special powers living on an all-woman island. This strip – contrary to the expressed wishes of its creators – served as a focus for lesbian aspirations. In the 1970s it was rediscovered by the women’s movement as a proto-feminist statement.

In the late 1940s Blade drew several illustrated stories, including The Barn and Truck Hiker, that can be considered predecessors of the gay comics. Circulated underground, they have been officially published only in recent years. Somewhat later the wordless strips of supermacho types created by Tom of Finland began to circulate in Europe.

It was the American counterculture of the 1960s, however, which first made possible the exploration of taboo subjects in a context of crumbling censorship restrictions. In 1964 a Philadelphia gay monthly, Drum, began serializing Harry Chess by Al Shapiro (A. Jay). Modeled on a popular television series, Harry Chess was both macho and campy, though explicit sex scenes were veiled. In the 1970s no-holds-barred examples appeared drawn by such artists as Bill Ward, Sean, and Stephen (Meatman).”

COMING OUT

A few gays and lesbians report no memory of a coming out process; they always considered themselves homosexual and were never <in the closet>. Others have reported a sudden revelation of their own homosexuality which does not fit into any theory of stages but has brought them from apparently heterosexual to comfortably homosexual virtually overnight.”

The self-help literature for gay and lesbian youth is quite explicit in designating parents as the crucial factor in the youth’s coming out process. Those who do not come out to their family, according to G.B. MacDonald, become <half-members of the family unit: afraid and alienated, unable ever to be totally open and spontaneous, to trust or be trusted… This sad stunting of human potential breeds stress for gay people and their families alike – stress characterized by secrecy, ignorance, helplessness, and distance.> The scientific literature, however, has largely ignored the role of parents, having centered on gay and lesbian adults.”

CONTEST LITERATURE

Diálogos.

Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon

Pseudo-Lucian, Affairs of the Heart

CONTRARY SEXUAL FEELING

the linguistic remnant of the first, uncertain psychiatric attempt to grapple with the problem of homosexuality.”

COUNTERCULTURE

Apparently the term counterculture is an adaptation of the slightly earlier <adversary culture>, an expression coined by the literary critic Lionel Trilling (1905-1975). In many respects the counterculture constituted a mass diffusion – fostered by diligent media exploitation – of the prefigurative beat/hippie phenomenon. As American involvement in the Vietnam War increased, in the wake of opposition to it the counterculture shifted from the gentle <flower-child> phase to a more aggressive posture, making common cause with the New Left, which was not, like the radicalism of the 30s, forced by economic crisis to focus on issues of unemployment and poverty. Of course radical political leaders were accustomed to decry the self-indulgence of the hippies, but their followers, as often as not, readily succumbed to the lure of psychedelic drugs and the happy times of group togetherness accompanied by ever present rock music.”

MESSIANISMO EPIDÊMICO: “The counterculture shamelessly embraced ageism: <Don’t trust anyone over thirty.> Observing this precept cut young people off from the accumulated experience and wisdom of sympathetic elders. Moreover, it meant that the adherents of the movement themselves quickly became back numbers as they crossed over the 30-year line. In regard to gay adherents, the distrust of older people tended to reinforce the ageism already present in their own subculture. To be sure, the full force of such problematic effects has become evident only in retrospect. Although outsiders, and some insiders as well, exaggerated the fusion of the counterculture and the New Left, still the convergence of massive cultural innovation with hopes for fundamental political change gave the young generation a heady sense of imminent revolution.”

The psychiatrist Thomas Szasz and others correctly perceived the link between the campaign to decriminalize marijuana and the efforts to reform sex laws.” “many assumed that homosexuals were essentially counterculturist, leftist, and opposed root and branch to the established order. Subsequent observation has shown, not surprisingly perhaps, that a majority of gay men and lesbians were (and are) liberal-reformist and even conservative, rather than revolutionary in then-overall political and social outlook.”

CROWLEY, ALEISTER

After the turn of the century Crowley’s public career began, and he was regularly attacked in the press as <The Great Beast> and <The Wickedest Man in the World>.”

Raulseixismo: <There is no law beyond Do what thou wilt.>

In a 1910 memoir Aleister Crowley proclaimed, <I shall fight openly for that which no Englishman dare defend, even in secret – sodomy! At school I was taught to admire Plato and Aristotle, who recommend sodomy to youths – I am not so rebellious as to oppose their dictum; and in truth there seems to be no better way to avoid the contamination of woman and the morose pleasures of solitary vice.>

he advanced beyond the grade of Magus to the supreme status of Ipsissimus.” E o Quico?

Scarcely known today outside occult circles, Crowley is an extravagant instance of the concern with heterodox religion that has flourished among some male homosexuals who could find no peace within established Christianity, and more recently among female adherents of <the craft>. Through his voluminous writings Crowley foreshadowed the emergence of the <Age of Aquarius>.”

Israel Regardie, The Eye in the Triangle: An Interpretation of Aleister Crowley, St. Paul: Llewellen Publications, 1970.

CRUISING

Nicole Ariana, How to Pick up Men, New York: Bantam, 1972;

Mark Freedman & Harvey Mayes, Loving Man, New York: Hark, 1976, chapter 2;

John A. Lee, Getting Sex, Toronto: General, 1978 [Tinder on paper for human beings as archaic as those from a century ago];

Publius Ovid, Art of Love [~1A.D., obra seminal do “flerte” e “sondagens de sexo casual”, homo e heteronormativas!]

CUBA

The largest island of the Antilles chain, home to 10 million Spanish-speaking people” Para 2017, o censo ainda não aponta população superior a 11.5 milhões.

The British, French, and Dutch seized islands from the Spanish or colonized vacant ones as naval bases or sugar plantations; like the pirates they seldom brought women along. All 3 European powers were involved in the notorious triangular trade, shipping molasses or rum to Europe, guns and trinkets from there to Africa, and slaves back to the West Indies.”

Cuba began to excel in sugar production after 1762. Havana became a glittering metropolis, rivaling New York and Rio de Janeiro, by 1800. The slave population, including huge numbers of males imported for work in the cane fields or molasses manufacturing, grew from fewer than 40,000 in 1770 to over 430,000 seventy years later. The census of 1841 reported that more than half the population was non-white (black and mixed blood) and that 43% were slaves. Males outnumbered females by 2 to 1 in the center and west and were just equal in the east. Other islands in the Caribbean had even greater sexual imbalances. Documentation for the homosexuality that must have abounded is scarce but the earlier prevalence can be assumed from attitudes and customs that still survive.”

With Spain’s adoption of the Napoleonic Code in 1889, homosexuality was decriminalized 3 years after the abolition of slavery.”

During World War I, Europe was closed to North Americans and Cuba, especially Havana, became a resort for the more adventurous. Prosperity increased with a rise in commodity prices. Also, the Prohibition in the United States after 1920 left Cuba as an oasis where liquor still flowed freely. Casino gambling and prostitution were also legal. A favorite port of call of cruise ships [pun intended!], Havana flourished as a mecca for pleasure-seekers.”

The post-war collapse of commodity prices was to some extent offset by tourism. Everything was for sale in Havana under the dictator Fulgencio Batista, whose 1952 coup ousted an outwardly democratic but venal and nepotistic predecessor.

Old Havana had gay bars. Moral laxity, characteristic of the slave-rooted Caribbean economy, the Napoleonic Code, and the weakness of the Catholic Church (which was mainly Spanish, urban and upper class) produced an environment where gays were only mildly persecuted and could buy protection from corrupt officials. Drugs, especially marijuana, which flourished throughout the Caribbean, were available in Cuba long before they won popularity in the United States.”

Exploiting popular revulsion against continuing political corruption as well as resentment of the diminishing but still important American domination, Fidel Castro led an ill-assorted group of liberals, patriots, and Marxists, including some gays, to victory over Batista in 1959. Only after he came to power did the United States realize that Castro was an avowed Communist. The American Central Intelligence Agency then tried and failed to assassinate him. His triumph was sealed by the missile crisis of 1962 when Khrushchev agreed to withdraw the missiles in return for Kennedy’s promise never to try to invade Cuba.”

Soviet hostility toward homosexuality since 1934, when Stalin restored the penal laws against male homosexuals, combined with traditional Latin American machismo and Catholic homophobia, made the existence of Cuban homosexuals wretched and oppressive. To prevent their <contamination> of youth, thousands of gays in the 1960s were placed in work camps known as Military Units to Increase Production (UMAP). Although the camps were abolished by the end of the decade, other forms of discrimination continued. Article 359 of the Cuban penal code prohibits public homosexuality. Violations are punished with a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 20 years. Parents must discourage their children from homosexuality or report their failure to officials as Articles 355-58 mandate. Articles 76-94 punish with 4 years imprisonment sexual deviation regarded by the government as contrary to the spirit of Socialism.”

The gifted playwright and fiction writer Virgilio Piñera (1912-1967) returned from Argentina in 1957 and after Castro’s triumph worked for several of the newspapers of the regime. On October 11, 1961, he was arrested and jailed for homosexuality. Che Guevara personally denounced him.”

Allen Young, Gays under the Cuban Revolution

DANDYISM

The dandy has been since antiquity the man who prides himself on being the incarnation of elegance and of male fashion. The word itself stems from the Romantic period in the 19th century, when the character type reached its apogee; England and France were the principal countries in which it flourished. Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867) was one of the first to perceive that the type was not limited to the age just preceding his own, but had emerged across the centuries in some celebrated historical figures. Jules Barbey d’Aurevilly (1808-1889) wrote an Essay on Dandyism and George Brummel (1845), dealing with Beau Brummell (1778-1840), the most famous English representative of the dandy in the London of George IV.

History of the Type. Ancient Greece saw two classical specimens of the dandy: Agathon and Alcibiades. In Plato’s Symposium Agathon is a poet and tragedian, not merely handsome, but obsessed with the most trivial details of his wardrobe. Aristophanes shows him using a razor to keep his cheeks as smooth and glistening as marble, wearing sumptuous clothing in the latest Ionian fashion. Later in the same dialogue Alcibiades also enters the stage, the most dazzling figure of the jeunesse dorée of Athens, richer and more influential than Agathon, and never sparing any expenditure that would enhance his renown.”

Another aesthete of this era, Oscar Wilde, affected a particularly striking costume when he made a lecture tour of the United States, capitalizing on a character featured in the Gilbert and Sullivan opera Patience (1881).”

Rationale. The relation of the dandy to male homosexuality is complicated. As a rule the homosexual – more than the male who is attracted to women – feels the need to distinguish his person in some way, is more conscious of the world of male fashion and more likely to be narcissistically preoccupied with his image. Naturally not all the dandies of the past were homosexual or bisexual, and an element of leisure class self-demarcation and snobbery enters into the picture. Since it is usually the male of the species whom nature makes physically more noteworthy, the male-female antithesis in style of dress that has prevailed in Western culture since the French Revolution reverses the immemorial state of affairs. The notion that only a woman may be preoccupied with her wardrobe and that a man should dress simply and even unobtrusively is of recent date.”

DANTE ALIGHIERI

As a youth he had a profound spiritual experience in an encounter with the young Beatrice Portinari; after her death he submerged himself in the study of philosophy and poetry. In 1302 Dante was banished from Florence, pursuing his literary career in various other cities of Italy.”

The presence in both the Inferno and the Purgatorio of groups of <sodomites> has given rise to a series of debates over the centuries. These passages must be interpreted in the larger context of the great poem’s situations and personnel.” “The sodomites of the Inferno (cantos 15 and 16) are seen running under a rain of fire, condemned never to stop if they wish to avoid the fate of being nailed to the ground for a hundred years with no chance of shielding themselves against the flames. Having recognized Dante, Brunetto Latini (ca. 1212-1294) called him to speak with him, voicing an important prophecy of Dante’s future. In describing his fellow sufferers, Latini mentioned a number of famous intellectuals, politicians, and soldiers.

In the Purgatorio (canto 26) the sodomites appear in a different context – together with lustful heterosexuals. The two categories travel in opposite directions, yelling out the reason for their punishment.

How can one account for the striking deference and sympathy that Dante shows for the sodomites? This matter began to puzzle commentators only a few years after the poet’s death.

Dante’s education took place in the 13th century when Italy was beginning to change its attitudes toward homosexual behavior. Conduct which had been a transgression condemned by religion but viewed with indulgence by everyday morality assumed increasing seriousness in the eyes of the laity. For Dante it was still possible – as it had commonly been through the first half of the 13th century – to separate human and divine judgment with respect to sodomy.”

IDADE DAS LUZES E O BURACO ESCURO: “For Dante’s commentators sodomy was a sin of such gravity that it was inconceivable for them to treat with respect men seared with such <infamy>.”

That Dante had spoken of Brunetto Latini and the sodomites with too much sympathy because he too shared their feelings was the conclusion of one anonymous commentator of the 14th century. Another wild suggestion is that the shameless Latini had made an attempt on Dante’s own virtue, and that hence Dante’s gentle words are in reality sarcasm that must be understood <in the opposite sense> (Guiniforto dei Bargigi; 1406-ca. 1460). Then, foreshadowing a thesis that would be favored by medical opinion in the 12th century, it was suggested that there were two types of sodomites, those by <choice> and those who are such by <necessity>.”

The debate on Dante’s motives has continued until our own day. In 1950 Andre Pezard devoted a whole book, Dante sous la pluie de feu, to an effort to show that the sin for which Brunetto and his companions were being punished was sodomy not in the usual sense, but in an allegorical one: sodomie spirituelle, which in Brunetto’s case meant having used the French language as a medium for one of his works.

The authoritative Encyclopedia Dantesca has sought to bring the conflict to an end, taking adequate account of Dante’s indulgent judgment as the correct key for solving the supposed <enigma> of the band of sodomites. As regards the reason for Brunetto Latini’s presence among the sodomites, Avalle D’Arco’s recent confirmation of the attribution to him of a long love poem directed to a man, S’eo son distretto inamoramente, shows that it was probably on the basis of facts that were publicly known in Dante’s time that he was consigned to Hell.” Aposto o cu que você já deu o cu.

DICKINSON, EMILY (1830-1886)

American poet. After brief periods at Amherst Academy and Holyoke Female Seminary, she settled into an outwardly uneventful life keeping house for her family. Dickinson never married. The real events in her life are her writings, which have assumed classic status in American literature.

These homoerotic poems are never joyous, but that is to be expected in a society where heterosexual marriage was virtually believed inevitable and there was little possibility of two unrelated women establishing a life together if they were not wealthy through independent inheritance.”

DIONYSUS

Greek god associated with wine and emotional exuberance. Although the name occurs in linear B tablets [?] from the end of the second millennium B.C., his figure absorbed additional elements from Thrace and the East in the following centuries. Dionysus, called Bacchus in Latin, was the son of Zeus and a mortal, Semele. When his mother unwisely besought Zeus to reveal himself in his true form, she was incinerated, but the embryo of her son escaped destruction. Zeus then inserted it into his own thigh and carried the child to term. This quality of being <twice born>, once from a woman and once from a man, points to the ambiguity of the god, who though male had effeminate traits. In literary and artistic representations, he sometimes served as a vehicle for questioning sex roles, otherwise strongly polarized in ancient Greece.

According to the late-antique writer Nonnus, Dionysus fell in love with a Phrygian boy, Ampelos, who became his inseparable companion. When the boy was killed in a bull-riding accident, the grief-stricken Dionysus turned him into a vine. As a result, the practices of vine cultivating and grape harvesting, of wine making and drinking, commemorate this deeply felt pederastic relationship: in honoring the vine (ampelos in Greek), one honors the god through his beloved.

In historic times Dionysus attracted a cult following consisting largely of women, the Bacchae or maenads. During the ritual followers abandoned their houses and work to roam about in the mountains, hair and clothing in disarray, and liberally imbibing wine, normally forbidden to women. At the height of their ecstasy they would seize upon an animal or even a child, tear it to pieces, and devour the uncooked flesh, by ingesting which they sought to incorporate the god and his powers within themselves. From a sociological point of view, the Bacchic cult is a <religion of the oppressed>, affording an ecstatic relief to women, whose status was low. Occurring only once during the year, or once every two years, these Dionysiac rites were bracketed off from the normal life of the Greek polis, suggesting comparison with such later European customs as the feast of fools, the carnival, the charivari, and mardi gras.

The maenads assume a major role in Euripides’ tragedy, The Bacchae (406 BC). Accompanied by his female followers, Dionysus appears in Thebes as a missionary. Unwisely, King Pentheus insults and arrests the divine visitor; after he has been rendered mad and humiliated, the transgressor is dismembered by the maenads. Interpretations of the play differ: a warning of the consequences of emotional excess versus a reaffirmation of the enduring presence of humanity’s irrational side. The subject probably attracted Euripides as a phenomenon of individual and group psychology in its own right, but it is unlikely that he intended it as a forecast of modern gay liberation in the <faery spirituality> mode, as Arthur Evans has argued. Inasmuch as the sexuality of The Bacchae was not pederastic, the Greek audience would not have seen the play as homosexual (a concept foreign to their mentality), but rather as challenging gender-role assumptions about men and women, whatever their sexual orientation. That the parts of the maenads were taken by men was not exceptional: women never appeared on the Greek stage.

Bacchanalian rites were introduced into Rome during the Republic. Men joined women in the frenzied gatherings, and (according to the historian Livy) there was more debauchery among the men with each other than with the women. Apart from their orgiastic aspects, the rites caused concern because they crossed class lines, welcoming citizens, freed men and slaves alike. Condemned as a subversive foreign import, the Senate suppressed the Bacchanalia in 186 BC, but they evidently were soon revived. Roman sarcophagi of the 2nd and 3rd century of our era show Bacchic scenes, projecting hopes for an afterlife spent in Dionysic bliss. In its last phases the cult of Dionysus emerged as an other-worldly mystery religion, showing affinities with Mithraism, the religion of Isis, and Christianity. Meeting now behind closed doors, members of the sect recognized one another by passwords and signs.

Although the early Christians regarded all pagan worship as demonic, they were not averse to purloining the Bacchic wine harvest imagery for their own sarcophagi and mosaics. Some Bacchic reminiscences recur in drinking songs of medieval goliardic poets, notably the Carmina Burana.”

At the end of the 16th century the flamboyant bisexual painter Caravaggio created a notably provocative image of Bacchus-Dionysus (Florence, Uffizi Gallery).” Veja pintura no verbete do pintor mais acima.

The most influential latter-day evocation of the god occurs in The Birth of Tragedy (1872) of Friedrich Nietzsche, who exalted the category of the Dionysiac as an antidote for excessive rationality in the interpretation of ancient Greece and, by implication, in modern life as well.

Nietzsche’s ideas were modernized and correlated with anthropology and psychoanalysis by the classical scholar E.R. Dodds, who in turn influenced the poet W.H. Auden. Together with his lover, Chester Kallman, Auden turned Euripides’ play into an opera libretto entitled The Bassarids.”

Karl Kerenyi, Dionysus: Archetypal Image of Indestructible Life, London: Routledge, 1976.

DREAMS

When a dream has homosexual content, the hermeneutic process is complicated by the ethical assumptions of the dreamer and the interpreter, which reflect the attitudes of society toward same-sex experience.

To understand their dream experiences human beings have formulated a lore to which the ancients gave the name oneirocritical. Because the ancient world accepted homosexual interest and activity as part of human sexuality, the dream interpreters of the eastern Mediterranean cultures could calmly explain the homoerotic episodes in dreams in terms of their overall system of signs and meanings and without anxiety. Such was the work of Artemidorus of Daldis (middle of the 2nd century), which alludes to pédérastie and homosexual dream sequences and assigns them a specific, often prophetic meaning. Not so the Christian Middle Ages; the literature of dreams became exclusively heterosexual because the taboo with which theology had tainted sexual attraction to one’s own sex imposed a censorship that is only now being lifted.”

DRUGS

It should be noted that there has never been a country or society in which unrestricted use of all psychoactive drugs has been permitted over any period of time.”

In some users hallucinogens cause terrifying experiences; psychological problems can be exacerbated, and brain damage caused. The action of stimulants is often followed by a compensatory negative experience through which the body restores its equilibrium.”

Society can tolerate drug use if it is encapsulated within an artistic, recreational, religious, or therapeutic context; while some are able to so control their usagé, for many that is a daunting or impossible condition, at least in our present culture”

education is more effective than prohibition. Exaggeration of drugs’ harmful effects reduces respect for law, overwhelms the courts and prisons, inhibits research on any therapeutic use of drugs, makes drugs of controlled strength and purity unavailable, gives drugs the glamour of the forbidden, and encourages progression to ever more dangerous yet legally equal substances. As with alcohol during America’s Prohibition (1920-33), the supply of illegal drugs has become a very profitable industry, and not a passive or benign one. Foreigners who supply drugs sometimes justify their actions to themselves and their countrymen as a means of striking back at the political and economic power of the United States.”

during the 1960s, there were a considerable number of reports of people becoming aware of homoeroticism for the first time while under the influence of LSD especially. Drugs have also been used by musicians, artists, and writers who claim that the substances help them create, although this claim is controversial, perhaps because if substantiated it would be a powerful argument for drug use.”

The use of hashish (cannabis), eaten in sweets rather than smoked, is found in the Bible (Song of Songs 5:1; I Samuel 14:25-45), and there is evidence of psychic use of hemp (marijuana), from which hashish is made, from pre-historic times. Herodotus, for example, reports its popularity among the Scythians. However, widespread use of hashish begins in Islam in the 12th and 13th centuries. While the Koran prohibited wine, which because of distribution costs was somewhat more expensive than today, it was silent on hashish, which was also much less expensive. There was debate about whether the Koran’s silence was to be taken as approval, or whether prohibition was to be inferred from the treatment of wine; still, as long as it remained a minority indulgence it was tolerated, as wine usually was. Hashish users became a subculture; in particular it is linked to the mystical Sufis, who made a cult and ritual of its use. However, almost every Islamic poet from the 13th to the 16th centuries produced at least some playful poems on hashish, although wine poetry is much more abundant.”

Hashish was thought to cause effeminacy, a preference for the passive sexual role, and a loss of interest in sex. However, it was also prized as the drug of scholars and lovers of young men, and an aid in seduction of the latter. Turkish soldiers frequently ate hashish together before going into battle.

Coffee was introduced to Europe in the 17th century from the Turkish empire. Both within Islam and in Europe coffee was at first a similarly controversial drug, subject to occasional legal restriction or suppression. Its use in coffee-houses, later cafés, was typical of intellectuals and dissidents.”

The first half of the 20th century was characterized by a wave of reaction against drugs and the establishment of legal controls throughout Westem Europe and North America. However, the tensions of the 1960s, against a backdrop of the Holocaust and the invention and use of the atomic bomb, brought on a new wave of drug use. The hedonistic use of cannabis increased greatly; its enthusiasts promoted it as an aid to sensual and sexual enjoyment. The Beat generation, especially William Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, had already turned to potent psychedelics as a means of self-improvement; they became part of the short-lived counterculture of the late 1960s. The discovery of psychedelics was in part due to progress in anthropology and archeology. The use by native peoples of mescaline (peyote), psilocybin (mushrooms), and other psychedelics became known, and the possible role of such substances in visions and oracles of the ancient Mediterranean world was proposed by scholars. The hallucinogenic properties of the most potent psychedelic yet known, lysergic acid diethylamine-25 (LSD), were discovered in 1943” “until it became too controversial, it was manufactured by a pharmaceutical company for research in psychotherapeutic treatment.”

The gay bar remains the only gay institution in many American communities, as it was almost everywhere until the 1970s.”

Poppers are a vasodilator of transitory effect, and cause a <high> from a drop in blood pressure; users say that the intensity and/or duration of orgasm is increased, that muscles (such as throat and anal sphincters) and gag reflexes are relaxed, and that feelings of increased union or <melting> with the sex partner result. Many users report that continued use (a single inhalation produces effects only for a few minutes) inhibits erections, while other users seem unaffected. Likewise, some users say the poppers encourage passivity and complete relaxation, while others report no such effect. Headaches and dizziness are sometimes reported as side effects.” “In the early 1980s poppers were accused of being a co-factor in the development of AIDS, and they were made illegal in some areas, although the accusation remains unproven.”

EFFEMINACY, HISTORICAL SEMANTICS OF

In reading older texts it is important to bear these differences in mind, for the term effeminate can be used slightingly of a womanizer [mulherengo] as well as of a <womanish> man.

The ancient Greeks and Romans sharply differentiated the active male homosexual, the paiderastes (in the New Testament arsenokoites, literally <man-layer>), from the passive partner, the cinaedus or pathicus (New Testament Greek malakos; Hebrew, rakha). The Greeks also sometimes used the term androgynos, <man-woman>, to stigmatize the passive homosexual. Beginning with the Old Attic comedies of Aristophanes, the passive is a stock figure of derision and contempt, the active partner far less so. Because of the military ideals on which ancient societies were founded, passivity and softness in the male were equated with cowardice and want of virility. A seeming exception is the god Dionysus – whose effeminate characteristics are, however, probably an import from the non-Greek East.

In ancient Rome the terms mollis (soft) and effeminatus acquired special connotations of decadence and enervating luxury. By contrast the word virtus meant manliness. The Roman satirists took sardonic delight in flagellating the vices of luxury that were rampant among the upper classes of a nation that, once rude and war-like, had succumbed to the temptations that followed its successful conquest and plunder of the entire ancient world. The classical notion of effeminacy as the result of luxury, idleness, and pampered self-indulgence is thus far removed from the claim of some gay liberationists today to kinship with the exploited and down-trodden.

The old Icelandic literature stemming from medieval Scandinavia documents the condemnation of the argr, the cowardly, unwar-like effeminate (compare Modern German arg, <bad>). The Latin term mollities (softness) entered early Christian and medieval writings, but often with reference to masturbation. It may be that the 18th-century English term molly for an effeminate homosexual is a reminiscence of Latin mollis.”

In the 16th century the French monarch Henri III assembled an entourage of favorites whose name mignon connotes effeminacy and delicacy. In French also the original meaning of bardache was the passive partner of the active bougre. English writings of the 17th and 18th century frequently denounced foppery [dandismo], sometimes homosexual but more often heterosexual.”

Restoration times also witnessed the popularity of the self-referencing habit of male homosexuals adopting women’s names: Mary, Mary-Anne, Molly, Nance or Nancy, and Nelly. The habit occurs in other languages as well – Janet in Flemish; Checca (from Francesca) in Italian; Maricón (from Maria) in Spanish; and Adelaida in Portuguese.”

19th-century English witnessed a semantic shift of a number of terms originally applied to women to provide opprobrious designations of male homosexuals. Thus gay had the meaning of a loose woman, prostitute; faggot, a slatternly woman –, and queen (or quean), a trollop. Even today the popular mind tends to the view that gay men seek to imitate women, or even become women –, the considerable number of unstereotypical, masculine homosexuals are not taken into account.”

Termagant and virago, though pejorative, do not suggest variance of sexual orientation. The girl who is a tomboy has always been treated more indulgently than the boy who is a sissy.”

Men who cross-dress as women are of two kinds. Some go to great lengths to make the simulation credible, an effort that may be a prelude to transsexualism. In other instances the simulation is imperfect, a kind of send-up. Although some feminists have interpreted such cross-dressing exercises as mockery of women, it is more likely that they signify a questioning of gender categories. In any event, transvestism is not normally held to lie within the province of effeminacy, which is thought to be the adjunction of feminine traits in a person otherwise fully recognizable as masculine.”

Hans Herter, Reallexikon fur Antike und Christentum, 4 (1959).

EGYPT

Traditionally the pharaohs married their half-sisters, a custom that other peoples considered curious. Self-confident in their cherished habits and customs, the Egyptians nonetheless cherished a distinct sense of privacy, which restricted discussion of erotic themes in the documents that have come down to modern times. Most of our evidence stems from temples and tombs, where a full record of everyday life could scarcely be expected. Unfortunately, Egypt had no law codes comparable to those known from ancient Mesopotamia.”

The realm of mythology provides several instances of homosexual behavior. In order to subordinate him, the god Seth attempted to sodomize his brother Horus, but the latter foiled him, and tricked Seth into ingesting some of his (Horus’s) own semen. Seth then became pregnant. In another myth the ithyphallic god Min anally assaulted an enemy, who later gave birth to the god Thoth. Both these stories present involuntary receptive homosexuality as a humiliation, but the act itself is not condemned; in the latter incident the god of wisdom is born as a result. (In another myth the high god engenders offspring parthenogenetically by masturbation.) While it is sometimes claimed that the ancient Egyptians were accustomed to sodomize enemies after their defeat on the battlefield, the evidence is equivocal.”

In what is surely history’s first homosexual short story, King Pepy II Neferkare (2355-2261) makes nocturnal visits to have sex with his general Sisinne. This episode is significant as an instance of androphilia – sex between two adult men – rather than the pederasty that was dominant in the ancient world. From a slightly earlier period comes the Tomb of the Two Brothers at Thebes, which the excavators have explained as the joint sepulcher of two men, Niankhnum and Khnumhotep, who were lovers. Bas reliefs on the tomb walls show the owners embracing affectionately.”

Queen Hatshepsut (reigned 1503-1482 BC) adopted male dress and even wore a false beard; these male attributes probably stem from her decision to reign alone, rather than from lesbianism.

A figure of particular interest is the pharaoh Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV; reigned ca. 1372-1354 BC), who was a religious and artistic reformer. Although this king begat several daughters with his wife, the famous Nefertiti, in art he is often shown as eunuch-like, with swollen hips and feminine breasts. According to some interpreters these somatic features reflect a glandular disorder. Other scholars believe that they are a deliberate artistic stylization, so that the appearance of androgyny may convey a universal concept of the office of kingship, uniting the male and the female so as to constitute an appropriate counterpart of the universal god Aten he introduced. Scenes of Akhenaten caressing his son-in-law Smenkhkare have been interpreted, doubtfully, as indicating a homosexual relation between the two.”

ELLIS, HAVELOCK

Pioneering British writer on sexual psychology. Descended from a family with many generations of seafarers, Henry Havelock Ellis was named after a distinguished soldier who was the hero of the Indian Mutiny. Early in life he sailed twice around the world and spent some years in Australia. In boarding school he had some unpleasant experiences suggesting a passive element in his character, and his attachments to women were often more friendships than erotic liaisons. At the age of 32 he married Edith Lees, a lesbian; after the first year of their marriage all sexual relations ceased, and both went on to a series of affairs with women. By nature an autodidact, Ellis obtained in 1889 only a licentiate in Medicine, Surgery, and Midwifery from the Society of Apothecaries – a somewhat inferior degree that always embarrassed him. More interested in his literary studies than in the practice of medicine, he nevertheless collected case histories mainly by correspondence, as his autobiography makes no mention of clinical practice.

ERA DE AQUARIUS: “In the atmosphere that prevailed after the disgrace of Oscar Wilde (May 1895), publication in England was problematic, but under doubtful auspices the English edition was released in November 1897.”

Sexual Inversion was the first book in English to treat homosexuality as neither disease nor crime, and if he dismissed the current notion that it was a species of <degeneracy> (in the biological sense), he also maintained that it was inborn and unmodifiable – a view that he never renounced. His book, couched in simple language, urged public toleration for what was then regarded as unnatural and criminal to the highest degree. To a readership conditioned from childhood to regard homosexual behavior with disgust and abhorrence, the book was beyond the limits of comprehension, and a radical publisher and bookseller named George Bedborough was duly prosecuted for issuing <a certain lewd wicked bawdy scandalous and obscene libel>” “The book was to appear in two later editions as the second volume of Ellis’ Studies in the Psychology of Sex, which in its final format extended to 7 volumes covering the whole of sexual science as it existed in the first three decades of the 20th century.” “Ellis never endorsed the explanations offered by Freud and the psychoanalytic school, so that the third edition of Sexual Inversion (1915), which was supplemented by material drawn from Magnus Hirschfeld’s Die Homosexualität des Mannes und des Weibes, published a year earlier, presented essentially the standpoint of 1904. The next in radical character was the measured discussion of masturbation, which Victorian society had been taught to regard with virtual paranoia as the cause of numberless ills.

EPHEBOPHILIA

The term ephebophilia seems to have been coined by Magnus Hirschfeld in his Wesen der Liebe (1906)

ANTI-AQUILINO (BANQUETE): “those with bearded faces who had outgrown the stage at which they were appropriate as the younger partners in pederasty, but not yet old enough to marry: the prime age for military service. The ancient Greek age of puberty was likely in the mid-teens rather than the younger ages typical of contemporary Western society.”

In other societies, ephebes are legally on a par with younger children, but in practice sexual activities with them are not as harshly repressed as with the younger group.”

The combination of heightened sexual energy with a lack of heterosexual outlets (owing to marriage ages in the twenties and restrictions on pre-marital opportunities) and low incomes (characteristic of males still in school, military service, or just beginning to acquire work experience) has in many societies made heterosexual ephebes more available for trade (one-sided) relationships with homosexuals than any other group of heterosexual males.

For many ephebophiles, the naïveté of ephebes is a source of attraction, their enthusiasm for new experiences (including sexual and romantic involvements) contrasted with what is perceived to be the more jaded and skeptical attitudes of other adults.”

The ancient Greeks acknowledged this trait with the term philephebos (fond of young men) and philoboupais (one who is fond of over-matured boys, <bull-boys> or <husky young men>), but generally slighted it in favor of the pederastic preference. Nevertheless, the athletic games of which the Greeks were so fond featured nude ephebes, the size of whose members received public acclaim, and the victors basked in adulation; Pindar wrote odes to them.”

In the 20th century, the dominance of the androphile model of male homosexuality has tended to subsume, appropriate, and obscure the ephebophile current, and to consider it as a mode of adult-adult relationships rather than as a distinctive type of preference.”

EPICUREANISM

Knowledge of Epicureanism, the classical rival of Stoicism, is fragmentary because Christians, disliking its atheistic materialism, belief in the accidental existence of the cosmos, and ethical libertarianism, either failed to copy or actually destroyed the detested works. Of all the numerous works composed in antiquity, only Lucretius’ philosophical poem De rerum natura survives intact. Diogenes Laertius reported that Epicurus wrote more than anyone else, including 37 books On Nature. A typical maxim: <We see that pleasure is the beginning and end of living happily>.

Epicurus (341-270 BC), the founder of the school, served as an ephebe in Athens at 18 and then studied at the Academy, a fellow classmate of Menander, when Aristotle was absent in Chalcis. Having taught abroad, where he combatted the atomist philosophy of Democritus, he returned to Athens and bought his house with a garden in 307-6. There he taught until his death, allowing women and slaves to participate in his lessons – to the shock of traditionalists. Only a few lines of his works survive. Apparently he likened sexual object choice, whether of women or boys, to food preferences – a parallel that often recurred in later times. His beloved Metrodorus predeceased him.

[O LEITMOTIF INCONSCIENTE DO BLOG] The Epicurean school, consisting of scholars who secluded themselves from society in Epicurus’ garden, lived modestly or even austerely. Stoics, however, libeled the secretive Epicureans because of their professed hedonism, accusing them of profligacy of every kind despite the fact that Epicurus felt that pleasure could be attained only in restraint of some pursuits that in the long run bring more pain than the temporary pleasure they seem to offer. Natural pleasures are easily satisfied, others being unnecessary. The ideal was freedom from destiny by satisfying desire and avoiding the pain of desires too difficult or impossible to satisfy. By freeing man from fear of gods and an afterlife and by teaching him to avoid competition in politics and business it liberates him from emotional turmoil. Friendship was extremely important to Epicureans.”

Lucretius (ca. 94-55 BC) seems not to have added any ideas to those taught by Epicurus himself. But others, like the fabulously rich general Lucullus, whose banquets became proverbial, excused their gross sensuality by references to Epicurus’ maxims. Julius Caesar proclaimed himself an Epicurean. Under the Empire Stoicism vanquished its rival and vied with Christianity, which when triumphant anathematized Epicureanism.”

the Soviet Communists, who naturally ranked Epicurus above Plato as the greatest philosopher of antiquity.” ???

Gassendi (1592-1655) [neo-epicurean] exerted enormous influence on both Newton and Leibniz.”

FAGGOT

One of the most persistent myths that have gained a foot-hold in the gay movement is the belief that faggot derives from the basic meaning of <bundle of sticks used to light a fire>, with the historical commentary that when witches were burned at the stake, <only presumed male homosexuals were considered low enough to help kindle the fires>.

The English word has in fact three forms: faggot, attested by the Oxford English Dictionary from circa 1300; fadge, attested from 1588; and faggald, which the Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue first records from 1375. The first and second forms have the additional meaning <fat, slovenly woman> which according to the English Dialect Dictionary survived into the 19th century in the folk speech of England.

The homosexual sense of the term, unknown in England itself, appears for the first time in America in a vocabulary of criminal slang printed in Portland, Oregon in 1914, with the example <All the fagots (sissies) will be dressed in drag at the ball tonight>. The apocopated (clipped) form fag then arose by virtue of the tendency of American colloquial speech to create words of one syllable; the first quotation is from the book by Neis Anderson, The Hobo (1923): <Fairies or Fags are men or boys who exploit sex for profit.> The short form thus also has no connection with British fag as attested from the 19th century (for example, in the novel Tom Brown’s Schooldays) in the sense of <public school boy who performs menial tasks for an upper-classman>.

In American slang faggot/fag usurped the semantic role of bugger in British usage, with its connotations of extreme hostility and contempt bordering on death wishes. In more recent decades it has become the term of abuse par excellence in the mouths of heterosexuals, often just as an insult aimed at another male’s alleged want of masculinity or courage, rather than implying a sexual role or orientation.

The ultimate origin of the word is a Germanic term represented by the Norwegian dialect words fagg, <bundle, heap>, alongside bagge, <obese, clumsy creature> (chiefly of animals). From the latter are derived such Romance words as French bagasse and ltalian bagascia, <prostitute>, whence the parallel derivative bagascione whose meaning matches that of American English faggot/fag, while Catalan bagassejar signifies to faggot, <to frequent the company of loose women>.

The final proof that faggot cannot have originated in the burning of witches at the stake is that in English law both witchcraft and buggery were punishable by hanging, and that in the reign of the homosexual monarch James I the execution of heretics came to an end, so that by the time American English gave the word its new meaning there cannot have been in the popular mind even the faintest remnant of the complex of ideas credited to the term in the contemporary myth. It is purely and simply an Americanism of the 20th century.

Given the fact that the term faggot cannot refer to burning at the stake, why does the myth continue to enjoy popularity in the gay movement? On the conscious level it serves as a device with which to attack the medieval church, by extension Christianity in toto, and finally all authority. On another level, it may linger as a <myth of origins>, a kind of collective masochistic ritual that willingly identifies the homosexual as victim.

FASCISM

The term fascism derives from fasces, the bundles of rods carried by the lictors of ancient Rome to symbolize the unity of classes in the Republic. Fascism is the authoritarian movement that arose in Italy in the wake of World War I. Although Hitler admired its founder Mussolini and imitated him at first – the term Führer is modeled on Duce – one cannot simply equate his more radical National Socialist movement with the Italian phenomenon, as writers of the left are prone to do.”

Not essentially racist like Nazism or anti-bourgeois like Marxism, Italian fascism, with its corporative binding of workers and employers, has been less consistently hostile to homosexuals.”

Mussolini also argued in a discussion of a draft penal code in 1930 that because Italians, being virile, were not homosexuals, Italy needed no law banning homosexual acts, which he believed only degenerate foreigners to practice. A ban would only frighten such tourists away, and Italy needed the money they spent to improve its balance of payments and shore up its sagging economy. Napoléon had promulgated his code, which did not penalize homosexual acts between consenting adults, in northern Italy in 1810, and thus decriminalized sodomy. It had already been decriminalized in Tuscany by Grand Duke Leopold, the enlightened brother of Joseph II. The Albertine Code of 1837 for Piedmont-Sardinia was extended to all its dominions after the House of Savoy created a united Kingdom of Italy, a task completed in 1870. Pervasive was the influence of the jurist Marquis Cesare Beccaria, who argued against cruel and unusual punishments and against all offenses motivated by religious superstition and fanaticism.

Thus Italy with its age-old <Mediterranean homosexuality> in which women were protected, almost secluded – upper-class girls at least in the South being accompanied in public by dueñas –, had like other Latin countries allowed female prostitution and closed its eyes to homosexuality. As such it had became the playground par excellence during the grand tour of the English milords, and also the refuge of exiles and émigrés from the criminal sanctions of the Anglo-American common law and the Prussian code. The Prussian Code was extended in 1871-72 to the North and then South German territories incorporated in the Reich, including ones where the Code Napoleon had prevailed in the early part of the century. Byron and John Addington Symonds took refuge in Italy, as William Beckford did in Portugal and Oscar Wilde in Paris. Friedrich Alfred Krupp’s playground was in Capri, Thomas Mann’s in Venice, and Count Adelswárd Fersen’s also in Capri.”

Personally, Mussolini was somewhat of a sexual acrobat, in that he had a succession of mistresses and often took time out in the office to have sex with one or another of his secretaries.”

Believing in military strength through numbers, Mussolini did more than Hitler to subsidize parents of numerous progeny, thus hoping to increase Italy’s population from 40 to 60 million.”

However, after he formed the Rome-Berlin Axis with Hitler in 1936, Mussolini began, under Nazi influence, to persecute homosexuals and to promulgate anti-Semitic decrees in 1938 and 1939, though these were laxly enforced, and permitted exceptions, such as veterans of World War I.”

Oppressing homosexuals more than Jews, Mussolini’s regime rounded up and imprisoned a substantial number, a procedure poignantly depicted in Ettore Scola’s excellent film A Special Day (1977).” “Even exclusive homosexuals, if they were not unlucky, survived fascism unscathed.”

Admiral Horthy seized control of Hungary from the communist Bela Kun in 1920 and as Regent unleashed a <White Terror> largely directed against Jews, two years before Mussolini marched on Rome with his black-shirts.”

Fascists were less consistent and more divided among themselves than even communists or Nazis. After all, they had no sacred text like Das Kapital or Mein Kampf, and further were not ruling only a single powerful country.” “Czechoslovakia, the only democracy in Central Europe to survive this period, simply continued the Austrian penal code of 1852 that penalized both male and female homosexuality.”

The great homosexual poet Federico García Lorca was shot by a death squad near Granada in 1936; it is said that they fired the bullets through his backside to <make the punishment fit the crime>.” “More than Mussolini, Franco resisted the theories and pressures of Hitler, whom he regarded as a despicable (and perhaps deranged) upstart. It has been argued that Franco was not a fascist at all and that he actually maintained a pro-Jewish policy, granting asylum to refugees from Nazi-occupied Europe and attempting to protect Sephardic Jews in the Balkan countries. In his last years he in fact liberalized Spain to a certain extent, allowing among other things a resurgence of gay bars, baths, and culture even before the accession of King Juan Carlos upon his death in 1975. Today Spain is one of the freest countries in Europe.”

Naturally Latins, like Slavs, being considered inferior peoples by Hitler, did not in general espouse racism (Hitler had to make the Japanese honorary Aryans to ally with them in the Tripartite Pact of 1937), so they had no reason to think of homosexuals in his terms.”

FASCIST PERVERSION, BELIEF IN

Fascism and National Socialism (Nazism) were originally distinct political systems, but their eventual international ties (the <Rome-Berlin axis>) led to the use of <fascist> as an umbrella term¹ by Communist writers anxious to avoid the implication that <National Socialism> was a type of socialism. Neither in Italy nor in Spain did the right-authoritarian political movements have a homosexual component. Rather it was in Weimar Germany that the right-wing paramilitary groups which constituted the nucleus of the later National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) attracted a considerable number of homosexuals whose erotic leanings overlapped with the male bonding of the party. This strong male bonding, in the later judgment of their own leaders, gave the Nazis a crucial advantage in their victory over the rival Social Democratic and communist formations in the early 1930s.

The most celebrated of the homosexuals in the Nazi Party of the 1920s was Ernst Rohm, whose sexual proclivities were openly denounced by left-wing propagandists, but this did not deprive him of Hitler’s confidence until the putsch of June 30, 1934, in which he and many of his homosexual comrades in arms were massacred.”

¹ Discordo, mas segue o jogo.

theorists such as Wilhelm Reich who were opposed to homosexuality [?] could claim that the right-wing youth were <becoming more homosexual>. The victory of National Socialism at the beginning of 1933 then reinforced Communist and émigré propagandists in their resort to <fascist perversion> as a rhetorical device with which they could abuse and vilify the regime that had defeated and exiled them – and which they hoped would be transient and unstable.

In particular, the statute by which Stalin restored the criminal sanctions against homosexuality that had been omitted from the penal codes of 1922 and 1926 was officially titled the <Law of March 7, 1934> – a pointed allusion to the anniversary of the National Socialist consolidation of power one year earlier.”

In the United States Maoists charged that the gay liberation movement of 1969 and the years following was an example of <bourgeois décadance> that would vanish once the triumph of socialism was achieved. “

Samuel Igra, Germany’s National Vice, London: Quality Press, 1945.

FILM

Adolescent alienation was the theme of Rebel without a Cause (1955), in which, however, the delicate Sal Mineo character dies so that James Dean can be united with Natalie Wood.”

In the book Midnight Express the hero admitted to a gay love affair in prison, but in the movie version (1978) he rejects a handsome fellow inmate’s advances.”

Screen biographies of gay people have had similar fates. Michelangelo and Cole Porter appear as joyful heterosexuals; Oscar Wilde could not be sanitized, to be sure, but he was presented in a <tasteful> manner (3 British versions, 2 in 1960, one in 1984). Recent screen biographies have been better; the documentary on the painter Paul Cadmus (1980) is open without being sensational; Prick Up Your Ears, on the life of Joe Orton, is as frank as one can wish, though it somehow misses the core of his personality.”

In The Third Sex (West Germany, 1959) a sophisticated older man has an entourage of teenage boys. Although this film purveys dated ideas of homosexuality, it went farther in explicitness than anything that Hollywood was able to do for over a decade. Federico Fellini’s celebrated La Dolce Vita (1960) is a multifaceted portrait of eternal decadence in chic circles in Rome.”

One breakthrough came in 1967 when the legendary Marlon Brando portrayed a closeted homosexual army officer in John Huston’s Reflections in a Golden Eye, a film which drew a <Condemned> rating from the Catholic Church.” Who gives a fuck (literally)!

Sunday Bloody Sunday: this film was notable for the shock experienced by straight audiences at a kissing scene between Peter Finch and Murray Head. Perhaps the most notorious of the gay directors was Rainer Werner Fassbinder, whose Fox and His Friends (1975) deals with homosexuality and class struggle. Fassbinder’s last film was his controversial version of a Genet novel, Querelle (1982). The death of Franco created the possibility of a new openness in Spanish culture, including a number of gay films. Influenced by Luis Buñuel, Law of Desire (1986) by Pedro Almodóvar is surely a masterpiece of comic surrealism.”

Already in the 1920s some major directors were known to be gay, including the German Friedrich W. Murnau and the Russian Sergei Eisenstein.”

During their lifetimes Charles Laughton and Montgomery Clift had to suffer fag-baiting taunts from colleagues, while Rock Hudson remained largely untouched by public scandal until his death from AIDS in 1985. Tyrone Power and Cary Grant were decloseted after their deaths. The sexuality of others, such as Errol Flynn and James Dean, remains the subject of argument. In Germany the stage actor and film director Gustav Grundgens managed to work through the Nazi period, even though his homosexuality was known to the regime.”

In 1969, however, hardcore porno arrived, apparently to stay. Some 50 theatres across the United States specialized in the genre, and where the authorities were willing to turn a blind eye, sexual acts took place there, stimulated by the films.”

Much of the early production was forgettable, but in 1971, in Boys in the Sand starring Casey Donovan (Cal Culver), the director-producer Wakefield Poole achieved a rare blend of sexual explicitness and cinematographic values.”

In the later 80s AIDS began to devastate porno-industry workers, gay and straight, and safe sex procedures became more rigorous on the set (it should be noted, however, that long before AIDS, by strict convention, pornographic film ejaculations were always conducted outside the body, so as to be graphically visible; hence film sex was always basically <safe sex>).”

PROVAVELMENTE ULTRAPASSADO: “Lesbian porno exists only as scenes within films addressed to heterosexual males, their being, thus far, no market for full-length lesbian films of this nature. A number of independent lesbian film-makers have made candid motion pictures about lesbian life, but they are not pornographic.”

Carel Rowe, The Baudelairean Cinema: A Trend Within the American Avant-Garde, Ann Arbor, MI: UMI Research Press, 1982.

FLAUBERT

From his early years at the lycée onward, he preferred the pen to his father’s scalpel, and single-handedly edited a minor journal, the Colibri, that clumsily but clearly foretold his future talent. In Paris he read Law but never took the degree for reasons of health, and there met Maxime Du Camp, with whom he formed a close friendship. Together they traveled through Brittany and Normandy in 1847, bringing back a volume of reminiscences that was to be published only after Flaubert’s death (Par les champs et par les grèves, 1885). Between October of 1849 and May of 1851 the two traveled in Egypt and Turkey, and there Flaubert had a number of pédérastie experiences which he related in his letters to Louis Bouilhet.”

BORING FASHION: “On his return to France Flaubert shut himself up in his country house at Croisset, near Rouen. Instead of aspiring to self-discovery in the manner of the Romanticists, Flaubert sought to bury his own personality by striving for the goal of art in itself, and he devoted his entire life to the quest for its secrets. His ferocious will to be in his works <like God>, everywhere and nowhere, explains the nerve-wracking effort that went into each of his novels, in which nothing is left to the free flow of inspiration, nothing is asserted without being verified, nothing is described that has not been seen.” “This explains the multiple versions that are periodically uncovered of almost every one of his works, with the sole exception of Madame Bovary (1857), which led to his being tried for offending public decency.”

In 1857 he traveled to Tunisia to collect material for a historical novel set in Carthage after the First Punic War. Salammbô (1862), abundantly documented, is so rich in sadistic scenes, including one of a mass child-sacrifice, that it horrified some contemporary readers.”

In 1874 he published La tentation de saint Antoine, a prose poem of great power and imagination. His last work, Bouvard et Pécuchet (issued posthumously in 1881), is an unfinished study in male bonding.”

Sodomy is a subject of conversation at table. You can deny it at times, but everyone starts ribbing you and you end up spilling the beans. Traveling for our own information and entrusted with a mission by the government, we regarded it as our duty to abandon ourselves to this manner of ejaculation. The occasion has not yet presented itself, but we are looking for one. The Turkish baths are where it is practiced. One rents the bath for 5 fr., including the masseurs, pipe, coffee, and linen, and takes one’s urchin into one of the rooms. – You should know that all the bath attendants are bardaches [homossexuais passivos].”

FOUCAULT

at the end of his life he surprised the world with 2 successor volumes with a different subject matter: the management of sexuality in ancient Greece and Rome. While completing these books he was already gravely ill, a fact that may account for their turgid, sometimes repetitive presentation. In June 1984 Michel Foucault died in Paris of complications resulting from AIDS.”

O CONTINENTE SE ESMIGALHA: “Discontent with the systems of Marx and Freud and their contentious followers had nonetheless left an appetite for new <mega-theories>, which the Anglo-Saxon pragmatic tradition was unable to satisfy.”

This concept of discontinuity was all the more welcome as the ground had been prepared by an influential American philosopher of science, Thomas Kuhn, whose concept of radical shifts in paradigm had been widely adopted. In vain did Foucault protest toward the end of his life that he was not the philosopher of discontinuity; he is now generally taken to be such.”

Not since Jean-Paul Sartre had France given the world a thinker of such resonance. Yet Foucault’s work shows a number of key weaknesses. Not gifted with the patience for accumulating detail that since Aristotle has been taken to be a hallmark of the historian’s craft, he often spun elaborate theories from scanty empirical evidence. He also showed a predilection for scatter-gun concepts such as episteme, discourse, difference, and power; in seeking to explain much, these talismans make for fuzziness. Foucauldian language has had a seductive appeal for his followers, but repetition dulls the magic and banalization looms.”

FOURIER

French Utopian philosopher and sexual radical. Fourier spent much of his life in Lyon, trapped in a business world which he hated with a passion. Disillusioned in childhood by the dishonesty and hypocrisy of the people around him, he gradually formulated an elaborate theory of how totally to transform society in a Utopian world of the future known as Harmony, in which mankind would live in large communes called Phalansteries.

Fourier hid his sexual beliefs from his contemporaries, and it was more than a century after his death before his main erotic work, Le nouveau monde amoureux, was first published. (…) Fourier did not believe that anyone under 16 had any sexual feelings, nor did he understand the psychology of sadism, pedophilia, or rape, so that his sexual theories are not entirely suitable for modem experimentation. (…) He recognized male homosexuals and lesbians as biological categories long before Krafft-Ebing created the modern concept of immutable sexual <perversions>.” “He wrote some fictional episodes in the vein of William Beckford, one of which describes the seduction of a beautiful youth by an older man.”

FRANCE

French politics and literature have exercised an incalculable influence on other countries, from England to Quebec, from Senegal to Vietnam. Whether justified or not, a reputation for libertine hedonism clings to the country, and especially to its capital, Paris – by far the largest city of northern Europe from the 12th to the 18th centuries (when London surpassed it), making France a barometer of changing sexual mores.”

The heavy-drinking later Merovingians, descendants of the Frankish king Merovech and his grandson Clovis, who conquered all Gaul, were barbarians who indulged their sensual appetites freely. Lack of control allowed considerable sexual license to continue into the more Christianized Carolingian period (late 8th-9th centuries), and probably to increase during the feudal anarchy that followed the Viking invasions of the 9th and 10th, but in the 11th century the church moved to regulate private conduct according to its own strict canons.”

The term sodomia, which appears in the last decades of the 12th century [?], covered bestiality, homosexual practices, and <unnatural> heterosexual relations of all kinds.” “Popes organized the Inquisition against them and invoked the bloody Albigensian Crusade which devastated much of Languedoc, homeland of a sensual culture tinged by Moslem influences from the south. The word bougre itself survives to this day as English bugger, which in Great Britain, apart from legal usage, remains a coarse and virtually obscene expression.”

The guilt of the Templars remains moot to this day; while some may have been involved in homosexual liaisons, the political atmosphere surrounding the investigation and the later controversy made impartial judgment impossible. A persistent fear of sexuality and a pathetic inability to stamp out its proscribed manifestations, even with periodic burning of offenders at the stake and strict regulations within the cloister, plagued medieval society to the end.”

Henri III was celebrated for his mignons, the favorites drawn from the ranks of the petty nobility – handsome, gorgeously attired and adorned adolescents and magnificent swordsmen ready to sacrifice their lives for their sovereign. Although the king had exhibited homosexual tendencies earlier in life, these became more marked after a stay in Venice in 1574. Yet neither he nor the mignons scorned the opposite sex in their pursuit of pleasure, and there is no absolute proof that any of this circle expressed their desires genitally. Yet a whole literature of pamphlets and lampoons by Protestants and by Catholic extremists, both of whom disapproved of the king’s moderate policy, was inspired by the life of the court of Henri III until his assassination in 1589.”

Even the entourage of Cardinal Richelieu included the Abbé Boisrobert, patron of the theatre and the arts, and founder of the French Academy, the summit of French intellectual life. His proclivities were so well known that he was nicknamed <the mayor of Sodom>, while the king who occupied the throne, Louis XIII, was surnamed <the chaste> because of his absolute indifference to the fair sex and to his wife Marie de Medici.”

In his posthumously published novel La religieuse, Denis Diderot indicted convents as hot-houses of lesbianism.”

The Revolution secured the release (though only for a time) of the imprisoned pansexual writer and thinker, the Marquis D.A.F. de Sade, who carried the transgressive strain in the Enlightenment to the ultimate limits of the imagination.”

The novels of Jean Genet, a former professional thief, treated male homosexuality with a pornographic frankness and style rich in imagery unparalleled in world literature. Genet enjoyed the patronage of the dominant intellectual of the time, the heterosexual Jean-Paul Sartre, who also wrote about homosexuality in other contexts.”

Innovations such as a computerized gay bulletin board – the Minitel – reached France, but also the tragic incursion of AIDS (in French, SIDA), spread in no small part from Haiti and the United States.”

FREE-MASONRY

The fraternal order of Free and Accepted Masons is a male secret society having adherents throughout the world. The order is claimed to have arisen from the English and Scottish fraternities of stone-masons and cathedral builders in the late Middle Ages. The formation of a grand lodge in London in 1717 marked the beginning of the spread of free-masonry on the continent as far east as Poland and Russia. From its obscure origins free-masonry gradually evolved into a political and benevolent society that vigorously promoted the ideology of the Enlightenment, and thus came into sharp and lasting antagonism with the defenders of the Old Régime.”

The slogan Liberty, Equality, Fraternity immortalized by the French Revolution is said to have begun in the lodges of the Martinist affiliate.”

FREUDIAN CONCEPTS

Five aspects of Freud’s psychoanalytic work are relevant to homosexuality, though by no means have all of them been fully appreciated in the discussion of the legal and social aspects of the subject. These include: (1) the psychology of sex; (2) the etiology of paranoia; (3) psychoanalytic anthropology; (4) the psychology of religion; and (5) the origins of Judaism and Christianity. In regard to the last two the psychoanalytic profession in the United States has notably shied away from the implications of the founder’s ideas, in no small part because of its accommodation to the norms of American culture, including popular Protestant religiosity.”

Freud pointed out that the pederast is attracted only to the male youth who has not yet lost his androgynous quality, so that it is the blend of masculine and feminine traits in the boy that arouses and attracts the adult male” “with a narcissistic starting point they seek youthful sexual partners resembling themselves, whom they then love as the mother loved them. He also determined that alleged inverts were not indifferent to female stimuli, but transferred their arousal to male objects.”

Recent investigations have sought to confirm this insight for paranoia in male subjects only, and in all likelihood it is related not just to the phenomenon of homosexual panic but to the generally higher level of societal anxiety and legal intolerance in regard to male as opposed to female homosexuality. This would also explain why lesbianism is invisible to the unconscious: the collective male psyche experiences no threat from female homosexuality.”

The outcome of Freud’s explorations in this direction [anthropology] was Totem and Taboo (1913), which despite the break with his Swiss colleague in that year is the most Jungian of all his works.” “While Hellenic civilization could distinguish between father-son and erastes-eromenos relationships, Biblical Judaism could not, and expanded its earlier prohibition of homosexual acts with a father or uncle to a generalized taboo. It is perhaps pertinent that pedophilia (sex with pre-pubertal children), as distinct from pederasty, usually involves members of the same family, not total strangers. Also, extending this mode of thinking, the fascination which some homosexual men have for partners of other races may be owing to the unconscious guilt that still adheres to a sexual relationship with anyone who could be even remotely related to them, which is to say a member of the same ethnic or racial group.” “Totemism and exogamy are the two halves of the familiar Oedipus complex, the attraction to the mother and the death wishes against the rival father.” “Freud then appealed to Robertson Smith’s writings on sacrifice and sacrificial feasts in which the totem is ceremonially slain and eaten, thus reenacting the original deed. The rite is followed by mourning and then by triumphant rejoicing and wild excesses –, the events serve to perpetuate the community and its identity with the ancestor. After thousands of years of religious evolution the totem became a god, and the complicated story of the various religions begins. This work of Freud’s has been condemned by anthropologists and other specialists, yet it may throw considerable light on aspects of Judeo-Christian myth and legend that cluster around the rivalry of the father and his adolescent son – in which the homosexual aggressor is, ostensibly, seeking to destroy the masculinity of his rival by <using him as a woman>.

Obsessional neurosis is a pathological counterpart of religion, while religion may be styled a collective obsessional neurosis.”

From the secondary sources that he had read, Freud surmised that the lawgiver Moses was an Egyptian who had opted for exile after religious counter-revolution had undone the reforms of the first monotheist, Akhenaten. His Egyptian retinue became the Levites, the elite of the new religious community which received its law code, not from him, but from the Midianite priest of a volcanic deity, Jahweh, at the shrine of Kadesh Barnea. This last site, amusingly enough, presumably took its name from the bevy of male and female cult prostitutes who ministered at its shrine. The Biblical Moses is a fusion of the two historic figures.

Freud also, on the basis of a book published by the German Semiticist Ernst Sellin, posited the death of Moses in an uprising caused by his autocratic rule and apodictic pronouncements. The whole notion was based upon a reinterpretation of some passages in the book of Hosea, which because of its early and poetic character, not to speak of the problems of textual transmission, poses enormous difficulties even for the expert.” “Judaism is a religion of the father, Christianity a religion of the son, whose death on the cross and the institution of the eucharist are the last stage in the evolution that began with the slaying and eating of the totem animal by the primal horde.”

The particular emphasis with which Freud contradicted Magnus Hirschfeld’s notion that homosexuals were a biological third sex led – together with a tendency (not confined to psychoanalysis) to deny the constitutional bases of behavior – to the assertion that homosexuality was purely the result of <fixation> in an infantile stage of sexual development provoked by the action or inaction of the parents. (…) Thus in the popular mind the belief that homosexuality is somehow a failure of psychological development has its underpinning in the Freudian concepts.”

his legacy has quietly worked in favor of toleration”

FRIENDSHIP, FEMALE ROMANTIC

When Sarah’s family discovered that she had run off with a woman instead of a man, they were relieved – her reputation would not suffer any irreparable harm (as it would have had her accomplice been male). Her relative Mrs. Tighe observed, <Sarah’s conduct, though it has an appearance of imprudence, is I am sure void of serious impropriety. There were no gentlemen concerned, nor does it appear to be anything more than a scheme of Romantic Friendship.> The English, during the second half of the 18th century, prized sensibility, faithfulness, and devotion in a woman, but forbade her significant contact with the opposite sex before she was betrothed. It was reasoned, apparently, that young women could practice these sentiments on each other so that when they were ready for marriage they would have perfected themselves in those areas. It is doubtful that women viewed their own romantic friendships in such a way, but – if we can place any credence in 18th century English fiction as a true reflection of that society – men did. Because romantic friendship between women served men’s self-interest in their view, it was permitted and even socially encouraged. The attitude of Charlotte Lennox’s hero in Euphemia (1790) is typical. Maria Harley’s uncle chides her for her great love for Euphemia and her obstinate grief when Euphemia leaves for America, and he points out that her fiancé <has reason to be jealous of a friendship that leaves him but second place in Maria’s affection>; but the fiancé responds, <Miss Harley’s sensibility on this occasion is the foundation of all my hopes. From a heart so capable of a sincere attachment, the man who is so happy as to be her choice may expect all the refinements of a delicate passion, with all the permanence of a generous friendship.>

The most complete fictional blueprint for conducting a romantic friendship is Sarah Scott’s A Description of Millennium Hall (1762), a novel which went through four editions by 1778.”

Mrs. Delany’s description of her own first love (in The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany, ed. Sara L. Woolsey) is typical of what numerous autobiographies, diaries, letters, and novels of the period contained. As a young woman, she formed a passionate attachment to a clergyman’s daughter, whom she admired for her <uncommon genius … intrepid spirit … extraordinary understanding, lively imagination, and humane disposition.> They shared <secret talk> and <whispers> together –, they wrote to one another every day, and met in the fields between their fathers’ houses at every opportunity. <We thought that day tedious,> Mrs. Delany wrote years later, <that we did not meet, and had many stolen interviews>. Typical of many youthful romantic friendships, it did not last long (at the age of 17, Mrs. Delany was given in marriage to an old man), but it provided fuel for the imagination which idealized the possibilities of what such a relationship might be like without the impingement of cold marital reality. Because of such girlhood intimacies (which were often cut off in an untimely manner), most women would have understood when those attachments were compared with heterosexual love by the female characters in 18th century novels, and were considered, as Lucy says in William Hayley’s The Young Widow, <infinitely more valuable>. They would have had their own frame of reference when in those novels, women adopted the David and Jonathan story for themselves and swore that they felt for each other (again as Lucy says) <a love passing the Love of Men>, or proclaimed as does Anne Hughes, the author of Henry and Isabella (1788), that such friendships are <more sweet, interesting, and to complete all, lasting, than any other which we can ever hope to possess; and were a just account of anxiety and satisfaction to be made out, would, it is possible, in the eye of rational estimation, far exceed the so-much boasted pleasure of love.>

Saint Mery, who recorded his observations of his 1793-1798 journey, was shocked by the <unlimited liberty> which American young ladies seemed to enjoy, and by their ostensible lack of passion toward men. The combination of their independence, heterosexual passionlessness, and intimacy with each other could have meant only one thing to a Frenchman

in the 1790s: that <they are not at all strangers to being willing to seek unnatural pleasures with persons of their own sex>. It is as doubtful that great masses of middle and upper-class young ladies gave themselves up to homosexuality as it is that they gave themselves up to heterosexual intercourse before marriage. But the fiction of the period corroborates that St. Mery saw American women behaving openly as though they were in love with each other. Charles Brockden Brown’s Ormand, for example, suggests that American romantic friends were very much like their English counterparts.”

But love between women, at least as it was lived in women’s fantasies, was far more consuming than the likes of Casanova could believe. Women dreamed not of erotic escapades but of a blissful life together. In such a life a woman would have choices; she would be in command of her own destiny; she would be an adult relating to another adult in a way that a heterosexual relationship with a virtual stranger (often an old or at least a much older man), arranged by a parent for consideration totally divorced from affection, would not allow her to be. Samuel Richardson permitted Miss Howe to express the yearnings of many a frustrated romantic friend when she remarked to Clarissa, <How charmingly might you and I live together and despise them all>.”

FRIENDSHIP, MALE

For Plato, friendship is rather part of the philosopher’s quest: a link between the world of the senses in which we live and the eternal world.”

How could the masculinity of a youth be preserved in a homosexual relationship with an older man? That was the kernel of the problem for the Greeks. For the Romans it was the perennial anxiety that a free citizen might take a passive role in a sexual relationship with a slave. Homosexuality in itself was not the problem for either: it was in the forms that homosexuality might take that the difficulty lay.”

Homosexuality and friendship: they may well appear at first as two discrete histories, one of society and the other of sexuality. But if one tries to follow their subterranean currents in the Europe of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, one will end by finding oneself drawn into writing about something larger. One will find oneself writing about power and the power not only of judges but of words.”

Marriage itself was redefined, with implicit consequences for friendship. A society that had observed the tradition of arranged marriages between unequal partners was confronted with a need for change. Under the influence of the middle-class ideology of the 18th century, society now accepted the principle of a marriage founded upon the affinity of equals, upon love rather than family interest. In this sense husband and wife could now be friends, and friendship was no longer invested with an exclusively homo-social character. The decisive shift in this direction occurred in England, where the Industrial Revolution and the ideology of classical liberalism went hand in hand.”

So Romanticism revived the classical model of friendship for which Hellenic antecedents could always be held up as an ideal by such homosexual admirers of antiquity as Johann Joachim Winckelmann, a thinker who in Goethe’s words <felt himself born for a friendship of this kind> and <became conscious of his true self only under this form of friendship>.”

While Ernst Röhm could boast, late in 1933, that the homoerotic component in the SA and SS had given the Nazis the crucial edge in their struggle against the Weimar system, homophobic writers could call for the suppression of all forms of overt male homosexuality and the enactment of even more punitive laws – which were in fact adopted in 1935.”

Certain women feel more comfortable in their dealings with gay men, just because they know that they do not have to be constantly on guard against sexual aggression, but can have close relationships, both social and professional, that attain high levels of creativity and imagination.”

The use of friend or friendship as an euphemism for the homosexual partner (lover) and the liaison itself persists. Recently the compilers of newspaper obituary columns have taken to describing the lifelong companion of a deceased homosexual as <his friend>, in contexts where a heterosexual would be survived by the spouse and children.” Haha

Edward Carpenter, Ioläus: An Anthology of Friendship (1902)

GAMES, GAY

Anyone was allowed to compete regardless of race, sex, age, nationality, sexual orientation, religion, or athletic ability. In keeping with the Masters Movement in sports, athletes competed with others in their own age group. The track and field and swimming events were officially sanctioned by their respective national masters programs. Athletes participated, not as representatives of their respective countries, but as individuals on behalf of cities and towns. There were no minimum qualifying standards in any events.”

The organizers of the Gay Games have experienced considerable legal difficulties. Before the 1982 Gay Games, the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) filed a court action against the organizers of the Gay Games, which were going to be called the Gay Olympic Games. In 1978, the United States Congress passed the Amateur Sports Act which, among other things, granted the USOC exclusive use of the word Olympic. Although the USOC had allowed the Rat Olympics, Police Olympics, and Dog Olympics, it took exception to the term Gay Olympic Games. Two years later, the USOC continued its harassment of the Gay Games and filed suit to recover legal fees in the amount of $96,600.”

GAY

The word gay (though not its 3 later slang meanings) stems from the Old Provençal gai, <high spirited, mirthful>. A derivation of this term in turn from the Old High German gahi, <impetuous> (cf. modem German jah, <sudden>), though attractive at first sight, seems unlikely. Gai was a favorite expression among the troubadours, who came to speak of their intricate art of poetry as gai saber, <gay knowledge>. Despite assertions to the contrary, none of these uses reveals any particular sexual content. In so far as the word gay or gai has acquired a sexual meaning in Romance languages, as it has very recently, this connotation is entirely owing to the influence of the American homosexual liberation movement as a component of the American popular culture that has swamped the non-Communist world.

Beginning in the 17th century, the English word gay began to connote the conduct of a playboy or dashing man about town, whose behavior was not always strictly moral but not totally depraved either; hence the popularity of such expressions as <gay lothario>, <gay deceiver>, and <gay blade>. Applied to women in the 19th century (or perhaps somewhat before), it came to mean <of loose morals; a prostitute>: <As soon as a woman has ostensibly lost her reputation we, with grim inappositeness, call her gay> (Sunday Times, London, 1868).”

The expansion of the term to mean homosexual man constitutes a tertiary stage of modification, the sequence being lothario, then female prostitute, then homosexual man.”

The word (and its equivalents in other European languages) is attested in the sense of <belonging to the demimonde> or <given to illicit sexual pleasures>, even specifically to prostitution, but nowhere with the special homosexual sense that is reinforced by the antonym straight, which in the sense of heterosexual was known exclusively in the gay subculture until quite recently.”

Although it has not been found in print before 1933 (when it appears in Noel Ersine’s Dictionary of Underworld Slang as gay cat, <a homosexual boy>), it is safe to assume that the usage must have been circulating orally in the United States for a decade or more. (As Jack London explains in The Road of 1907, gay cat originally meant – or so he thought – an apprentice hobo, without reference to sexual orientation.) In 1955 the English journalist Peter Wildblood defined gay as <an American euphemism for homosexual>, at the same time conceding that it had made inroads in Britain. Grammatically, the word is an adjective, and there has been some resistance to the use of gay, gays as nouns, but this opposition seems to be fading.”

Many lesbian organizations now reject the term gay, restricting it to men, hence the spread of such binary phrases as <gay and lesbian> and <lesbian and gay people>.”

GAY STUDIES

Karl Heinrich Ulrichs (1825-1895), whose Forschungen zur mannmännhchen Liebe (Researches on Love between Males), published from 1864 to 1870, ranged in an encyclopedic manner over the history, literature, and ethnography of past and present.”

In England John Addington Symonds may be considered the first gay scholar, since he composed two privately printed works, A Problem in Greek Ethics and A Problem in Modern Ethics, the latter of which introduced to the English-speaking world the recent findings of continental psychiatrists and the new vision of Ulrichs and Walt Whitman. Symonds was also a major contributor to the first edition of Havelock Ellis’ Sexual Inversion (German 1896, English 1897). At the same time the American university president Andrew Dickson White quietly inserted into his 2-volume History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896) a comprehensive analysis and demolition of the Sodom legend. In the same year Marc-André Raffalovich published his Uranisme et unisexualité (Uranism and unisexuality), with copious bibliographical and literary material, some from German authors of the 19th century, which he supplemented at intervals in a series of articles in the Archives d’anthropologie criminelle down to World War I.”

psychoanalytic biographies of famous homosexuals, a genre initiated by Freud’s philologically rather weak Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci (A Childhood Reminiscence of Leonardo da Vinci; 1910).”

The interest of geneticists in twin studies led to some papers on the sexual orientation of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, a field pioneered by Franz Kallmann. While certain issues continue to be disputed, the study of monozygotic twin pairs has revealed concordances as marked as those for intelligence and other character traits, albeit with a complexity in the developmental aspect of the personality that earlier thinkers had not fully appreciated.”

black studies and women’s studies are by their very nature interdisciplinary. In 1976, for example, ONE Institute, the independent Los Angeles homophile education foundation, articulated the subject in the following fields: anthropology, history, psychology, sociology, education, medicine and biology, psychiatry, law and its enforcement, military, religion and ethics, biography and autobiography, literature and the arts, the homophile movement, and transvestism and transsexualism (An Annotated Bibliography of Homosexuality, New York, 1976).”

In anthropology there is a continuing temptation to ethno-romanticism, that is over-idealizing the exotic culture one is studying, viewing it as natural, non-repressive, organic, and so forth.”

GENET, JEAN

The homosexuality of Genet’s characters is explicit, and the scenes of love-making attain the limit of physical and psychological detail, recounted in the argot of the French criminal underworld (which largely defies English translation) and in a style once possible only in pornographic novels sold <under the counter>. If the homosexuality of the heroes of Genet’s novels has a strong sado-masochistic component, their love is depicted with honesty and tenderness. The plot construction borders on free association, while the sordid and brutal aspects of male love are not suppressed or denied.” “Since French writing shapes literary trends throughout the world, the influence of Genet on future depictions of homosexual experience is likely to mount.”

GERMANY

In the Passion of Saint Pelagius composed in Latin by Roswitha (Hrotswith) of Gandersheim, there is the story of the son of the king of Galicia in Spain who, captured by the Moslem invaders, was approached by Abderrahman with offers of the highest honors if he would submit to his pederastic advances but violently refused – at the cost of his life. The Latin poem on Lantfrid and Cobbo relates the love of two men, one homosexual, the other bisexual. A High German version of Solomon and Mololf composed about 1190 makes an allusion to sodomy, while the Eneid of Heinrich von Veldeke has the mother of Lavinia, the daughter of King Latinus of Italy accuse Aeneas of being a notorious sodomite to dissuade her from marrying him. Moriz von Craun, a verse narrative of ca. 1200, makes the emperor Nero the archetype of the mad sodomite, who even wishes to give birth to a child. In his rhymed Flauenbuch (1257), Ulrich von Lichtenstein presents a debate between a knight and a lady, in which the latter accuses men of preferring hunting, drinking, and boy-love to the service of women. About the same time the Austrian poet Der Strieker used references to Sodom and Gomorrah in his negative condemnation.”

Prussia was the first German state that in 1794 abolished the death penalty for sodomy and replaced it with imprisonment and flogging. After 1810 many states (including Bavaria, Württemberg, and Hannover) followed the model of the Code Napoleon in France and introduced complete impunity for homosexual acts, a policy reversed in 1871 in favor of the anti-homosexual Paragraph 175 of the uniform Imperial Penal Code.”

In German poetry, however, the homosexual theme was rare before the 19th century. Friendship between men is, to be sure, a frequent subject of poetry (especially in Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock, Johann Wilhelm Ludwig Gleim, Wilhelm Heinse, even in Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen and others), but the amicable feelings depicted in them are clearly demarcated from the longing of pederasts and sodomites, and the boundary between friendship and sexuality is seldom if ever crossed (though possibly in F.W.B. von Ramdohr, Venus Urania, 1798, Part 2, pp. 103ff.)”

The flowering of a gay movement in the first third of the 20th century was the outstanding feature that set the homosexuals in Germany apart from those in other countries.”

The campaign for the abolition of Paragraph 175 provoked an enormous literature of books, pamphlets, and articles pro and con, so extensive that by 1914 the criminologist Hans Gross could write that everything that anyone could ever have to say on the subject had by then appeared in print. There was also a profusion of gay and lesbian poetry, short stories, and novels. Such mainstream authors as Hans Henny Jahnn, Klaus Mann, Thomas Mann, Anna Elisabet Weihrauch, and Christa Winsloe also discussed the theme. This cultural efflorescence lent substance to the claim of Weimar Germany to be a land of cultural innovation, though to be sure the Republic had its dark side as well.”

If until then Germany was probably unique and unparalleled in the world in terms of governmental liberalism and of opportunities for homosexual life, then the same was true in reverse for the Nazi era from 1933 to 1945: at least 10,000 homosexual men, stigmatized with the pink triangle, were confined in German concentration camps under the Holocaust during those 12 years, and many of them were killed.”

In West Germany after about 1948 conditions returned to what they had been before 1933. Although the Nazi version of Paragraph 175 remained on the books, homosexual organizations, bars, and gay magazines were tolerated in many West German cities and in West Berlin. In East Germany, to be sure, only the milder pre-1933 version of paragraph 175 was in force, but homosexual life was subject to restrictions on the part of the state and the police, so that gay men and lesbians had scarcely any opportunity to organize and express their views freely.”

Richard Plant, The Pink Triangle, New York: Henry Holt, 1986.

GIDE, ANDRÉ

In 1891 Gide met Oscar Wilde, the flamboyant aesthete, who set about ridding him of his inhibitions – with seductive grace. Gide’s first really striking work of moral <subversion> was Les Nourritures terrestres (The Fruits of the Earth, 1897), a set of lyrical exhortations to a fictional youth, Nathanaël, who is urged to free himself of the Christian sense of sin and cultivate the life of the senses with sincerity and independence. During the political turmoil of the 1930s Gide returned to the same themes and stylistic manners in Les nouvelles nourritures (1935).”

In 1895 he married his cousin, Madeleine Rondeaux, and suffered an acute conflict between her strict Christian values and his own yearning for self-liberation, together with his awakening homosexual drives. The never-ending battle within himself between the puritan and the pagan, the Biblical and the Nietzschean, caused his intellect to oscillate between two poles that are reflected in his succeeding books. In Les Caves du Vatican (The Vatican Cellars, 1914), the hero, Lafcadio, <lives dangerously> according to the Gidean formula and commits a seemingly senseless murder as a psychologically liberating <gratuitous act>. A further series of short novels have an ironic structure dominated by the viewpoint of a single character, while his major novel, Les Fauxmonnayeurs (The Counterfeiters, 1926) has a Chinese-box like structure meant to reflect the disorder and complexity of real life.”

Limited in scope as they were, Gide’s four dialogues constituted a remarkable achievement for their time by blending personal experience, the French literary mode of detached presentation of abnormal behavior, the traditional appeal to ancient Greece, and the then quite young science of ethology – the comparative study of the behavior of species lower on the evolutionary scale.”

Gide, Retour de l’U.R.S.S. (Back from the USSR, 1936)

GILGAMESH

This Mesopotamian figure ranks as the first tragic hero in world literature. The Epic of Gilgamesh has survived in Sumerian, Akkadian, and Hittite versions that go back to the 3rd millennium before our era. Lost from sight until the decipherment of the cuneiform script retrieved the literatures of early Mesopotamia, the epic is a blend of pure adventure, morality, and tragedy. Only the final version, that of Assurbanipal’s library in Nineveh, has survived in virtually complete form, but all the episodes in the cycle existed as separate poems in Sumerian. The setting of the story is the 3rd millennium, and the original language was Sumerian, the Paleoeurasian speech of the first literate civilization of Mesopotamia, which continued like Latin to be copied as a dead language of past culture even after it was displaced by the Eastern Semitic Akkadian.”

Gilgamesh is announced at the outset as a hero: two-thirds god and one-third man, endowed by the gods with strength, with beauty, with wisdom. His sexual demands upon the people of Uruk are insatiable: <No son is left with his father, for Gilgamesh takes them all . . . His lust leaves no virgin to her lover, neither the warrior’s daughter nor the wife of the noble.> In reply to their complaints Aruru, the goddess of creation, forms Enkidu out of clay. <His body was rough, he had long hair like a woman’s. He was innocent of mankind; he knew not the cultivated land.> To tame the wild man a harlot offers her services, <she made herself naked and welcomed his eagerness, she incited the savage to love and taught him the woman’s art.> At the conclusion, the transforming power of eros has humanized him; the wild animals flee from him, sensing that as a civilized man he is no longer one of them. The metamorphosis from the subhuman and savage to his new self proves strikingly how love is the force behind civilization.”

Gilgamesh has two dreams with symbolism which presages the homoerotic relationship which the gods have planned for him and the challenger Enkidu. In the Akkadian text there are puns on the words lusru, <ball (of fire), meteorite>, andiezru, <male with curled hair>, the counterpart of the harlot, and on hassinu, <axe>, and assinu, <male prostitute>. Gilgamesh’s superior energy and wisdom set him apart from others and make him lonely; he needs a male companion who can be his intimate and his equal at the same time, while their male bond stimulates and inspires them to action. After a wrestling match between Enkidu and Gilgamesh in which the latter triumphs, the two become comrades. Their erotic drive is not lost, but rather transformed and directed to higher objects; it leads to a homoerotic relationship that entails the rejection of Ishtar, the goddess of love. A liaison of this kind is not contingent on the physical beauty of the lover, it endures until death. Gilgamesh himself abandons his earlier oppressive conduct toward Uruk and comes to behave like a virtuous ruler who pursues the noble goals of fame and immortality through great deeds. But a dream warns Gilgamesh: <The father of the gods has given you kingship (but) everlasting life is not your destiny … Do not abuse this power, deal justly with your servants in the palace.>

To obtain the secret of everlasting life he journeys far across the sea to Utnapishtim, who tells him the Babylonian version of the story of the Deluge. On his return he carries with him a flower that has the power of conferring eternal youth, but loses it to a serpent lying beside a pool and so reaches Uruk empty-handed, yet still able to engrave the tale of his journey in stone. Gilgamesh has been transformed by a love that makes him seek not the pleasures of the moment, but virtue, wisdom, and immortality, hence the motif of the epic is that male bonding is a positive ingredient of civilization itself.

George F. Held, “Parallels between The Gilgamesh Epic and Plato’s Symposium”, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 42 (1983) (artigo)

GOETHE

BIOGRAFIAS PARTE II & III: “Settling at Weimar under the patronage of the ducal heir and elected to the Privy Council, he became leader in that intellectual center, associating with Wieland, Herder, and later Schiller. His visit to Italy recorded in Italienische Reise and probably involving pederastic adventures inspired him anew as did his intimate friendship with Schiller. Even after he married in 1806 he continued his frequent love affairs with women. His autobiographical Wilhelm Meister, a Bildungsroman or novel of character formation [probably boring…], and the second part of Faust (in 1832), exalted his reputation further, although he was already first in German literature. The non-exhaustive Weimar edition of his works extends to over 130 volumes.

Knaben hebt ich wohl auch, doch

lieber sind mir die Mädchen,

Hab ich als Mädchen sie sätt, dient

sie als Knabe mir noch.

If I have had enough of one as a girl, she still serves me as a boy.”

In the play Egmont (1788) the hero’s enemy Alba is embarrassed by his son’s intense emotional bonding with Egmont. The figure of Mignon, the waif girl in Wilhelm Meister, could be androgynous. In his Travels in Switzerland [DV] he waxed rapturous over the sight of a nude comrade bathing in the lake, and in the West Eastern Divan (1819, enlarged edition, 1827), he used the pretext of being inspired by Persian poetry to allude to the <pure> love which a handsome cupbearer evokes from his master (sec. 9).”

GREECE, ANCIENT

Paiderasteia, or the love of an adult male for an adolescent boy, was invested with a particular aura of idealism and integrated firmly into the social fabric. The erastes or lover was a free male citizen, often a member of the upper social strata, and the eromenos or beloved was a youth between 12 and 17, occasionally somewhat older. Pedophilia, in the sense of erotic interest in young children, was unknown to the Greeks and the practice never approved by them. An interesting question, however, is what was the average age of puberty for ancient Greek boys? For some men (the philobupais type), the boy remained attractive after the growth of the first beard, for most he was not – exactly as with the modern pederast.”

It formed part of the process of initiation of the adolescent into the society of adult males, of his apprenticeship in the arts of the hunter and warrior. The attachment of the lover to his boy eroticized the process of learning, making it less arduous and more pleasurable, while reinforcing the bond between the mentor and his pupil.”

a biological universal – the physical beauty and grace of the adolescent that invest him with an androgynous quality soon lost when he reaches adulthood.”

The achievements of their own history necessarily rested upon the legacy of 3,000 years of cultural evolution in the Semitic and Hamitic nations. In technology and material culture they – and their successor peoples – never went far beyond the accomplishments of the non-Indo-European civilizations of the East. It was in the realm of theory and philosophy that the Greeks innovated – and created a new model of the state and society, a new conception of truth and justice that were the foundations of Western civilization.”

Sir Francis Galton calculated in the late 19th century that in the space of 200 years the population of Athens – a mere 45,000 adult male citizens [número controverso] – had produced 14 of the 100 greatest men of all time. This legacy – the <Greek miracle> – owed no small part of its splendor to the pederastic ethos that underlay its educational system and its civic ideal.”

Marriage and fatherhood were part of the life cycle of duties for which the initiation and training prepared the eromenos. Needless to say, family life did not hinder a male from pursuing boys or frequenting the geisha-like hetairai. Down to the 4th century BC, however, the really intense and reciprocal passion that the modern world calls romantic love was reserved for relationships between males. Only in the Hellenistic period (after 323 BC) was the additional possibility of love between man and wife recognized.”

A INSÂNIA E O RANCOR DO MESTRE: “The misinterpretations have been reinforced by the strictures of the elderly Plato in the Laws, where an element of resentment toward the young and of embitterment at his own failures and disappointments as a teacher seems to have been at work. This text, however it may anticipate later judeo-Christian attitudes and practices, was never typical of Greek thought on the subject. The evidence of the classical authors shows that as late as the early 3rd century of our era the Greeks accepted pederasty non-chalantly as part of the sexual order, without condemnation or apprehension.”

The Greeks knew nothing of the Book of Leviticus, cared nothing for the injunctions it contained, and scarcely even heard of the religious community for which it was meant down to the beginning of the Hellenistic era, when Judea was incorporated into the empire of Alexander the Great. On the other hand, there is evidence that in the Zoroastrian religion pederasty was ascribed to a demonic inventor and regarded as an inexpiable sin, as a vice of the Georgians, the Caucasian neighbors of the Persians – just as the Israelites identified homosexual practices with the religion of the heathen Canaanites whose land they coveted and invaded. However, the antagonism between the Greeks and the Persians precluded any adoption of the beliefs and customs of the <evil empire> – against which they won their legendary victories. The Greek spirit – of which pederasty was a vital component – stood guard over the cradle of Western civilization against the encroachments of Persian despotism. Only on the eastern periphery of the Hellenic world – where Greeks lived as subject peoples under Persian rule – could the Zoroastrian beliefs gain a foothold.

Oral-genital sexuality seems not to have been popular, but this was probably for hygienic reasons specific to the ancient world.”

The career of Sappho suggests that lesbian relations in ancient Greece took the same pattern, that is to say, they were corophile – between adult women and adolescent girls who were receiving their own initiation into the arts of womanhood. But the paucity of evidence makes it difficult to assay the incidence of the phenomenon, especially as Greek sexual mores were entirely androcentric – everything was seen from the standpoint of the adult male and free citizen. The subordinate status of women and children was taken for granted, and the effeminate man was the object of ridicule if not contempt, as can be seen in the plays of Aristophanes and his older contemporary Cratinus.”

It is true that the more abstract thinking of the Greeks ultimately recognized the parallel between male and female homosexuality, beginning with a passage in Plato’s Laws (636bc) in which both are stigmatized as <against nature> – a concept which the Semitic mind, incidentally, lacked until it was adopted from the Greek authors translated in the Middle Ages.”

Toward the end of the 2nd millennium the Mycenean era closed with a series of disasters, both natural catastrophes and wars – of which the Trojan war sung by Homer was an episode. During this period the Dorians invaded Greece, blending with the older stocks. One landmark paper on Greek pederasty, Erich Bethe’s article of 1907, ascribed pederasty to the military culture of the Dorian conquerors, an innovation ostensibly reflected in the greater prominence of the institution among the Dorian city-states of history.”

The sexual lives of the Greeks were free of ritualistic taboos, but enacted in a context of comrade simplified in the devotion of Achilles and Patroclus, which foreshadowed the pederastic ideal of the Golden Age. The lyric poetry composed in the dawn of Greek literature was rich in allusions to male love, between gods and between mortals.”

In a mere 4 centuries Greek civilization had matured into a force that intellectually and militarily dominated the world – and laid the foundations not just for Western culture, but for the entire global meta-system of today. What followed was the Hellenistic era, in which Greek thought confronted the traditions of the peoples of the east with whom the colonists in the new cities founded in Egypt and Syria mingled. The emergence of huge bureaucratic monarchies effectively crushed the independence of the city-states, eroding the base of the pederastic institution with its emphasis on civic initiative. The outcome of this period, once Rome had begun its eastward expansion, was Roman civilization as a derivative culture that blended Greek and indigenous elements. Even under Roman rule the position of the Greek language was maintained, and the literary heritage of previous centuries was codified in the form in which, by and large, it has been transmitted to modern scholars and admirers.”

For nearly 200 years scholars have argued the Homeric question: Did one, two, or many authors create the two great epic poems known as the Illiad and the Odyssey? What were the sources and techniques of composition of the author (or authors)? The current consensus favors a single author utilizing a traditional stock of legends and myths – the final redaction may have taken place as late as 640 BC. A second question arises in connection with these epic poems: Did they recognize homoerotic passion as a theme, or was this an accretion of later times?” “Homer may not have judged the details of their intimacy suitable for epic recitation, but he was not oblivious to a form of affection common to all the warrior societies of the Eastern Mediterranean in antiquity. The peculiar resonance of the Achilles-Patroclus bond probably is rooted in far older Near Eastern epic traditions, such as the liaison between Gilgamesh and Enkidu in the Mesopotamian texts.

PLATÃO CHATEADÍSSIMO: “The famous Athenian lawgiver Solon was also a poet, and in two surviving fragments (13 and 14) he speaks of pederasty as absolutely normal.”

Despite the mutilated and fragmentary state in which Sappho’s poetry has been transmitted, she was hailed in antiquity as the <tenth Muse>, and her poetry remains one of the high points of lyric intensity in world literature. In the 19th century philologists tried to reconcile her with the Judeo-Christian tradition by dismissing the lesbian interpretation of her poems as libelous, and misinterpreting or misusing bits of biographical data to make her nothing but the strait-laced mistress of a girls’ finishing school.”

Anacreon of Teos [Ceos?], who flourished in the mid-6th century, owes his fame to his drinking songs, texts composed for performance at the symposia, which inspired an entire genre of poetry: anacreontic.”

Herodotus, the <Father of History>, used the data that he gathered on his

extensive travels to point up the relativism of moral norms. Among the phenomena that he reported was the Scythian institution of the Enarees, a shift in gender that puzzled the Greeks, who called it the nousos theleia or <feminine disease>, but can now be identified as akin to the shaman and the berdache/bardache of the sub-Arctic and New World cultures. Profiting from the insights of the pre-Socratic thinkers, Herodotus anticipated the findings of modern anthropology in regard to the role of culture in shaping social norms. The consequence of his relativistic standpoint was to discredit absolutist concepts of <revealed> or <natural> morality and to allow for a pluralist approach to sexual ethics.”

Thanks to a surviving oration of Aeschines, the Contra Timarchum of 346 BC, we know of the restrictions that Athenian law placed on the homosexual activity of male citizens: the male who put his body in the power of another by prostituting himself incurred atimia or infamy, the gymnasia anathose who had authority over youth were subject to legal control, and a slave could not be the lover of a free youth. There is no evidence for parallel statutes elsewhere, and certainly no indication that homosexual behavior per se was ever the object of legal prohibition, or more stringently regulated than heterosexual, which had its own juridical norms.”

In the writings of Plato and Xenophon, Socrates basks in a strongly homophile ambiance, as his auditors are exclusively male, even if he was no stranger to heterosexuality and had a wife named Xanthippe who has come down in history as the type of the shrewish wife. His chief disciple, Plato (ca. 429-347 BC), whose thought cannot easily be disentangled from that of his teacher, never married, and left a record of ambivalence toward sexuality and homosexuality in particular that is one of the problematic sides of his thinking. His influence on Western civilization has been incalculable. One of the ironies of history is that the atypical hostility to pederasty in the elderly Plato, probably reflecting both personal resentment and envy and the decline of the institution in the 4th century (while anticipating later <puritan> attitudes), was often received with enthusiasm in later centuries, becoming a Hellenic source of Christian homophobia.“he inculcated the notion of sexual activity as ignoble and demeaning, which was integrated with the absolute <purity> of biblical Judaic ascetic ideal of complete asexuality which was to have fateful consequences for homosexuals in later centuries. A completely negative approach to pederasty emerges in one of his last works, the Laws, the product of the pessimism of old age disappointed by Athenian democracy and the failure of his ambitions at statecraft in Sicily. In the 1st book Plato calls homosexual acts <against nature> (para physin) because they do not lead to procreation, and in the 8th book (836b-839a) he proposes that homosexual activity can be repressed by law and by constant and unrelenting defamation, likening this procedure to the incest taboo. The designation of homosexual acts as <contrary to nature> found its way into the New Testament in a text that intertwined Judaic myth with Hellenic reasoning, Romans 1:18-32. This passage argues that <the wrath of God is revealed from heaven> in the form of the rain of water that drowned the Watchers and their human paramours and the rain of fire that obliterated the homosexual denizens of Sodom and Gomorrah. Later Christian thinkers were to insist that the morality of sexual acts was coterminous with procreation, and that any non-procreative gratification was <contrary to nature>, but this view never held sway in pagan antiquity, so that Plato himself cannot be charged with the tragic aftermath of this belief and the attempt to impose it upon the entire population by penal sanctions and by ostracism. The attempt of modern Christian historians to prove that Plato’s idiosyncratic later attitude corresponded to the mores of Athenian society, or of Greece as a whole, is unfounded.

Plato was succeeded by the almost equally influential Aristotle (384-322 BC), who sought to correct some of the imbalances in his teacher’s work and bring it more in line with experience.” “In the Nicomachean Ethics (1148b) he undertook to differentiate two types of homosexual inclination, one innate or constitutionally determined (<by nature>) and one acquired from having been sexually abused (<by habit>). He stated categorically that no fault attached to behavior that flowed from the nature of the subject (thereby contradicting Plato’s assertion that homosexuality per se was unnatural), while in the second type some moral fault could be imputed. In the 13th century Thomas Aquinas utilized this passage in arguing that sodomy was unnatural in general, but connatural in some human beings; yet in quoting Aristotle he suppressed the mention of homosexual urges as determined <by nature>, so that Christian theology has never been able to accept the claims of gay activists that their behavior had innate causes. At all events, Aristotle can be cited in favor of the belief that in some forms, at least, homosexuality is inborn and unmodifiable.

The successors of Plato and Aristotle, the Stoics, are sometimes regarded as condemnatory of pederasty, but a closer examination of their texts shows that they approved of boy-love and engaged in it, but counseled their followers to practice it in moderation and with ethical concern for the interests of the younger partner [= Epicureans].”

the pseudo-Aristotelian Problemata (IV, 26) claims that the propensity to take the passive role in anal intercourse is caused by an accumulation of semen in the rectum that stimulates activity to relieve the tension.”

pangenesis – the belief that the semen incorporated major parts of the body in microscopic form; yet the belief that the male seed alone determines the formation of the embryo (only in the 19th century was the actual process of fertilization of the ovum observed and analyzed).”

The Hippocratic treatise On Airs, Waters, and Places touched upon the effeminacy of the Scythians, the so-called nasos theleia, which it ascribed to climate – a view that was to recur in later centuries. The Greek adaptation of late Babylonian astrology created the individual horoscope – which included the factors determining sexual characterology. Such authors as Teucer of Babylon and Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria named the planets whose conjunctions foretold that an individual would prefer his or her own sex or would be effeminate or viraginous. Because Greek religion and law did not condemn homosexual behavior, it fell into the category of an idiosyncrasy of temperament which the heavenly bodies had ordained, not of a pathological condition that entitled the bearer to reprieve from the severity of the law. Ptolemy taught, for example, that if the influence of Venus is joined to that of Mercury, the individuals affected <become restrained in their relations with women but more passionate for boys> (Tetrabiblos, III, 13). The astrological texts make it abundantly clear that the ancients were familiar with the whole range of sexual preferences – a knowledge that psychiatry was to recoup only in modern times.”

GREECE, MODERN

The modern Greeks derived their sexual mores, like their music, cuisine, and dress, from their overlords the Turks rather than from ancient Greece. During the long Ottoman domination from the fall of Byzantium in 1453 to 1821 and in Macedonia and Crete until 1911, and in Anatolia and Cyprus even today, the descendants of the Byzantines who did not convert to Islam preserved their language and religion. Orthodox bishops were given wide political authority over their flocks whom they helped the Turks fleece. The black (monastic) clergy were forbidden to marry, and they were often inclined to homosexuality. Greeks, like Armenians, often rose in the hierarchy at the Sublime Porte, sometimes as eunuchs. Also they served as Janissaries in the Ottoman regiments which were taught to revere the Sultan as their father, the regiment as their family, and the barracks as their home. Forbidden to marry, they engaged in sodomy, particularly pederasty, and in such Ottoman vices as opium and bribery. Along with the Armenians, Greeks became the chief merchants of the Empire, especially dominating the relatively backward Balkan provinces where they congregated in the cities and towns as Jews did in the Polish-Lithuanian commonwealth.”

Winckelmann e Byron morreram durante a guerra de independência da Grécia.

GREEK ANTHOLOGY

The Greek Anthology is another name for the Palatine Anthology preserved in a unique manuscript belonging to the Palatine Library in Heidelberg. It was assembled in the 10th century by the Byzantine scholar Constantine Cephalas on the basis of 3 older collections: (1) the Garland of Meleager, edited at the beginning of the 1st century BC; (2) the Garland of Philippus, which probably dates from the reign of Augustus; and (3) the Cycle of Agathias, collected in the reign of Justinian (527-535) and including only contemporary works. But in addition Cephalas incorporated in his anthology the Musa Puerilis or <Boy-love Muse> of Strato of Sardis, who probably flourished under Hadrian (second quarter of the 2nd century). It is probable that the segregation of the poems on boy-love from the rest of the anthology (with the mistaken inclusion of some heterosexual pieces) reflects the Byzantine attitude, quite different from that of the pagan Meleager who indifferently set the two themes side by side. These poems, assembled in the 12th book of the Anthology (with others scattered elsewhere in the collection), are monuments of the passion of an adult male for an adolescent boy (never another adult, as some modern scholars have suggested; XII, 4 is the most explicit testimony on this matter) that was an integral part of Greek civilization. The verses frankly reveal the mores and values of Greek pederasty, exalting the beauty and charm of the beloved youth, sounding the intensity of the lover’s attachment, and no less skillfully describing the physical practices to which these liaisons led, so that it is not surprising that the complete set of these poems was not published until 1764.

HANDBALLING

This sexual practice involves the insertion of one partner’s hand – and sometimes much of the arm – into the rectum of the other. Before attempting such insertion the nails are pared and the hand lubricated. Sometimes alcohol and drags are used by the receptive partner as relaxants. This practice acquired a certain popularity – and notoriety under the name of fistfucking – in a sector of the gay male leather/S&M community in the 1970s. A few lesbians have also reported engaging in it. A medical term, apparently uncommon, has been proposed for handballing: brachiproctic eroticism.

It need scarcely be stressed that handballing is dangerous in all its variations, as puncturing of the rectal lining may lead to infection and even death. Although handballing does not directly expose the passive partner to AIDS or to sexually transmitted diseases, by scratching or scarring the rectal wall it may create tiny portals for the invasion of microbes during a subsequent penetration. With the new emphasis on safe sex in the 1980s, handballing has greatly declined, and it will probably be relegated to history as one of the temporary excesses of the sexual revolution.”

It may be conjectured that the recent resort to the practice is due to medical knowledge of operations in which the anus is dilated, since the ordinary individual scarcely credits that such enlargement is possible or desirable. In a late Iranian version of the binding and riding of the god of darkness Ahriman by the hero Taxmoruw, the demonic figure breaks loose by means of a trick and swallows the hero; by pretending to be interested in anal intercourse the brother of Taxmoruw manages to insert his arm into Ahriman’s anus and retrieve the body from his belly. The brother’s arm – the one that entered the demon’s anus – becomes silvery white and stinking, and the brother has to exile himself voluntarily so that others will not become polluted. The myth is interesting as linking the forbidden sexual activity with stigmatization and outlawry of the perpetrator. There seems to have been no term for handballing in the Greek language, though siphniazein (from the island of Siphnos) has been defined as to <insert a finger in the anus>. This harmless practice has long been known, and it may have served as a kind of modest precedent.”

HELIOGABALUS / ELAGABALUS

O imperador teria vivido apenas 18 anos – como regente, 4!

he reigned in a style of luxury and effeminacy unprecedented even in the history of Rome. He sent out agents to comb the city for particularly well-hung partners for his couch, whom he made his advisers and ministers. His life was an endless search for pleasure of every kind, and he had his body depilated so that he could arouse the lusts of the greatest number. His extant portraits on coins suggest a sensual, even African type evolving through late adolescence. The refinements which he innovated in the spheres of culinary pleasure and of sumptuous interior decoration and household furnishing are mentioned by the historians of his reign as having survived him and found emulators among the Roman aristocracy of later times. For what Veblen called <conspicuous consumption> he set a standard probably unequaled until the Islamic middle ages.

His sexual personality cannot be reduced to a mere formula of passive-effeminate homosexuality, although this aspect of his erotic pleasure-seeking is the one stressed by his ancient biographers. He loved the role of Venus at the theatre and the passive role in his encounters with other men, yet he was married several times and even violated a Vestal virgin, but remained childless.”

As high priest of the Syrian deity Elagabal he sought to elevate the cult of the latter to the sole religion of the Empire, yet he did not persecute the Christians. Family intrigues ultimately cost him the favor of the soldiers who murdered him and his mother on March 11, 222. Unique as he was in the history of eroticism and of luxury, he has inspired writers from the 3rd century biographer Aelius Lampridius in the Scriptores Historiae Augustas through the later treatments of Jean Lombard, Louis Couperus, and Stefan George to Antonin Artaud and Alberto Arbasino.

HOLOCAUST, GAY

The genocide of Jews and Gypsies in Nazi-occupied Europe has overshadowed the persecution and murder of male homosexuals, which is only now beginning to be recognized and analyzed from the few surviving documents and memoirs. Regrettably, in the immediate post-war period most of those who wrote about the concentration and extermination camps, and even courts which dealt with the staffs and inmates of the camps, treated those sent there for violating the laws against homosexual offenses as common criminals deserving the punishment meted out to them by the Third Reich. The final insult to the victims of Nazi intolerance was the decision of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) in Karlsruhe on May 10, 1957, which not only upheld the constitutionality of the more punitive 1935 version of Paragraph 175 of the Penal Code because it <contained nothing specifically National-Socialist> and homosexual acts <unquestionably offended the moral feelings of the German people>, but even recommended doubling the maximum penalty – from 5 to 10 years. If any other victims of National-Socialism had been rebuffed in this manner by a West German court, there would have been outraged demonstrations around the globe; but this one went unprotested and ignored – above all by the psychiatrists who until recently never missed an opportunity to assert that <homosexuality is a serious disease> – for which ostracism and punishment were the best if not the only therapy. Until the late 1980s homosexuals, along with Gypsies, were denied compensation by the West German authorities for their suffering and losses under the Nazis.

Günther (1891-1968), professor of rural sociology and racial science first at Berlin and then at Freiburg im Breisgau, the chief authority on such matters in the Third Reich, held that the genetically inferior elements of the population should be given complete freedom to gratify their sexual urges in any manner that did not lead to reproduction because they would painlessly eliminate themselves from the breeding pool.”

National-Socialism in Germany, like Marxism-Leninism in Russia, was a conspiracy of the 17th and the 19th centuries against the 18th-century Enlightenment” OK

Among all modern states for which figures can be compiled, Nazi Germany offers the horrible example of suicides increasing rather than decreasing in wartime.”

HOMER

Although dramatically dated to Mycenean times, the late 2nd millennium BC, the epics sometimes refer to things that cannot predate 650 or even 570, because interpolations existed in one form or another when 7th century poets cited the epics.”

It is difficult to detect all interpolations and changes, especially additions of Attic terms as high culture became increasingly centered in Athens, where the Peisistratids in the mid-6th century had the epics recited annually at a festival, and many believe the first texts written well over a century after the latest possible date for Homer’s death. A definitive text resulted only from the efforts of 2nd century editors in Alexandria. These texts became almost sacred to the Greeks, whose education was based on them even until the fall of Constantinople to the Turks in 1453.

Homer failed to depict institutionalized pederasty, to which almost all subsequent writers referred, many making it central. Though poets and artists around 600 BC make the earliest unmistakable references to institutionalized pederasty, Homer mentioned Ganymede twice, <the loveliest born of the race of mortals, and therefore the gods caught him away to themselves, to be Zeus’ wine-pourer, for the sake of his beauty, so he might be among the immortals> (Iliad, 20, 233-35) and Zeus’ giving Tros, Ganymede’s father, <the finest of all horses beneath the sun and the daybreak> (Iliad, 5, 265ff.) as compensation for his son. Sir Moses Finley concluded that <the text of the poems offers no directly affirmative evidence at any point; even the two references to the elevation of Ganymede to Olympus speak only of his becoming cup-bearer to Zeus.> Sir Kenneth Dover denied that these passages implied pederasty: <It should not be impossible for us … to imagine that the gods on Olympus, like the souls of men in the Muslim paradise … simply rejoiced in the beauty of their servants as one ingredient of felicity.> However, the Abrahamic religions’ taboo on homosexuality did not exist in Hellenic and Etruscan antiquity. Societies that had the formula <eat, drink, and be merry> held that banquets should fittingly issue in sexual revelry. Anachronisms such as those of Finley and Dover should therefore be dismissed, even though Homer’s allusions to Ganymede may be pederastic interpolations like those ordered by the Peisistratids – successors of Solon, who introduced institutionalized pederasty into Athens – to antedate the cultural prominence of Athens.

HUMBOLDT

MAGNUM OPUS: Voyage aux regions equinoxiales du nouveau continent (30 vols.!)

Mas não só: Cosmos: Outline of a Physical Description of the World (5 vols.!) (1862)

O FIM DE UMA ERA: “It was the last attempt by a single individual to collect within the pages of a work of his own the totality of human knowledge of the universe; after his time the increasing specialization of the sciences and the sheer accumulation of data made such a venture impossible.” Embora Le Bon seja um respeitável polímata, outrossim.

Through the accounts of his findings – models for all subsequent undertakings – he made significant contributions to oceanography, meteorology, climatology, and geography, and furthered virtually all the natural sciences of his time; but above all else he was responsible for major advances in the geographical and geological sciences.”

HYDRAULIC METAPHOR

The idea that sexual energy accumulates in the body until sufficient pressure is generated to require an outlet has over the centuries had considerable appeal. The notion acquires plausibility through observation of the wet dream, which eventually occurs in males if the semen is not evacuated through intercourse or masturbation.”

The first statement of the doctrine is probably owing to the Roman philosopher-poet Lucretius who says that the semen gradually builds up in the body until it is discharged in any available body (On the Nature of Things, IV, 1.065).”

As a device for relieving erotic tension, a homosexual outlet stands on the same plane as a heterosexual one. A curious attestation of the hydraulic concept comes from colonial America. In his reflections on an outbreak of <sodomy and buggery> in the Bay Colony, William Bradford (1590-1637) noted: <It may be in this case as it is with water when their streams are stopped or dammed up; when they get passage they flow with more violence and make more noise and disturbance, than when they are suffered to run quietly in their own channels.>

Some Victorians defended prostitution as a necessary evil. Without this safety valve, they held, the pent-up desires of men would be inflicted on decent women, whose security depends, ironically, on their <fallen> sisters. The Nazi leader Heinrich Himmler even extended this belief by analogy to hustlers and male homosexuals.”

Despite its appeal, the metaphor is not unproblematic. The hydraulic idea rests upon materialist reductionism, identifying the accumulation of semen with the strengthening of sexual desire. Yet the two do not necessarily act in concert, as anyone knows who has visited some sexual resort such as a sauna and felt sexual desire far more frequently than the body is able to replenish its supply of semen.”

INCARCERATION MOTIF

This term refers not to literal incarceration or confinement but to an aspect of gender dysphoria – the idea that a human body can contain, locked within itself, a soul of the other gender. In their adhesion to this self-concept, many pre and post-operative transsexuals unknowingly echo a theme that has an age old, though recondite history.”

Foreign as this idea is to the rationalistic Jew of the 20th century, and to the Biblical and Talmudic periods of Judaism as well, it is first mentioned by Saadiah Gaon (882-942), the spiritual leader of Babylonian Jewry, who rejected it as an alien doctrine that had found its way into Judaism from the Islamic cultural milieu.”

The transmigration of a man’s soul into the body of a woman was considered by some Kabbalists a punishment for the commission of heinous sins, such as man’s refusing to give alms or to communicate his own wisdom to others.”

In the Hollywood film Dog Day Afternoon (1975), which was based upon a real incident in Brooklyn a few years earlier, the character Leon asserts that <My psychiatrist told me I have a female soul trapped in a male body> (…) So a doctrine of medieval Jewish mysticism has entered the folklore of the gay subculture, and thence passed into the mainstream of American popular culture as a metaphor for a profound state of alienation.”

JUNG

The two thinkers increasingly diverged, particularly after Jung published his own ideas in a book entitled The Psychology of the Unconscious (1912), later renamed Symbols of Transformation. At the first meeting of the International Psychoanalytic Association in Munich in 1913, the rift between Jung and Freud turned to open hostility, and the two never met again. In April 1914 Jung resigned as President of the Association. Between 1913 and 1917 Jung went through a period of deep and intensive self-analysis; he now asserted that he had never been a Freudian, and set about creating his own school, which he dubbed analytical psychology in contrast to psychoanalysis.” Diferentão…

his Collected Works amount to eighteen volumes.” “He treated not only psychology and psychotherapy, but also religion, mythology, social issues, art and literature, and such occult and mystical themes as alchemy, astrology, telepathy and clairvoyance, yoga, and spiritualism.”

KEYNES

A polymath [raça resiliente!], Keynes cultivated many interests, from book collecting to probability theory. His real importance, however, stems from the epistemic break he achieved with the classical theory of economics, changing the landscape of that discipline for all time. Keynes was no ivory-tower theorist, and the 30-year boom in Western industrial countries (1945-75) has been called the Age of Keynes.”

In the Apostles he met his lifelong friends Lytton Strachey and Leonard Woolf. Believing himself ugly, Keynes tended to be shy in the presence of the undergraduates he admired. In 1908, however, he began a serious affair with the painter Duncan Grant, whom he later said to be the only person in whom he found a truly satisfying combination of beauty and intelligence.”

In 1908, however, he obtained a lecturer-ship in economics at King’s College, and the courses he gave there were the foundation of his later writings in the field. As editor of the Economic Journal he actively promoted new trends in the discipline outside of Cambridge. Yet he did not turn immediately to the core of the subject, as he spent a number of years writing a challenging Treatise on Probability, which was published in 1921.”

ESCASSEZ DE RECURSOS (GAYS) & SEMENTES DO NAZISMO: “Keynes elected to enter the Treasury where, despite the chronic disapproval of the Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, he worked wonders in managing the wartime economy. During this period the homosexual members of Bloomsbury (Keynes included) found their supply of eligible young men cut off, and began to engage in flirtations and even liaisons with women. After the end of the war Keynes spent a frustrating period as an adviser at the Paris peace conference [for British to see!], trying to limit voracious Allied demands for reparations from defeated Germany. Returning to London, he set down his pungent reflections on the event in what became his most widely read book, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), which eroded the resolve of the Allies to enforce the Treaty of Versailles, at least in its financial provisions.

In 1925 Keynes, now famous, married the noted ballerina Lydia Lopokova. He became an adviser to government and business, consolidating his practical knowledge of economic affairs. These experiences contributed to his great book, General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).”

[PET-ROYAL]TIES: “Economic difficulties after 1975 subjected Keynesian views, which had become orthodoxy, to contemporary reassessment.”

Surprisingly, in the decades after the conviction of Oscar Wilde, his numerous affairs with young men never caused the slightest legal or even social trouble. This charmed life can be explained only by his combination of extreme personal brilliance, family and professional connections, and remarkable self-confidence.”

KLEIST HEINRICH VON (1777-1811)

German playwright and short story writer, whose The Broken Pitcher is esteemed as possibly the greatest of (and among the few) German comedies. Overshadowed by his contemporary, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Kleist’s significance came to light only after his suicide at age 34, a secretive joint pact made with a terminally ill female friend.

Kleist’s slim literary production (8 plays and 8 short stories) vividly and violently captures the historical break between Enlightenment rationalism and Romantic mysticism, often framed as either a psychological conflict (Das Käthchen von Heilbronn, Penthesilea) or a political one (Prinz Friedrich von Homburg, Die Hermannsschlacht). A profound sense of the irrational and absurd permeates Kleist’s works. In stories such as Michael Kohlhaas or Earthquake in Chile, individuals stand powerless before arbitrary circumstances. Kleist’s remarkable heroines, who bear uncanny resemblance to Kleist psychologically, act from the unconscious, for example when The Marquise of O. places a newspaper ad in hopes of discovering the gentleman responsible for her pregnant condition, or when Penthesilea’s confusion between love and war leads her, while intending to kiss her lover Achilles, instead to tear him from limb to limb with her bare hands and teeth.”

LAUTRÉAMONT, o Conde que faltava ao Marquês

Ducasse [nome de batismo] certainly shows more strongly the influence of Baudelaire and Sade than does any other writer. Like Sade, he is rarely studied in universities.”

LAWRENCE, DAVID HERBERT (1885-1930)

Born in a mining area of Nottinghamshire, Lawrence derived much of the problematic of his work from the tension between his coal-miner father, representing for him the physical and the elemental, and his mother, a former school-teacher, who stood for the world of higher culture, politeness, and civilization. Having attended a 2-year teacher training course in Nottingham (his only higher education), Lawrence wrote two early novels, The White Peacock (1911) and The Ties-passer (1912), while teaching at Croydon. In 1912 he eloped with the German-born Frieda von Richthofen Weekley, and the two led a bohemian life of wandering on the continent until the outbreak of World War I. During this period he wrote and published his first masterpiece, Sons and Lovers (1913), an intensely autobiographical novel [more so?].

Women in Love (1921) [currently reading!] has, despite the title, an extraordinary emphasis on the male love affair (though it is non-genitally expressed [forçação de barra, i.m.o.]) between the wealthy Gerald Crich and the school-teacher Rupert Birkin. These aspects were further explored in the Prologue to the book [!], which Lawrence withheld from publication.”

LORCA

In the famous Residencia de Estudiantes, he met and collaborated with such future celebrities as Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí, with the latter of whom he had an amorous relationship of several years’ duration.”

An extensive literature exists concerning the mechanics of and motives for his death, which immediately became an international incident and a symbol of fascist stupidity and anti-intellectualism. Lorca’s leftist sympathies, friends, and relatives would be sufficient to explain his execution, but much evidence suggests that his sexual orientation, activities, and writings were at least as important.”

A CANALHA (ESPERO QUE NÃO CUIDEM DO MEU ESPÓLIO!): “The House of Bernarda Alba, suppressed by his family, in 1945.”

MCCARTHYISM (BOECHATISMO NO BRASIL CONTEMPORÂNEO)

The political tactics of the United States Senator from Wisconsin Joseph R. McCarthy (1908-1957)(*) have since the 50s been labeled McCarthyism. They consisted in poorly founded but sensationally publicized charges against individuals in government service or public life whom McCarthy accused on the Senate floor of being Communists, security risks, or otherwise disloyal or untrustworthy. Senator McCarthy’s campaign did not spare <sex perverts in government>, and so it made homosexuality an issue in American political life for the first time since the founding of the republic.Homossexualidade restrita ao Triângulo das Bermudas.

(*) Oxalá nosso expoente morresse tão jovem! (P.S.: Escrito antes de sua inesperada – hoho, que clichê – morte!)

It is also noteworthy that the danger of blackmail which Magnus Hirschfeld and his Berlin Scientific-Humanitarian Committee had used as an argument for the repeal of Paragraph 175 was now turned against homosexuals to deny them employment in the name of <national security>. This factor and others worked so strongly in McCarthy’s favor that despite bitter opposition he was reelected in 1952 in the Eisenhower landslide that brought the Republican Party back to the White House after 20 years of Democratic rule.

Once the Republicans had become the majority party for a brief time, McCarthy’s tactics became a source of embarrassment to them [huhu, quantas semelhanças…], and in 1954 a campaign was launched against him in the Senate which included the (true) accusation that a young University of Wisconsin graduate employed in his office in 1947 to handle veterans’ affairs had been arrested as a homosexual and then promptly fired, and the (probably false) accusation that McCarthy himself was a homosexual, which Senator Ralph Flanders of Vermont included in his denunciation. However, it was alleged that McCarthy’s marriage in 1953 at the age of 45 was motivated by his need to squelch the rumors of his own sexual deviation; the marriage remained childless, though the couple did adopt a little girl. What is significant in retrospect is that Roy Cohn, a young attorney who was one of McCarthy’s chief aidés [sponsored by him] during his heyday, was a lifelong homosexual who died of AIDS in 1986 [meme Cazuza de direita]. Censured by the Senate in 1954, McCarthy thereafter faded in political importance, and when he died in 1957 no great wave of emotion went through the ranks of either his friends or his enemies.”

The policy of denying employment to homosexuals on moral grounds and as security risks, however, remained long after McCarthy himself.”

In France, after André Gide published his negative reflections on his trip to the Soviet Union in 1936-37, he was attacked by his former Communist associates as a pédé (faggot).”

The sexual aspect of McCarthyism has an ancestry going as far back as Aeschines, Cicero, and the Byzantine Emperor Justinian (r. 527-565), whose laws against sodomites forged the <crime of those to whom no crime could be imputed>, a weapon for political intimidation and blackmail that even the enlightened 20th century has not deprived of its cutting edge.”

PEDOPHILIA

the term <p(a)edophilia> was first used in English only as recently as 1906, by Havelock Ellis. It had previously appeared as a specific form of sexual pathology in a German article of 1896 by Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Because the term <pedophilia> originated in a medical context and today connotes disease, efforts have been made to replace it. Pederasty is sometimes used as a synonym, or as a term restricted to post-pubescent adolescents, but in the present writers’ view, it should properly be restricted to the Greek custom it originally designated, which, though a form of pedophilia as we understand it, is not congruent with it.” “The earlier average age for puberty within the last century also means that classical texts (and even more recent ones) which speak of relations with mid-teenage boys were not necessarily referring to sexually mature individuals. (The term ephebophile has been used to describe erotic attraction to boys in their late teens, who are considered adults in many if not all cultures.)” “woman/girl (korophile)” “<Child molestation> or <abuse>, terms current in the media, and in psychological and legal discourse, are neither descriptive of the phenomenon, nor value-free, as academic discourse requires.

That variant of pedophilia occurring between men and boys – male homosexual pedophilia – will be the chief focus of this article. This choice is dictated by several considerations, including the context of the article, the dearth [escassez] of research on korophile relationships, and the fact that until very recently man/boy relationships were accepted as a part, and indeed were a major part, of male homosexuality.”

pedophilia might be considered a remnant, more evident in some persons than others, of the instinct to nurture and protect the young of the species, which in human development has come to serve an educational (including sex-educational) or initiatory purpose in some societies. The attempt to root pedophilia in man’s biological inheritance is controversial, but a cross-cultural survey of man/boy pedophilia at least suggests that it is a universal phenomenon, which, when accepted by a society, generally carries a socially constructed meaning related to the acculturation process for boys.”

Several of these societies (as the Melanesians) believe that without receiving the man’s semen through fellatio the boy cannot physically mature.”

TRANSIÇÃO GRÉCIA-ROMA: “As the function of same-sex relationships increasingly became hedonistic, the age limits broke down: we find increasing references to homosexuality between men (particularly in the satiric poets, who make it clear that this was still scorned) and, to a lesser extent, to the sexual use of very young children.”

That Ganymede was more than an artistic convention is shown by the number of artists who were charged with sodomy with boys, especially their studio assistants. Histories of the Renaissance record similar charges involving popes, poets, and nobles.”

Incarcerated pedophiles continue to be subject to coercive procedures to alter their sexual interest or reduce its level. Although surgical castration is no longer employed, chemical dosages and aversion therapy may be used without the subject’s consent.”

Much of the <research> that exists on pedophilia today reflects a predetermination that adult-child sexual contacts are evil or pathological, and merely documents the point of view with which the authors began. There has been no lack of evidence by which such negative pre-suppositions could be supported, because in the same way that studies of homosexuality until quite recently were limited by the source of their research subjects, resulting in a portrayal of homosexuals as criminal, troubled, and unhappy, most studies of pedophilia examine only cases which have come before either courts or psychiatrists, precisely those where the subjects are most under stress or disturbed. In many countries, research into pedophile relationships under other circumstances is legally

impossible: if a researcher should find a healthy, quietly functioning relationship he or she would be required to report it for prosecution under <child protection> laws. These factors, plus the sensationalism surrounding the topic, assure that much of what is written on the subject is, and will continue to be, worthless.”

Pedophile organizations have linked their arguments to support of the rights of children. While emphasizing that these rights most certainly include the power to say ‘no’ to any unwanted sexual contact as well as the opportunity to say ‘yes’ to contacts children desire, some groups go further than others in espousing a broad range of children’s liberation issues. Related to the question of legal rights for children is the issue of the child’s consent in pedophile relationships. Those speaking for the protection of children frequently assert that children are incapable of consenting to such sexual relationships, sometimes justifying this assertion by the child’s lack of experience or knowledge of long-range consequences of an act. It has been answered that children can and do consent, or at least are quite capable of rejecting experiences they find distasteful, and that the proper response is to empower children to be able to say ‘no’ effectively. This impasse raises the issue of what consent means – freedom to refuse, simple assent, or an <informed> consent that is probably not realized in most human relationships? Closely related to this is the issue of power, and the assertion that the power imbalance between the adult and the younger partner in a pedophile relationship is so great that it inevitably leads to coercion and exploitation. Various responses have been made: either that the power imbalance is not so clear-cut as the critics state, particularly citing the power of the child to terminate the relationship; or that while power imbalances are inherent in all human relationships, they do not necessarily lead to exploitation, but can be used for benevolent ends, and the real issue is not the power imbalance but the use of power.

Child pornography is the sharpest point of attack on pedophilia and pedophiles. Included in this attack are the imputation that children are always abused in the production of such images, and the fear that such images will stimulate the abuse of children. It has been shown that this issue has been exploited for political purposes, and the statistics on the amount of such material exaggerated beyond proportion. Despite rhetoric, it has not been demonstrated that any more connection exists between pedophilia and child pornography than between any other sexuality and its pornography: either to show that pedophiles are more likely to create or use pornography than other persons, or that child pornography encourages sexual contacts with children. Indeed, the Kutschinsky study of the Danish experience with pornography, which has never been refuted, demonstrated that sexual assaults on children declined with the availability of pornography. Pedophiles who have responded to this issue have noted that there is no reason that depictions of children nude or even engaged in sexual actions should be any more or less objectionable than such depictions of adults, and argue that the true issue, as with all pornography, is whether coercion actually is employed in making it. The issues of child prostitution and the sexual exploitation of children in Third World countries have also been used to attack pedophiles and, by implication, pedophilia. Once it is acknowledged that pedophiles are by no means the only persons who engage in <sex tourism> or patronize prostitutes, the debate again seems to resolve itself into issues of power and consent. A defense has been offered that the right of self-determination in sexual behavior for the individual choosing prostitution should apply here. Poverty, however, may diminish the individual freedom of choice in these situations.”

???, Men and Boys [“America’s first anthology of homosexual poetry”];

Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg, Tabu Homosexualität: Die Geschichte eines Vorurteils (The taboo of homosexuality: The history of a prejudice), 1978;

______., Mannbarkeitsriten: Zur institutionellen Päderastie bei Papuas und Melanesiern (Rites of passage into manhood: On institutional paederasty in Papuas and Melanesians), 1980;

______., Der Weibmann: Kultischer Geschlechtswechsel im Schamanismus, eine Studie zur Transvestition und Transsexualität bei Naturvölkern (Androgynous: Cultic sex change in shamanism, a study on transvestism and transsexualism in primitives), 1984;

______., Paidika 1/3 (The Journal of Paedophilia): Der pädophile Impuls: Wie lernt ein junger Mensch Sexualität? (The paedophile impulse: Toward the Development of an Aetiology of Child-Adult Sexual Contacts from an Ethological and Ethnological Viewpoint), 1988;

Cook & Howells, Adult Sexual Interest in Children, 1981;

Fraser, Death of Narcissus, 1976;

Mackay, Books of the Nameless Love, 1913 (sécs. XIX-XX; o pai do “associacionismo pedofílico”);

Theo Sandfort, The sexual aspect of paedosexual relations: The experiences of 25 boys with men, 2000.

SCHOPENHAUER

Through a large inheritance from his father the celebrated misanthrope enjoyed financial independence so that he could devote his life completely to philosophy. Even today Schopenhauer’s ethic of compassion possesses great philosophical significance.”

Schopenhauer’s teleologically oriented conception of nature therefore had to assume in male homosexual behavior – the only form he discussed – a <stratagem of nature> (in the words of Oskar Eichler). Referring to Aristotle he hypothesized that young men (supposedly boys just past puberty) and likewise men who are too old (the magic boundary is here the age of 54) are not capable of begetting healthy and strong offspring, because their semen is too inferior. As nature is interested in perfecting every species, in men older than 54 <a pédérastie tendency gradually and imperceptibly makes its appearance>. When he formulated this argument Schopenhauer himself was 71 years old, so that he could have harbored a homosexual tendency for some years.”

Schopenhauer was himself the father of at least two illegitimate children and had many unhappy affairs with women. He passionately admired Lord Byron and like him came to the conclusion that women could be considered beautiful only by <the male intellect clouded by the sexual instinct>. In intellectual and aesthetic respects Schopenhauer had homosexual preferences. In a letter to his admirer Julius Frauenstadt he stressed that <even women’s faces are nothing alongside those of handsome boys>. Bryan Magee hypothesizes that the philosopher systematically suppressed his gay tendencies, a view shared by Oskar Eichler and others. Thirty years after the publication of the third edition of The World as Will and Representation Oswald Oskar Hartmann adopted Schopenhauer’s teleological explanation of homosexuality, suggesting that the first champions of homosexual rights voluntarily followed Schopenhauer’s arguments.”

SEPARATISM, LESBIAN

In its strongest form, lesbian separatism means social, cultural, and physical separation from all who are not lesbians. As society is now constituted this option is possible only for a very few. Many lesbians who regard themselves as separatists seek to live and work in circumstances that are as far as possible <women’s space>, without insisting on the absolute exclusion of men.”

Aristophanes’ play Lysistrata (411 BC) shows Athenian women seceding from their city in a <sex strike>, but only temporarily – until the men agree to make peace. Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935), a pioneering American socialist and feminist, wrote a novel, Herland (1915; reprinted 1979), depicting a Utopia in Africa populated only by women.”

Outsiders tend to label lesbian separatists as <women who hate men>. In their defense, separatists often say that what they are opposed to are the domineering, aggressive aspects of male behavior, rather than men themselves. They wish to make a clear statement that will set them apart from the ambivalent stance of heterosexual women, even those who profess feminism. Separatists believe that such straight women enter too readily into complicity with the power structure of patriarchy; by continuing to meet the sexual and emotional needs of men, these women give aid and comfort to the enemy.

Some women choose to form communes on <women’s land>, setting themselves apart from all males, including male children and animals. In so doing they hold that they are creating liberated zones in which their natures can grow unhampered by the dictates of patriarchy.”

Some women have entered lesbian separatism for a number of years as part of a process of personal growth, only to emerge later with a more complex position. This seems to have been the experience of a principal theorist of the movement, Charlotte Bunch, who remains a radical lesbian feminist.”

SHAKESPEARE

Of tenant farmer stock and the son of a glover, Shakespeare was born in the provincial town of Stratford-upon-Avon in England; however, the very few facts known about his life are derived from various legal documents. In 1582, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he had 3 children within the next 3 years; the following 5 years are unaccounted for, but by 1594 he was involved in the theatre world in London as both an actor and a playwright. He enjoyed an increasingly successful theatrical career until his retirement in 1612 and his return to Stratford.”

Shakespeare’s prolonged separation from his wife and the stipulation in his will that she inherit his <second best bed> has sparked much debate about his sexuality.”

Historically, theatrical companies of Shakespeare’s time did not employ women; instead, their roles were played by boys, apprentices to the companies. In adherence to the laws and sympathies of the times, the plays were, therefore, unable to display any overtly sexual behavior, but one of Shakespeare’s most frequent plot devices was to have his heroines disguise themselves as boys, particularly in the comedies. Thus, what in reality was a boy pretending to be a woman pretending to be a boy leads to some psychologically acute and complex scenes with homoerotic suggestions, such as the encounters between Rosalind (as Ganymede, a name rich in suggestiveness) and Orlando in As You Like It and Viola (as Caesario) and Orsino in Twelfth Night.

For more substantive evidence, one must turn instead to Shakespeare’s sequence of 154 poems in the form of sonnets, published surreptitiously in 1609 and immediately protested by their author. Probably intended as a personal exercise for private circulation, the sonnets may be the works that reveal something of the man himself; in them, Shakespeare names the persona Will, an obviously personal and intimate diminution of William, and, as in most of the Renaissance sonnet sequences, their subject is erotic love. Dedicated to Mr. W.H., who has been variously identified as the Earl of Southampton, a boy actor named Willy Hewes, Shakespeare himself (in a misprint of his initials), someone unknown to history, or someone invented, the first 126 are clearly homoerotic, while most of the others concern a woman conventionally called <the Dark Lady>. Historically, those scholars who begrudgingly admit to their subject matter try to discount their message. Most claim that the attraction the persona feels for the fair young man is either platonic or unconsummated; others assert that the poems are only examples of the Renaissance male friendship tradition. Still others insist on the fallacy of equating the persona with the poet and confusing literature with autobiography.”

Joseph Pequigney, Such Is My Love: A Study of Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.

SOCRATES

In early life he was interested in the scientific philosophy of his time and is said to have associated with Archelaus the physicist, but in the period best known to posterity he had abandoned these interests and was concerned solely with the right conduct of life, a quest which he conducted by the so-called <Socratic> method of cross-examining the individuals whom he encountered. While serving in the army he gained a great reputation for bravery, and as one of the presidents of the Athenian Assembly at the trial of the generals after the battle of Arginusae, he courageously refused to put an illegal motion to the vote despite the fury of the multitude.”

There has been considerable dispute over the precise meaning of the indictment, but the first part seems not to have been serious, while the second amounted to a charge that he had a <subversive> influence on the minds of the young, which was based on his known friendship with some of those who had been most prominent in their attacks on democracy in Athens. He made no attempt to placate the jury and was found guilty and sentenced to die by drinking a cup of hemlock.”

He probably rejected the conventional Greek religious beliefs of his time, yet professed or created no heterodox religious doctrines. From time to time he had paranormal experiences, signs, or warnings which he interpreted as guideposts to his own conduct.

His sexual life, apart from the unhappy marriage, reflected the Greek custom of paiderasteia to the fullest. He was both the teacher of the young men who frequented his circle and the lover of at least some of them. As a boy of 17 he had been the favorite of Archelaus, because he was in the bloom of youthful sensuality, which later gave place to serious intellectual concerns.”

he was never given to a coarse and purely sensual pederasty; if the beauty of the young Alcibiades made an intense and lasting impression on him, he never forgot his duty as a teacher to guide his youthful pupils toward perfection.” “As a bisexual Hellene, Socrates was always responsive to the beauty of the male adolescent and craved the companionship of young men; as a philosopher he practiced and taught the virtues of moderation and self-control. He endures as one of the outstanding examples in antiquity of a teacher for whom eros was an inspiration and a guide.

Because Socrates is a major figure in Western tradition, his sexual nature posed a continual problem. From Ficino to Johann Matthias Gesner (1691-1761) scholars sought to address the question discreetly. The Marquis de Sade was bolder, using socratiser as a verb meaning to sodomize. Even today, however, many classicists choose to evade the problem.”

SODOM AND GOMORRAH

These legendary cities have been traditionally located in the vicinity of the Dead Sea, where they constituted two members of a pentapolis, the Cities of the Plain. According to the Old Testament account in Genesis 14, 18, and 19, God overthrew 4 of the 5 cities in a rain of brimstone and fire. The names of Sodom and Gomorrah, especially the former, have become proverbial. Echoes of the episode recur in the Bible and in the Koran, as well as in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic exegetical and homiletic writings. From the first city, Jewish Hellenistic Greek formed the derivative sodomites, from which medieval Latin obtained the noun of agent sodomita – as a result, the connection with male homosexuality is for many axiomatic. However the matter is more complex.”

The ancient world’s rudimentary science of geology correctly related this barrenness to the circumstance that the water level of the Dead Sea had in prehistoric times been far higher; the sinking of the water level had exposed the previously inundated, now strikingly arid and sterile region to the gaze of the traveler.”

to the Bedouin living east and south of the Dead Sea it suggested the etiological inference that at one time the area surrounding this salinized body of water had been a fruitful garden belt. Yet the inhabitants of the cities of the plain had even in the midst of their abundance and prosperity denied hospitality to the poverty-stricken and the wayfarer, while the luxury in which they wallowed led them inevitably into effeminacy and vice (the parallel in the Hellenistic world was the city of Sybaris, whose proverbial self-indulgence gave the English language the word sybaritic). For this reason they were punished by the destruction of their cities and the conversion of the whole area into a lifeless desert.”

In Genesis 14:12 Lot is taken captive when Sodom is conquered by the 4 kings who have allied themselves against the Cities of the Plain; Abraham saves him by military intervention in the manner of a tribal sheikh with his retinue of 318 warriors. In 19:4-9 the Sodomites threaten Lot’s guests with gang rape, but are miraculously blinded and repelled, and in 19:13, 15 the angelic visitors warn Lot of the imminent destruction of the city so that he and his family can leave just in time to escape the rain of brimstone and fire. This underlying motif explains why Lot later <feared to dwell in Zoar> (19:30), even though God has spared the place as a reward for his model hospitality toward the 2 visitors. Over the centuries Sodom and Gomorrah, along with the Babylon of the Book of Revelation, came to symbolize the corruption and depravity of the big city as contrasted with the virtue and innocence of the countryside, a notion cherished by those who idealized rural life and is still present, though fading in 20th century America.”

These volcanic eruptions, which have left traces still to be seen at the present day, inspired the <rain of brimstone and fire> (burning sulfur) of Genesis 19:24, which supplemented the notion that the 4 cities had been <overthrown> (destroyed by an earthquake) that figures in Genesis 19:25.” Sempre o nº 4!

+ Judges 19; Romans 1:18

the currency in antiquity of world destruction legends, in which the earth is annihilated either by water (kataklysmos) or by fire (ekvyrosis). The story of Noah and the deluge is the rendering of the first in the book of Genesis, while the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah is a localization of the second, in which the catastrophe is limited to 4 cities in the vicinity of the Dead Sea (Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboiim) even though the epilogue involving Lot and his daughters clearly derives from a universal conflagration myth.”

If the human race were annihilated with the exception of a single family, the earth could be repeopled only by means of sexual unions ordinarily condemned as incestuous.”

World destruction fantasies [are] associated in modern clinical experience with the early stages of schizophrenia.”

Astrological literature supplied the ancients with an entire list of calamities that betokened divine wrath, as in Luke 21:11, all of which were later ascribed to retribution for <sodomy>. Fear of homosexual aggression plays a role in these paranoid fantasies, of the sort analyzed by Freud in the classic Schreber case.”

The notion of sodomy is an innovation of Latin Christianity toward the end of the 12th century; it is not found in Jewish or Byzantine writings.” “In the late Middle Ages the tendency of the allegorizing mind to parallelism led to the notion that Gomorrah, the twin city of Sodom, had been a hotbed of lesbianism, even though there was nothing in either Testament that would suggest such a construction.”

TURING, ALAN (1912-1954)

He seems to have been a brilliant, awkward boy whose latent genius went unnoticed by all his teachers; he also had no friends until his very last years at Sherborne. Then he fell in love with a fellow science enthusiast, Christopher Morcom: the Platonic friendship was returned, and Alan Turing was for the first time in his life a happy young man. He had dreams of joining Christopher at Trinity, to pursue science together – unfortunately, Christopher Morcom suddenly died (from a much earlier infection with bovine tuberculosis).”

Turing spent two years in America, at Princeton University, and, on his return to Britain, was drafted into British cryptanalysis for the war effort. Turing was already unusual among mathematicians for his interest in machinery; it was not an interest in applied mathematics so much as something which did not really have a name yet – applied logic. His contribution to the design of code-breaking machines during the war led him deeper and deeper into the field of what would now be called computer programming, except that neither concept existed at the time. He and a colleague named Welshman designed the Bombe machines which were to prove decisive in breaking the main German Enigma ciphers. For his contribution to the Allied victory in World War II Turing was named an Officer of the British Empire (O.B.E.) in 1946. (…) He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1951.”

The earliest inventor of such a device was the eccentric 19th century Charles Babbage, who could not obtain the necessary hardware to implement his ideas.”

He was brought to trial and sentenced to a year’s probation under the care of a psychiatrist, who proceeded to administer doses of female hormone to his patient, this being the current <wonder-therapy> which replaced castration as an attempt to kill the sexual instinct. For the entire year, Turing underwent the humiliation of femininization (<I’m growing breasts!>, he confided to a friend), but emerged seemingly intact from the public ordeal. He committed suicide in 1954, by eating an apple he had laced with cyanide.”

WHITMAN, WALT

A VIDA TEM DESSAS: “Often acclaimed as America’s greatest poet, Whitman, of working-class background, was self-taught, but as a printer, school teacher, journalist, and editor he contributed fiction and verse in the worst modes of the day to the best literary journals. There is no evidence of his genius until he suddenly began to write scraps of what was to become Leaves of Grass in his notebooks.”

It has in fact been argued that Leaves is an inverted mystical experience. This work, which encompassed his complete poetic opus, was first published in 1855 with 12 poems (Song of Myself being rather lengthy); the second edition (1857) had 32, the third (1860) 156, and so on through various printings and editions until 1881. Beginning in 1860, Whitman not only added poems (including the homoerotic Calamus collection), but dropped them, changed them, and rearranged the order. He has often been criticized for making changes, but he clearly did not do so for purposes of concealment.”

In his more programmatic poems, Whitman was always careful to say he and she, him and her. Women are permitted to have sexual lives, and he sympathizes with a prostitute, but they are generally thought of and idealized as perfect mothers for the new race of Americans.”

It was his explicitness about male-female sex that shocked his early readers. Only a few homosexuals in England and some readers in Germany caught what is now obvious to any reader who can admit what he sees on the page. The 2nd and 3rd sections of Song of Myself are homosexual in their imagery, as is the subsequent discussion of the body and soul, which climaxes in the intercourse between body and soul in the 5th section. One might also cite the tremendous sweep of eroticism from section 24 to the climax of fulfillment in male intercourse in section 29.”

He was not merely the poet of an idealized Jacksonian democracy nor of a new political structure, but of a culture bound together by love and religious faith in which each person could fulfill his or her own sexual nature.”

Whitman, who was disappointed at his contemporary reception, would have been gratified by his reputation in the 20th century, which is too widespread to more than mention. He is the democratic poet and a progenitor of the development of poetry beyond traditional metrical practice in the United States and foreign countries. A remarkable number of modern poets have paid him tribute in prose or verse, among the most notable being Ezra Pound, Pablo Neruda, Federico García Lorca, Fernando Pessoa, and Allen Ginsberg.”

WOOLF, VIRGINIA

Virginia Woolf was educated largely through reading books in the family library. Unlike her brothers, she did not go to university, and this perceived slight was later to sustain her feminist critique of discrimination against women. In 1912 she married Leonard Woolf, a brilliant Cambridge graduate who had served as a judge in Ceylon, and her sister Vanessa married the art critic Clive Bell. The two couples were major figures in the Bloomsbury group, which also included such male homosexual writers as E.M. Forster, John Maynard Keynes, and Lytton Strachey. Through much of her life Virginia suffered from severe spells of mental depression, and it was partly to provide work therapy that she and Leonard founded the Hogarth Press in 1917.”

Virginia Woolf remained a virgin until her marriage, and found the idea of sex with a man repellent. At the time of their engagement she warned Leonard of this aversion, and their sexual relations seem to have been rare. Before marriage Virginia Stephen was closely attached to her sister Vanessa – loving her almost to the point of <thought-incest> –, and was deeply involved platonically with Madge Vaughan, a daughter of John Addington Symonds, and Violet Dickinson, to whom she wrote an enormous number of letters. Throughout her life, Woolf was to draw emotional sustenance from her intense relations with other women.

Her first novel, The Voyage Out (1915), concerns the trip of a young Englishwoman to South America, followed by her engagement and death there. While this novel was conventional in form, Jacob’s Room (1922) joined the mainstream of innovative modernism through its poetic impressionism and indirection of narrative development. After this work, which marks her real beginning as a literary artist, Woolf secured her place in modernism by a series of carefully wrought books. Mrs. Dalloway (1925) blends interior monologue with the sights and sounds of a single day in central London. To the Lighthouse (1927) explores the tensions of the male-female dyad in the form of a holiday trip of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsey. Its fantastic form notwithstanding, Orlando (1928) is of great personal significance, tracing the biography of the hero-heroine through 4 centuries of male and female existence. This book is a tribute to, and portrait of, her lover Vita Sackville-West, whom she had met in 1922. Woolf’s most ambitious novel is probably The Waves (1931) which presents the contrasting personalities of 6 characters through a series of <recitatives> in which their inner consciousness is revealed.

Shortly after completing her last book, Between the Acts (1941), she suffered a final bout of mental illness and drowned herself in a river near her country home. The posthumous publication of Virginia Woolf’s Letters and Diaries have revealed some unattractive aspects of her personality: she was xenophobic and snobbish, sometimes given to expressions of personal malice, as well as anti-Semitic and homophobic sides. Yet she participated wholeheartedly in the Bloomsbury ethic of individual fulfillment and social enlightenment. Her use of stream-of-consciousness techniques, and other sophisticated literary devices, places her very near the front rank – if not within it – of modernist writers in English.

With the general decline of the Bloomsbury ethos in the middle decades of the century, Woolf’s reputation seemed to fade. In the 1970s, however, feminist critics hailed her as a major champion of then-cause. There is no doubt that A Room of One’s Own (1929), and its sequel, Three Guineas (1938), are powerful pleas for women’s creative independence. Yet her own feminism was fluid and variable, and thus not easily accommodated to present-minded uses. Throughout her life she struggled valiantly against mental illness, succeeding in building up an imposing corpus of writings while expressing her own emotional feelings in her deep relationships with women.”

WORKING CLASS, EROTICIZATION OF

One of the reasons why Walt Whitman had such an impact on English homosexuals of this period was that his praise of democracy was (mis)understood in large part as a veiled plea for such prince-and-pauper liaisons.

MEMÓRIAS PÓSTUMAS DE BRÁS CUBAS – OU “DA FLOR AMARELA”

Ao verme que primeiro roeu as frias carnes do meu cadáver dedico como saudosa lembrança estas Memórias Póstumas”

GLOSSÁRIO:

almocreve: guia em viagens, geralmente de animal

a·lu·á

(árabe hulauâ, doce açucarado)

substantivo masculino

1. [Brasil] Bebida não alcoólica, feita a partir da fermentação de farinha de arroz ou de milho, cascas de abacaxi, açúcar e suco de limão. = CARAMBURU”

barretina: o que os soldados usavam antes de usar o capacete!

calembour: trocadilho

compota: sobremesa; doce de fruta com calda, rocambole = GARIBÁLDI

emplasto: pílula; invólucro.

locandeiro: merceeiro

pacholice: simplório, bonachão

pintalegrete: peralta

tanoaria: a arte do fazedor de tonéis

Te Deum: liturgia, hino religioso

Que Stendhal confessasse haver escrito um de seus livros para cem leitores, coisa é que admira e consterna. O que não admira, nem provavelmente consternará é se este outro livro não tiver os cem leitores de Stendhal, nem cinqüenta, nem vinte e, quando muito, dez. Dez? Talvez cinco. Trata-se, na verdade, de uma obra difusa, na qual eu, Brás Cubas, se adotei a forma livre de um Sterne, ou de um Xavier de Maistre, não sei se lhe meti algumas rabugens de pessimismo. Pode ser. Obra de finado.”

O melhor prólogo é o que contém menos coisas, ou o que as diz de um jeito obscuro e truncado. Conseguintemente, evito contar o processo extraordinário que empreguei na composição destas Memórias, trabalhadas cá no outro mundo.”

Algum tempo hesitei se devia abrir estas memórias pelo princípio ou pelo fim, isto é, se poria em primeiro lugar o meu nascimento ou a minha morte. Suposto o uso vulgar seja começar pelo nascimento, duas considerações me levaram a adotar diferente método: a primeira é que eu não sou propriamente um autor defunto, mas um defunto autor, para quem a campa foi outro berço; a segunda é que o escrito ficaria assim mais galante e mais novo. Moisés, que também contou a sua morte, não a pôs no intróito, mas no cabo: diferença radical entre este livro e o Pentateuco.”

foi assim que me encaminhei para o undiscovered country de Hamlet, sem as ânsias nem as dúvidas do moço príncipe, mas pausado e trôpego como quem se retira tarde do espetáculo.”

Morri de uma pneumonia; mas se lhe disser que foi menos a pneumonia, do que uma idéia grandiosa e útil, a causa da minha morte, é possível que o leitor me não creia, e todavia é verdade.”

Como este apelido de Cubas lhe cheirasse excessivamente a tanoaria, alegava meu pai, bisneto de Damião, que o dito apelido fora dado a um cavaleiro, herói nas jornadas da África, em prêmio da façanha que praticou, arrebatando 300 cubas aos mouros. Meu pai era homem de imaginação; escapou à tanoaria nas asas de um calembour. Era um bom caráter, meu pai, varão digno e leal como poucos. Tinha, é verdade, uns fumos de pacholice”

entroncou-se na família daquele meu famoso homônimo, o capitão-mor, Brás Cubas, que fundou a vila de São Vicente, onde morreu em 1592, e por esse motivo é que me deu o nome de Brás. Opôs-se-lhe, porém, a família do capitão-mor, e foi então que ele imaginou as 300 cubas mouriscas.”

Deus te livre, leitor, de uma idéia fixa; antes um argueiro, antes uma trave no olho.”

se não vieste a lírio, também não ficaste pântano”

Eu deixo-me estar entre o poeta e o sábio.”

importa dizer que este livro é escrito com pachorra, com a pachorra de um homem já desafrontado da brevidade do século, obra supinamente filosófica, de uma filosofia desigual, agora austera, logo brincalhona, coisa que não edifica nem destrói, não inflama nem regala, e é todavia mais do que passatempo e menos do que apostolado.”

Nenhum de nós pelejou a batalha de Salamina, nenhum escreveu a confissão de Augsburgo; pela minha parte, se alguma vez me lembro de Cromwell, é só pela idéia de que Sua Alteza, com a mesma mão que trancara o parlamento, teria imposto aos ingleses o emplasto Brás Cubas. Não se riam dessa vitória comum da farmácia e do puritanismo. Quem não sabe que ao pé de cada bandeira grande, pública, ostensiva, há muitas vezes várias outras bandeiras modestamente particulares, que se hasteiam e flutuam à sombra daquela, e não poucas vezes lhe sobrevivem? Mal comparando, é como a arraia-miúda, que se acolhia à sombra do castelo feudal; caiu este e a arraia ficou. Verdade é que se fez graúda e castelã… Não, a comparação não presta.”

Sabem já que morri numa sexta-feira, dia aziago, e creio haver provado que foi a minha invenção que me matou.”

Creiam-me, o menos mau é recordar; ninguém se fie da felicidade presente; há nela uma gota da baba de Caim.

Era um sujeito, que me visitava todos os dias para falar do câmbio, da colonização e da necessidade de desenvolver a viação férrea; nada mais interessante para um moribundo.”

Virgília deixou-se estar de pé; durante algum tempo ficamos a olhar um para o outro, sem articular palavra. Quem diria? De dois grandes namorados, de duas paixões sem freio, nada mais havia ali, vinte anos depois; havia apenas dois corações murchos, devastados pela vida e saciados dela, não sei se em igual dose, mas enfim saciados.

e eu perguntava a mim mesmo o que diriam de nós os gaviões, se Buffon tivesse nascido gavião…”

Era o meu delírio que começava.”

Que me conste, ainda ninguém relatou o seu próprio delírio; faço-o eu, e a ciência mo agradecerá. Se o leitor não é dado à contemplação destes fenômenos mentais, pode saltar o capítulo; vá direito à narração. Mas, por menos curioso que seja, sempre lhe digo que é interessante saber o que se passou na minha cabeça durante uns vinte a trinta minutos.

Logo depois, senti-me transformado na Suma Teológica de São Tomás, impressa num volume, e encadernada em marroquim, com fechos de prata e estampas; idéia esta que me deu ao corpo a mais completa imobilidade; e ainda agora me lembra que, sendo as minhas mãos os fechos do livro, e cruzando-as eu sobre o ventre, alguém as descruzava (Virgília decerto), porque a atitude lhe dava a imagem de um defunto.”

Chama-me Natureza ou Pandora; sou tua mãe e tua inimiga.

Só então pude ver-lhe de perto o rosto, que era enorme. Nada mais quieto; nenhuma contorção violenta, nenhuma expressão de ódio ou ferocidade; a feição única, geral, completa, era a da impassibilidade egoísta, a da eterna surdez, a da vontade imóvel. Raivas, se as tinha, ficavam encerradas no coração. Ao mesmo tempo, nesse rosto de expressão glacial, havia um ar de juventude, mescla de força e viço, diante do qual me sentia eu o mais débil e decrépito dos seres.”

– …Grande lascivo, espera-te a voluptuosidade do nada.

Quando esta palavra ecoou, como um trovão, naquele imenso vale, afigurou-se-me que era o último som que chegava a meus ouvidos; pareceu-me sentir a decomposição súbita de mim mesmo. Então, encarei-a com olhos súplices, e pedi mais alguns anos.”

– …Que mais queres tu, sublime idiota?

Viver somente, não te peço mais nada. Quem me pôs no coração este amor da vida, senão tu? e, se eu amo a vida, por que te hás de golpear a ti mesma, matando-me?”

Imagina tu, leitor, uma redução dos séculos, e um desfilar de todos eles, as raças todas, todas as paixões, o tumulto dos Impérios, a guerra dos apetites e dos ódios, a destruição recíproca dos seres e das coisas. Tal era o espetáculo, acerbo e curioso espetáculo. A história do homem e da Terra tinha assim uma intensidade que lhe não podiam dar nem a imaginação nem a ciência, porque a ciência é mais lenta e a imaginação mais vaga, enquanto que o que eu ali via era a condensação viva de todos os tempos. Para descrevê-la seria preciso fixar o relâmpago.”

o prazer, que era uma dor bastarda.”

-…Quando Jó amaldiçoava o dia em que fora concebido, é porque lhe davam ganas de ver cá de cima o espetáculo. Vamos lá, Pandora, abre o ventre, e digere-me; a coisa é divertida, mas digere-me.

Talvez alegre. Cada século trazia a sua porção de sombra e de luz, de apatia e de combate, de verdade e de erro, e o seu cortejo de sistemas, de idéias novas, de novas ilusões; cada um deles rebentava as verduras de uma primavera, e amarelecia depois, para remoçar mais tarde. Ao passo que a vida tinha assim uma regularidade de calendário, fazia-se a história e a civilização, e o homem, nu e desarmado, armava-se e vestia-se, construía o tugúrio e o palácio, a rude aldeia e Tebas de cem portas, criava a ciência, que perscruta, e a arte que enleva, fazia-se orador, mecânico, filósofo, corria a face do globo, descia ao ventre da Terra, subia à esfera das nuvens, colaborando assim na obra misteriosa, com que entretinha a necessidade da vida e a melancolia do desamparo.”

Napoleão, quando eu nasci, estava já em todo o esplendor da glória e do poder; era imperador e granjeara inteiramente a admiração dos homens. Meu pai, que à força de persuadir os outros da nossa nobreza, acabara persuadindo-se a si próprio, nutria contra ele um ódio puramente mental. Era isso motivo de renhidas contendas em nossa casa, porque meu tio João, não sei se por espírito de classe e simpatia de ofício, perdoava no déspota o que admirava no general, meu tio padre era inflexível contra o corso; os outros parentes dividiam-se: daí as controvérsias e as rusgas.

Chegando ao Rio de Janeiro a notícia da primeira queda de Napoleão, houve naturalmente grande abalo em nossa casa, mas nenhum chasco ou remoque. Os vencidos, testemunhas do regozijo público, julgaram mais decoroso o silêncio; alguns foram além e bateram palmas.”

Nunca mais deixei de pensar comigo que o nosso espadim é sempre maior do que a espada de Napoleão.”

Não se contentou a minha família em ter um quinhão anônimo no regozijo público; entendeu oportuno e indispensável celebrar a destituição do imperador com um jantar, e tal jantar que o ruído das aclamações chegasse aos ouvidos de Sua Alteza, ou quando menos, de seus ministros. Dito e feito. Veio abaixo toda a velha prataria, herdada do meu avô Luís Cubas; vieram as toalhas de Flandres, as grandes jarras da Índia; matou-se um capado; encomendaram-se às madres da Ajuda as compotas e as marmeladas; lavaram-se, arearam-se, poliram-se as salas, escadas, castiçais, arandelas, as vastas mangas de vidro, todos os aparelhos do luxo clássico.”

Não era um jantar, mas um Te-Deum; foi o que pouco mais ou menos disse um dos letrados presentes, o Dr. Vilaça, glosador insigne, que acrescentou aos pratos de casa o acepipe das musas. Lembra-me, como se fosse ontem, lembra-me de o ver erguer-se, com a sua longa cabeleira de rabicho, casaca de seda, uma esmeralda no dedo, pedir a meu tio padre que lhe repetisse o mote, e, repetido o mote, cravar os olhos na testa de uma senhora, depois tossir, alçar a mão direita, toda fechada, menos o dedo índice, que apontava para o teto; e, assim posto e composto, devolver o mote glosado. Não fez uma glosa, mas três; depois jurou aos seus deuses não acabar mais.”

A senhora diz isso, retorquia modestamente o Vilaça, porque nunca ouviu o Bocage, como eu ouvi, no fim do século, em Lisboa. Aquilo sim! que facilidade! e que versos! Tivemos lutas de uma e duas horas, no botequim do Nicola, a glosarmos, no meio de palmas e bravos. Imenso talento o do Bocage! Era o que me dizia, há dias, a senhora Duquesa de Cadaval…

E estas três palavras últimas, expressas com muita ênfase, produziram em toda a assembléia um frêmito de admiração e pasmo. Pois esse homem tão dado, tão simples, além de pleitear com poetas, discreteava com duquesas! Um Bocage e uma Cadaval! Ao contato de tal homem, as damas sentiam-se superfinas; os varões olhavam-no com respeito, alguns com inveja, não raros com incredulidade.

Quanto a mim, lá estava, solitário e deslembrado, a namorar certa compota da minha paixão. No fim de cada glosa ficava muito contente, esperando que fosse a última, mas não era, e a sobremesa continuava intata.” “Eu via isso, porque arrastava os olhos da compota para ele e dele para a compota, como a pedir-lhe que ma servisse; mas fazia-o em vão. Ele não via nada; via-se a si mesmo. E as glosas sucediam-se, como bátegas d’água, obrigando-me a recolher o desejo e o pedido. Pacientei quanto pude; e não pude muito. Pedi em voz baixa o doce; enfim, bradei, berrei, bati com os pés. Meu pai, que seria capaz de me dar o sol, se eu lho exigisse, chamou um escravo para me servir o doce; mas era tarde. A tia Emerenciana arrancara-me da cadeira e entregara-me a uma escrava, não obstante os meus gritos e repelões.

Não foi outro o delito do glosador: retardara a compota e dera causa à minha exclusão. Tanto bastou para que eu cogitasse uma vingança, qualquer que fosse, mas grande e exemplar, coisa que de alguma maneira o tornasse ridículo. Que ele era um homem grave o Dr. Vilaça, medido e lento, 47 anos, casado e pai. Não me contentava o rabo de papel nem o rabicho da cabeleira; havia de ser coisa pior. Entrei a espreitá-lo, durante o resto da tarde, a segui-lo, na chácara, aonde todos desceram a passear. Vi-o conversar com D. Eusébia, irmã do sargento-mor Domingues, uma robusta donzelona, que se não era bonita, também não era feia.”

O Dr. Vilaça deu um beijo em D. Eusébia! bradei eu correndo pela chácara.

Ó palmatória, terror dos meus dias pueris, tu que foste o compelle intrare¹ com que um velho mestre, ossudo e calvo, me incutiu no cérebro o alfabeto, a prosódia, a sintaxe, e o mais que ele sabia, benta palmatória, tão praguejada dos modernos, quem me dera ter ficado sob o teu jugo, com a minha alma imberbe, as minhas ignorâncias, e o meu espadim, aquele espadim de 1814, tão superior à espada de Napoleão! Que querias tu, afinal, meu velho mestre de primeiras letras? Lição de cor e compostura na aula; nada mais, nada menos do que quer a vida, que é das últimas letras”

¹ Compete-vos servir-vos, expressão bíblica usada por Jesus.

Chamava-se Ludgero o mestre; quero escrever-lhe o nome todo nesta página: Ludgero Barata, — um nome funesto, que servia aos meninos de eterno mote a chufas. Um de nós, o Quincas Borba, esse então era cruel com o pobre homem. Duas, três vezes por semana, havia de lhe deixar na algibeira das calças, — umas largas calças de enfiar —, ou na gaveta da mesa, ou ao pé do tinteiro, uma barata morta. Se ele a encontrava ainda nas horas da aula, dava um pulo, circulava os olhos chamejantes, dizia-nos os últimos nomes: éramos sevandijas, capadócios, malcriados, moleques. — Uns tremiam, outros rosnavam; o Quincas Borba, porém, deixava-se estar quieto, com os olhos espetados no ar.”

Suspendamos a pena; não adiantemos os sucessos. Vamos de um salto a 1822, data da nossa independência política, e do meu primeiro cativeiro pessoal.”

Tinha dezessete anos (…) Como ostentasse certa arrogância, não se distinguia bem se era uma criança, com fumos de homem, se um homem com ares de menino.”

ou se há de dizer tudo ou nada.”

Éramos dois rapazes, o povo e eu; vínhamos da infância, com todos os arrebatamentos da juventude.”

Que, em verdade, há dois meios de granjear a vontade das mulheres: o violento, como o touro de Europa, e o insinuativo, como o cisne de Leda e a chuva de ouro de Danae, três inventos do Padre Zeus, que, por estarem fora da moda, aí ficam trocados no cavalo e no asno.”

Amigos, digo, como ex-aluno, que não acho certo colar. Pois então, completo: devo ir-me a outra joalheria.”

Você é das Arábias, dizia-me.

Bons joalheiros, que seria do amor se não fossem os vossos dixes e fiados? Um terço ou um quinto do universal comércio dos corações. Esta é a reflexão imoral que eu pretendia fazer, a qual é ainda mais obscura do que imoral, porque não se entende bem o que eu quero dizer. O que eu quero dizer é que a mais bela testa do mundo não fica menos bela, se a cingir um diadema de pedras finas; nem menos bela, nem menos amada.”

ELO CÓSMICO DESCONTÍNUO NO ESPAÇO-TEMPO DAS CRIATURAS PROSAICAS: “…Marcela amou-me durante quinze meses e onze contos de réis”

Meu pai, logo que teve aragem dos 11 contos, sobressaltou-se deveras; achou que o caso excedia as raias de um capricho juvenil.”

QUANDO A CAPES MAIS PATRIARCAL DE TODAS DAVA AS CARTAS: — Desta vez, disse ele, vais para a Europa; vais cursar uma Universidade, provavelmente Coimbra; quero-te para homem sério e não para arruador e gatuno.

chamei-lhe muitos nomes feios, fazendo muitos gestos descompostos. Marcela deixara-se estar sentada, a estalar as unhas nos dentes, fria como um pedaço de mármore. Tive ímpetos de a estrangular, de a humilhar ao menos, subjugando-a a meus pés. Ia talvez fazê-lo; mas a ação trocou-se noutra; fui eu que me atirei aos pés dela, contrito e súplice; beijei-lhos, recordei aqueles meses da nossa felicidade solitária, repeti-lhe os nomes queridos de outro tempo, sentado no chão, com a cabeça entre os joelhos dela, apertando-lhe muito as mãos; ofegante, desvairado, pedi-lhe com lágrimas que me não desamparasse…”

Então resolvia embarcar imediatamente para cortar a minha vida em duas metades, e deleitava-me com a idéia de que Marcela, sabendo da partida, ficaria ralada de saudades e remorsos. Que ela amara-me a tonta, devia de sentir alguma coisa, uma lembrança qualquer, como do alferes Duarte… Nisto, o dente do ciúme enterrava-se-me no coração”

não é menos certo que uma dama bonita pode muito bem amar os gregos e os seus presentes.”

Malditas idéias fixas! A dessa ocasião era dar um mergulho no oceano”

Eu, que meditava ir ter com a morte, não ousei fitá-la quando ela veio ter comigo.”

Morreu como uma santa, respondeu ele; e, para que estas palavras não pudessem ser levadas à conta de fraqueza, ergueu-se logo, sacudiu a cabeça, e fitou o horizonte, com um gesto longo e profundo. — Vamos, continuou, entreguemo-la à cova que nunca mais se abre.

Morreu como um diabo engravatado.

Tinha eu conquistado em Coimbra uma grande nomeada de folião; era um acadêmico estróina, superficial, tumultuário e petulante, dado às aventuras, fazendo romantismo prático e liberalismo teórico, vivendo na pura fé dos olhos pretos e das constituições escritas. No dia em que a Universidade me atestou, em pergaminho, uma ciência que eu estava longe de trazer arraigada no cérebro, confesso que me achei de algum modo logrado, ainda que orgulhoso. Explico-me: o diploma era uma carta de alforria; se me dava a liberdade, dava-me a responsabilidade.”

Não, não direi que assisti às alvoradas do romantismo, que também eu fui fazer poesia efetiva no regaço da Itália; não direi coisa nenhuma. Teria de escrever um diário de viagem e não umas memórias, como estas são, nas quais só entra a

substância da vida.”

Note-se que eu estava em Veneza, ainda recendente aos versos de lord Byron; lá estava, mergulhado em pleno sonho, revivendo o pretérito, crendo-me na Sereníssima República. É verdade; uma vez aconteceu-me perguntar ao locandeiro se o doge ia a passeio nesse dia. — Que doge, signor mio? Caí em mim, mas não confessei a ilusão; disse-lhe que a minha pergunta era um gênero de charada americana; ele mostrou compreender, e acrescentou que gostava muito das charadas americanas. Era um locandeiro. Pois deixei tudo isso, o locandeiro, o doge, a Ponte dos Suspiros, a gôndola, os versos do lorde, as damas do Rialto, deixei tudo e disparei como uma bala na direção do Rio de Janeiro.”

Às vezes, esqueço-me a escrever, e a pena vai comendo papel, com grave prejuízo meu, que sou autor. Capítulos compridos quadram melhor a leitores pesadões; e nós não somos um público in-folio, mas in-12, pouco texto, larga margem, tipo elegante, corte dourado e vinhetas… Não, não alonguemos o capítulo.”

(M)achado não é (Clarice e nem livro) roubado

A infeliz padecia de um modo cru, porque o cancro é indiferente às virtudes do sujeito; quando rói, rói; roer é o seu ofício.”

restavam os ossos, que não emagrecem nunca.”

Era a primeira vez que eu via morrer alguém. Conhecia a morte de outiva; quando muito, tinha-a visto já petrificada no rosto de algum cadáver, que acompanhei ao cemitério, ou trazia-lhe a idéia embrulhada nas amplificações de retórica dos professores de coisas antigas, — a morte aleivosa de César, a austera de Sócrates, a orgulhosa de Catão. Mas esse duelo do ser e do não ser, a morte em ação, dolorida, contraída, convulsa, sem aparelho político ou filosófico, a morte de uma pessoa amada, essa foi a primeira vez que a pude encarar.

era eu, nesse tempo, um fiel compêndio de trivialidade e presunção. Jamais o problema da vida e da morte me oprimira o cérebro”

a franqueza é a primeira virtude de um defunto.”

Mas, na morte, que diferença! que desabafo! que liberdade! Como a gente pode sacudir fora a capa, deitar ao fosso as lantejoulas, despregar-se, despintar-se, desafeitar-se, confessar lisamente o que foi e o que deixou de ser! Porque, em suma, já não há vizinhos, nem amigos, nem inimigos, nem conhecidos, nem estranhos; não há platéia. O olhar da opinião, esse olhar agudo e judicial, perde a virtude, logo que pisamos o território da morte; não digo que ele se não estenda para cá, e nos não examine e julgue; mas a nós é que não se nos dá do exame nem do julgamento. Senhores vivos, não há nada tão incomensurável como o desdém dos finados.”

Creio que por então é que começou a desabotoar em mim a hipocondria, essa flor amarela, solitária e mórbida, de um cheiro inebriante e sutil. — <Que bom que é estar triste e não dizer coisa nenhuma!> — Quando esta palavra de Shakespeare me chamou a atenção, confesso que senti em mim um eco, um eco delicioso.

Volúpia do aborrecimento: decora esta expressão, leitor; guarda-a, examina-a, e se não chegares a entendê-la, podes concluir que ignoras uma das sensações mais sutis desse mundo e daquele tempo.”

Às vezes, caçava, outras dormia, outras lia, — lia muito, — outras enfim não fazia nada; deixava-me atoar de idéia em idéia, de imaginação em imaginação, como uma borboleta vadia ou faminta. As horas iam pingando uma a uma, o sol caía, as sombras da noite velavam a montanha e a cidade. Ninguém me visitava; recomendei expressamente que me deixassem só. Um dia, dois dias, três dias, uma semana inteira passada assim, sem dizer palavra, era bastante para sacudir-me da Tijuca fora e restituir-me ao bulício. Com efeito, ao cabo de 7 dias, estava farto da solidão; a dor aplacara; o espírito já se não contentava com o uso da espingarda e dos livros, nem com a vista do arvoredo e do céu. Reagia a mocidade, era preciso viver. Meti no baú o problema da vida e da morte, os hipocondríacos do poeta, as camisas, as meditações, as gravatas, e ia fechá-lo, quando o moleque Prudêncio me disse que uma pessoa do meu conhecimento se mudara na véspera para uma casa roxa, situada a 200 passos da nossa.”

Não entendo de política, disse eu depois de um instante; quanto à noiva… deixe-me viver como um urso.

Mas os ursos casam-se, replicou ele.

Pois traga-me uma ursa. Olhe, a Ursa-Maior…

Virgílio! exclamou. És tu, meu rapaz; a tua noiva chama-se justamente Virgília.

Naquele tempo contava apenas uns 15 ou 16 anos; era talvez a mais atrevida criatura da nossa raça, e, com certeza, a mais voluntariosa. Não digo que lhe coubesse a primazia da beleza, entre as mocinhas do tempo, porque isto não é romance, em que o autor sobredoura a realidade e fecha os olhos às sardas e espinhas; mas também não digo que lhe maculasse o rosto nenhuma sarda ou espinha, não. Era bonita, fresca, saía das mãos da natureza, cheia daquele feitiço, precário e eterno, que o indivíduo passa a outro indivíduo, para os fins secretos da criação. Era isto Virgília, e era clara, muito clara, faceira, ignorante, pueril, cheia de uns ímpetos misteriosos; muita preguiça e alguma devoção, — devoção, ou talvez medo; creio que medo.

Aí tem o leitor, em poucas linhas, o retrato físico e moral da pessoa que devia influir mais tarde na minha vida; era aquilo com 16 anos.”

Mas, dirás tu, como é que podes assim discernir a verdade daquele tempo, e exprimi-la depois de tantos anos?

Ah! indiscreta! ah! ignorantona! Mas é isso mesmo que nos faz senhores da Terra, é esse poder de restaurar o passado, para tocar a instabilidade das nossas impressões e a vaidade dos nossos afetos. Deixa lá dizer Pascal que o homem é um caniço pensante. Não; é uma errata pensante, isso sim. Cada estação da vida é uma edição, que corrige a anterior, e que será corrigida também, até a edição definitiva, que o editor dá de graça aos vermes.

PARADIGMA DO HOMEM DA ERA DO PATINETE: Por que ter cérebro se eu posso ter novela das 7

Lépida e viva como uma cachaça de minas.

Te ajoelha e te ferve,

Depois te entontece e te deprime.

Todo o homem público deve ser casado, interrompeu sentenciosamente meu pai. …Demais, a noiva e o Parlamento são a mesma coisa… isto é, não… saberás depois…

Olha, estou com 60 anos, mas se fosse necessário começar vida nova, começava, sem hesitar um só minuto. Teme a obscuridade, Brás”

E foi por diante o mágico, a agitar diante de mim um chocalho, como me faziam, em pequeno, para eu andar depressa, e a flor da hipocondria recolheu-se ao botão

Vencera meu pai; dispus-me a aceitar o diploma e o casamento, Virgília e a Câmara dos Deputados.”

Ora, o Brasinho! Um homem! Quem diria, há anos… Um homenzarrão! E bonito! Qual! Você não se lembra de mim…

tive umas cócegas de ser pai.”

um rir filosófico, desinteressado, superior.”

BLACK BUTT WILL FLY

P. 42: “No dia seguinte, como eu estivesse a preparar-me para descer, entrou no meu quarto uma borboleta, tão negra como a outra, e muito maior do que ela. Lembrou-me o caso da véspera, e ri-me; entrei logo a pensar na filha de D. Eusébia, no susto que tivera, e na dignidade que, apesar dele, soube conservar. A borboleta, depois de esvoaçar muito em torno de mim, pousou-me na testa. Sacudi-a, ela foi pousar na vidraça; e, porque eu a sacudisse de novo, saiu dali e

veio parar em cima de um velho retrato de meu pai. Era negra como a noite. O gesto brando com que, uma vez posta, começou a mover as asas, tinha um certo ar escarninho, que me aborreceu muito. Dei de ombros, saí do quarto; mas tornando lá, minutos depois, e achando-a ainda no mesmo lugar, senti um repelão dos nervos, lancei mão de uma toalha, bati-lhe e ela caiu.

Não caiu morta; ainda torcia o corpo e movia as farpinhas da cabeça. Apiedei-me; tomei-a na palma da mão e fui depô-la no peitoril da janela. Era tarde; a infeliz expirou dentro de alguns segundos. Fiquei um pouco aborrecido, incomodado.

Também por que diabo não era ela azul? disse comigo.

Suponho que nunca teria visto um homem; não sabia, portanto, o que era o homem; descreveu infinitas voltas em torno do meu corpo, e viu que me movia, que tinha olhos, braços, pernas, um ar divino, uma estatura colossal. Então disse

consigo: <Este é provavelmente o inventor das borboletas.> A idéia subjugou-a, aterrou-a; mas o medo, que é também sugestivo, insinuou-lhe que o melhor modo de agradar ao seu criador era beijá-lo na testa, e beijou-me na testa. Quando enxotada por mim, foi pousar na vidraça, viu dali o retrato de meu pai, e não é impossível que descobrisse meia verdade, a saber, que estava ali o pai do inventor das borboletas, e voou a pedir-lhe misericórdia.”

Não lhe valeu a imensidade azul, nem a alegria das flores, nem a pompa das folhas verdes, contra uma toalha de rosto, dois palmos de linho cru. Vejam como é bom ser superior às borboletas! Porque, é justo dizê-lo, se ela fosse azul, ou cor de laranja, não teria mais segura a vida; não era impossível que eu a atravessasse com um alfinete, para recreio dos olhos. Não era. Esta última idéia restituiu-me a consolação; uni o dedo grande ao polegar, despedi um piparote e o cadáver caiu no jardim. Era tempo; aí vinham já as próvidas formigas… Não, volto à primeira idéia; creio que para ela era melhor ter nascido azul.”

Saímos à varanda, dali à chácara, e foi então que notei uma circunstância. Eugênia coxeava um pouco, tão pouco, que eu cheguei a perguntar-lhe se machucara o pé. A mãe calou-se; a filha respondeu sem titubear:

Não, senhor, sou coxa de nascença.

Mandei-me a todos os diabos; chamei-me desastrado, grosseirão. Com efeito, a simples possibilidade de ser coxa era bastante para lhe não perguntar nada.”

O pior é que era coxa. Uns olhos tão lúcidos, uma boca tão fresca, uma compostura tão senhoril; e coxa! Esse contraste faria suspeitar que a natureza é às vezes um imenso escárnio. Por que bonita, se coxa? por que coxa, se bonita? Tal era a pergunta que eu vinha fazendo a mim mesmo ao voltar para casa, de noite, sem atinar com a solução do enigma.”

lá embaixo a família a chamar-me, e a noiva, e o Parlamento, e eu sem acudir a coisa nenhuma, enlevado ao pé da minha Vênus Manca. (…) Queria-lhe, é verdade; ao pé dessa criatura tão singela, filha espúria e coxa, feita de amor e desprezo, ao pé dela sentia-me bem, e ela creio que ainda se sentia melhor ao pé de mim. E isto na Tijuca. Uma simples égloga. D. Eusébia vigiava-nos, mas pouco; temperava a necessidade com a conveniência. A filha, nessa primeira explosão da natureza, entregava-me a alma em flor.”

acrescentei um versículo ao Evangelho: — Bem-aventurados os que não descem, porque deles é o primeiro beijo das moças. Com efeito, foi no domingo esse primeiro beijo de Eugênia —”

Eu cínico, alma sensível? Pela coxa de Diana! esta injúria merecia ser lavada com sangue, se o sangue lavasse alguma coisa nesse mundo. Não, alma sensível, eu não sou cínico, eu fui homem; meu cérebro foi um tablado em que se deram peças de todo gênero, o drama sacro, o austero, o piegas, a comédia louçã, a desgrenhada farsa, os autos, as bufonerias, um pandemônio, alma sensível, uma barafunda de coisas e pessoas, em que podias ver tudo, desde a rosa de Esmirna até a arruda do teu quintal, desde o magnífico leito de Cleópatra até o recanto da praia em que o mendigo tirita o seu sono. Cruzavam-se nele pensamentos de vária casta e feição. Não havia ali a atmosfera somente da águia e do beija-flor; havia também a da lesma e do sapo. Retira, pois, a expressão, alma sensível, castiga os nervos, limpa os óculos, — que isso às vezes é dos óculos, — e acabemos de uma vez com esta flor da moita.”

pequena pena

dura candura

Descer só é nobre nos acordes…

e jurei-lhe por todos os santos do Céu que eu era obrigado a descer, mas que não deixava de lhe querer e muito; tudo hipérboles frias, que ela escutou sem dizer nada.”

Desci da Tijuca, na manhã seguinte, um pouco amargurado, outro pouco satisfeito. Vinha dizendo a mim mesmo que era justo obedecer a meu pai, que era conveniente abraçar a carreira política… que a constituição… que a minha noiva… que o meu cavalo…”

respirei à larga, e deitei-me a fio comprido, enquanto os pés, e todo eu atrás deles, entrávamos numa relativa bem-aventurança. Então considerei que as botas apertadas são uma das maiores venturas da Terra, porque, fazendo doer os pés, dão azo ao prazer de as descalçar. Mortifica os pés, desgraçado, desmortifica-os depois, e aí tens a felicidade barata, ao sabor dos sapateiros e de Epicuro.” “Em verdade vos digo que toda a sabedoria humana não vale um par de botas curtas.”

Corredores são ingratos e estúpidos por usarem sempre números maiores que seus pés…

Tu, minha Eugênia, é que não as descalçaste nunca; foste aí pela estrada da vida, manquejando da perna e do amor, triste como os enterros pobres, solitária, calada, laboriosa, até que vieste também para esta outra margem… O que eu não sei é se a tua existência era muito necessária ao século. Quem sabe? Talvez um comparsa de menos fizesse patear a tragédia humana.”

Fomos dali à casa do Dutra. Era uma pérola esse homem, risonho, jovial, patriota, um pouco irritado com os males públicos, mas não desesperando de os curar depressa. Achou que a minha candidatura era legítima; convinha, porém, esperar alguns meses. E logo me apresentou à mulher, — uma estimável senhora, — e à filha, que não desmentiu em nada o panegírico de meu pai. Juro-vos que em nada. Relede o capítulo XXVII. Eu, que levava idéias a respeito da pequena, fitei-a de certo modo; ela, que não sei se as tinha, não me fitou de modo diferente; e o nosso olhar primeiro foi pura e simplesmente conjugal. No fim de um mês estávamos íntimos.”

Lembra-vos ainda a minha teoria das edições humanas? Pois sabei que, naquele tempo, estava eu na quarta edição, revista e emendada, mas ainda inçada de descuidos e barbarismos; defeito que, aliás, achava alguma compensação no tipo, que era elegante, e na encadernação, que era luxuosa.”

e porque a dor que se dissimula dói mais, é muito provável que Virgília padecesse em dobro do que realmente devia padecer. Creio que isto é metafísica.”

CAPÍTULO XLII / QUE ESCAPOU A ARISTÓTELES

Outra coisa que também me parece metafísica é isto: — Dá-se movimento a uma bola, por exemplo; rola esta, encontra outra bola, transmite-lhe o impulso, e eis a segunda boa a rolar como a primeira rolou. Suponhamos que a primeira bola se chama… Marcela, — é uma simples suposição; a segunda, Brás Cubas; a terceira, Virgília. Temos que Marcela, recebendo um piparote do passado rolou até tocar em Brás Cubas, — o qual, cedendo à força impulsiva, entrou a rolar também até esbarrar em Virgília, que não tinha nada com a primeira bola; e eis aí como, pela simples transmissão de uma força, se tocam os extremos sociais, e se estabelece uma coisa que poderemos chamar — solidariedade do aborrecimento humano. Como é que este capítulo escapou a Aristóteles?”

Então apareceu o Lobo Neves, um homem que não era mais esbelto que eu, nem mais elegante, nem mais lido, nem mais simpático, e todavia foi quem me arrebatou Virgília e a candidatura, dentro de poucas semanas, com um ímpeto verdadeiramente cesariano.”

Virgília comparou a águia e o pavão, e elegeu a águia, deixando o pavão com o seu espanto, o seu despeito, e três ou quatro beijos que lhe dera. Talvez cinco beijos; mas dez que fossem não queria dizer coisa nenhuma. O lábio do homem não é como a pata do cavalo de Átila, que esterilizava o solo em que batia; é justamente o contrário.”

Era impossível; não se ama duas vezes a mesma mulher, e eu, que tinha de amar aquela, tempos depois, não lhe estava agora preso por nenhum outro vínculo, além de uma fantasia passageira, alguma obediência e muita fatuidade. E isto basta a explicar a vigília; era despeito, um despeitozinho agudo como ponta de alfinete, o qual se desfez, com charutos, murros, leituras truncadas, até romper a aurora, a mais tranqüila das auroras.”

Mas eu era moço, tinha o remédio em mim mesmo. Meu pai é que não pôde suportar facilmente a pancada. Pensando bem, pode ser que não morresse precisamente do desastre; mas que o desastre lhe complicou as últimas dores, é positivo.”

Jantamos tristes. Meu tio cônego apareceu à sobremesa, e ainda presenciou uma pequena altercação.

Meus filhos, disse ele, lembrem-se que meu irmão deixou um pão bem grande para ser repartido por todos.

Mas Cotrim:

Creio, creio. A questão, porém, não é de pão, é de manteiga. Pão seco é que eu não engulo.”

Jogos pueris, fúrias de criança, risos e tristezas da idade adulta, dividimos muita vez esse pão da alegria e da miséria, irmãmente, como bons irmãos que éramos. Mas estávamos brigados. Tal qual a beleza de Marcela, que se esvaiu com as bexigas.”

Vivi meio recluso, indo de longe em longe a algum baile, ou teatro, ou palestra, mas a maior parte do tempo passei-a comigo mesmo. Vivia; deixava-me ir ao curso e recurso dos sucessos e dos dias, ora buliçoso, ora apático, entre a ambição e o desânimo. Escrevia política e fazia literatura. Mandava artigos e versos para as folhas públicas, e cheguei a alcançar certa reputação de polemista e de poeta.”

Pobre Luís Dutra! Apenas publicava alguma coisa, corria à minha casa, e entrava a girar em volta de mim, à espreita de um juízo, de uma palavra, de um gesto, que lhe aprovasse a recente produção, e eu falava-lhe de mil coisas diferentes, — do último baile do Catete, da discussão das câmaras, de berlindas e cavalos, — de tudo, menos dos seus versos ou prosas. Ele respondia-me, a princípio com animação, depois mais frouxo, torcia a rédea da conversa para o seu assunto dele, abria um livro, perguntava-me se tinha algum trabalho novo, e eu dizia-lhe que sim ou que não, mas torcia a rédea para o outro lado, e lá ia ele atrás de mim, até que empacava de todo e saía triste. Minha intenção era fazê-lo duvidar de si mesmo, desanimá-lo, eliminá-lo. E tudo isto a olhar para a ponta do nariz…”

CAPÍTULO XLIX / A PONTA DO NARIZ

Nariz, consciência sem remorsos, tu me valeste muito na vida… Já meditaste alguma vez no destino do nariz, amado leitor? A explicação do Doutor Pangloss é que o nariz foi criado para uso dos óculos, — e tal explicação confesso que até certo tempo me pareceu definitiva; mas veio um dia, em que, estando a ruminar esse e outros pontos obscuros de filosofia, atinei com a única, verdadeira e definitiva explicação.

Com efeito, bastou-me atentar no costume do faquir. Sabe o leitor que o faquir gasta longas horas a olhar para a ponta do nariz, com o fim único de ver a luz celeste. Quando ele finca os olhos na ponta do nariz, perde o sentimento das coisas externas, embeleza-se no invisível, aprende o impalpável, desvincula-se da terra, dissolve-se, eteriza-se. Essa sublimação do ser pela ponta do nariz é o fenômeno mais excelso do espírito, e a faculdade de a obter não pertence ao faquir somente: é universal. Cada homem tem necessidade e poder de contemplar o seu próprio nariz, para o fim de ver a luz celeste, e tal contemplação, cujo efeito é a subordinação do universo a um nariz somente, constitui o equilíbrio das sociedades. Se os narizes se contemplassem exclusivamente uns aos outros, o gênero humano não chegaria a durar dois séculos: extinguia-se com as primeiras tribos.”

A conclusão, portanto, é que há duas forças capitais: o amor, que multiplica a espécie, e o nariz, que a subordina ao indivíduo. Procriação, equilíbrio.”

Um livro perdeu Francesca; cá foi a valsa que nos perdeu. Creio que essa noite apertei-lhe a mão com muita força, e ela deixou-a ficar, como esquecida, e eu a abraçá-la, e todos com os olhos em nós, e nos outros que também se abraçavam e giravam… Um delírio.”

por que diabo seria minha uma moeda que eu não herdara nem ganhara, mas somente achara na rua? Evidentemente não era minha; era de outro, daquele que a perdera, rico ou pobre, e talvez fosse pobre, algum operário que não teria com que dar de comer à mulher e aos filhos; mas se fosse rico, o meu dever ficava o mesmo. Cumpria restituir a moeda, e o melhor meio, o único meio, era fazê-lo por intermédio de um anúncio ou da polícia.”

achava-me bom, talvez grande. Uma simples moeda, hem?”

Assim eu, Brás Cubas, descobri uma lei sublime, a lei da equivalência das janelas, e estabeleci que o modo de compensar uma janela fechada é abrir outra, a fim de que a moral possa arejar continuamente a consciência.”

Cinco contos em boas notas e moedas, tudo asseadinho e arranjadinho, um achado raro. Embrulhei-as de novo. Ao jantar pareceu-me que um dos moleques falara a outro com os olhos. Ter-me-iam espreitado? Interroguei-os discretamente, e concluí que não. Sobre o jantar fui outra vez ao gabinete, examinei o dinheiro, e ri-me dos meus cuidados maternais a respeito de cinco contos, — eu, que era abastado.”

Não podia ser outra coisa. Não se perdem cinco contos, como se perde um lenço de tabaco. Cinco contos levam-se com trinta mil sentidos, apalpam-se a miúdo, não se lhes tiram os olhos de cima, nem as mãos, nem o pensamento, e para se perderem assim tolamente, numa praia, é necessário que… Crime é que não podia ser o achado; nem crime, nem desonra, nem nada que embaciasse o caráter de um homem.”

Nesse mesmo dia levei-os ao Banco do Brasil. Lá me receberam com muitas e delicadas alusões ao caso da meia dobra, cuja notícia andava já espalhada entre as pessoas do meu conhecimento; respondi enfadado que a coisa não valia a pena de tamanho estrondo; louvaram-me então a modéstia, — e porque eu me encolerizasse, replicaram-me que era simplesmente grande.”

Há umas plantas que nascem e crescem depressa; outras são tardias e pecas. O nosso amor era daquelas; brotou com tal ímpeto e tanta seiva, que, dentro em pouco, era a mais vasta, folhuda e exuberante criatura dos bosques.”

uma hipocrisia paciente e sistemática, único freio de uma paixão sem freio”

o resto, e o resto do resto, que é o fastio e a saciedade”

Usualmente, quando eu perdia o sono, o bater da pêndula fazia-me muito mal; esse tique-taque soturno, vagaroso e seco parecia dizer a cada golpe que eu ia ter um instante menos de vida. Imaginava então um velho diabo, sentado entre dois sacos, o da vida e o da morte, a tirar as moedas da vida para dá-las à morte, e a contá-las assim:

Outra de menos…

Outra de menos…

Outra de menos…

Outra de menos…

O mais singular é que, se o relógio parava, eu dava-lhe corda, para que ele não deixasse de bater nunca, e eu pudesse contar todos os meus instantes perdidos. Invenções há, que se transformam ou acabam; as mesmas instituições morrem; o relógio é definitivo e perpétuo. O derradeiro homem, ao despedir-se do sol frio e gasto, há de ter um relógio na algibeira, para saber a hora exata em que morre.”

CAPÍTULO LV / O VELHO DIÁLOGO DE ADÃO E EVA

BRÁS CUBAS…………………………..?

VIRGÍLIA………………………….

BRÁS CUBAS……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………..

VIRGÍLIA……………………………………!

BRÁS CUBAS……………………………

VIRGÍLIA……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….?

…………………………………………..

……………………………………………….

BRÁS CUBAS……………………………

VIRGÍLIA………………………………………..

BRÁS CUBAS………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………..

……….!…………………………!………………………!

VIRGÍLIA…………………………………………….?

BRÁS CUBAS……………………………………….!

VIRGÍLIA……………………………………………!”

A razão não podia ser outra senão o momento oportuno. Não era oportuno o primeiro momento, porque, se nenhum de nós estava verde para o amor, ambos o estávamos para o nosso amor: distinção fundamental. Não há amor possível sem a oportunidade dos sujeitos. Esta explicação achei-a eu mesmo, dois anos depois do beijo, um dia em que Virgília se me queixava de um pintalegrete que lá ia e tenazmente a galanteava.”

Agora, que todas as leis sociais no-lo impediam, agora é que nos amávamos deveras. Achávamo-nos jungidos um ao outro, como as duas almas que o poeta encontrou no Purgatório:

Di pari, come buoi, che vanno a giogo

Pobre Destino! Onde andarás agora, grande procurador dos negócios humanos? Talvez estejas a criar pele nova, outra cara, outras maneiras, outro nome, e não é impossível que… Já me não lembra onde estava… Ah! nas estradas escusas.”

achava que Virgília era a perfeição mesma, um conjunto de qualidades sólidas e finas, amorável, elegante, austera, um modelo. E a confiança não parava aí. De fresta que era, chegou a porta escancarada. Um dia confessou-me que trazia uma triste carcoma na existência; faltava-lhe a glória pública. Animei-o; disse-lhe muitas coisas bonitas, que ele ouviu com aquela unção religiosa de um desejo que não quer acabar de morrer; então compreendi que a ambição dele andava cansada de bater as asas, sem poder abrir o vôo. Dias depois disse-me todos os seus tédios e desfalecimentos, as amarguras engolidas, as raivas sopitadas; contou-me que a vida política era um tecido de invejas, despeitos, intrigas, perfídias, interesses, vaidades. Evidentemente havia aí uma crise de melancolia”

Vira o teatro pelo lado da platéia; e, palavra, que era bonito! Soberbo cenário, vida, movimento e graça na representação. Escriturei-me; deram-me um papel que…”

Deve ser um vinho enérgico a política, dizia eu comigo, ao sair da casa de Lobo Neves; e fui andando, fui andando, até que na Rua dos Barbonos vi uma sege, e dentro um dos ministros, meu antigo companheiro de colégio. Cortejamo-nos afetuosamente, a sege seguiu, e eu fui andando… andando… andando…

Por que não serei eu ministro?”

Não pensei mais na tristeza de Lobo Neves; sentia a atração do abismo.”

“— Aposto que me não conhece, Sr. Dr. Cubas? disse ele.

Não me lembra…

Sou o Borba, o Quincas Borba.

Recuei espantado… Quem me dera agora o verbo solene de um Bossuet ou de Vieira, para contar tamanha desolação!”

Não havia nele a resignação cristã, nem a conformidade filosófica. Parece que a miséria lhe calejara a alma, a ponto de lhe tirar a sensação de lama. Arrastava os andrajos, como outrora a púrpura: com certa graça indolente.”

Sabe onde moro? No terceiro degrau das escadas de São Francisco, à esquerda de quem sobe; não precisa bater na porta. Casa fresca, extremamente fresca. Pois saí cedo, e ainda não comi…”

Fez um gesto de desdém; calou-se alguns instantes; depois disse-me positivamente que não queria trabalhar. Eu estava enjoado dessa abjeção tão cômica e tão triste, e preparei-me para sair.

Não vá sem eu lhe ensinar a minha filosofia da miséria, disse ele, escarranchando-se diante de mim.”

Meto a mão no colete e não acho o relógio. Última desilusão! O Borba furtara-mo no abraço.” Mas um homem não morre sem seu relógio! É dever do amigo devolvê-lo, e por sua vez morrer, a seu tempo, não é verdade?

Desde a sopa, começou a abrir em mim a flor amarela e mórbida do capítulo XXV, e então jantei depressa, para correr à casa de Virgília. Virgília era o presente; eu queria refugiar-me nele, para escapar às opressões do passado, porque o encontro do Quincas Borba, tornara-me aos olhos o passado, não qual fôra deveras, mas um passado roto, abjeto, mendigo e gatuno.

A necessidade de o regenerar, de o trazer ao trabalho e ao respeito de sua pessoa enchia-me o coração; eu começava a sentir um bem-estar, uma elevação, uma admiração de mim próprio…”

Virgília era o travesseiro do meu espírito, um travesseiro mole, tépido, aromático, enfronhado em cambraia e bruxelas. Era ali que ele costumava repousar de todas as sensações más, simplesmente enfadonhas, ou até dolorosas. E, bempesadas as coisas, não era outra a razão da existência de Virgília; não podia ser. Cinco minutos bastaram para olvidar inteiramente o Quincas Borba (…) Escrófula da vida, andrajo do passado, que me importa que existas, que molestes os olhos dos outros, se eu tenho dois palmos de um travesseiro divino, para fechar os olhos e dormir?

lobrigava, ao longe, uma casa nossa, uma vida nossa, um mundo nosso, em que não havia Lobo Neves, nem casamento, nem moral, nem nenhum outro liame, que nos tolhesse a expansão da vontade. Esta idéia embriagou-me; eliminados assim o mundo, a moral e o marido, bastava penetrar naquela habitação dos anjos.”

exprimia mudamente tudo quanto pode dizer a pupila humana.”

Era a primeira grande cólera que eu sentia contra Virgília. Não olhei uma só vez para ela durante o jantar; falei de política, da imprensa, do ministério, creio que falaria de teologia, se a soubesse, ou se me lembrasse. Lobo Neves acompanhava-me com muita placidez e dignidade, e até com certa benevolência superior; e tudo aquilo me irritava também, e me tornava mais amargo e longo o jantar.”

Você não me ama, foi a sua resposta; nunca me teve a menor soma de amor. Tratou-me ontem como se me tivesse ódio. Se eu ao menos soubesse o que é que fiz! Mas não sei. Não me dirá o que foi?

Que foi o quê? Creio que não houve nada.

Nada? Tratou-me como não se trata um cachorro…

A esta palavra, peguei-lhe nas mãos, beijei-as, e duas lágrimas rebentaram-lhe dos olhos.

Acabou, acabou, disse eu.

Bons olhos o vejam! exclamou. Onde se mete o senhor que não aparece em parte nenhuma? Pois olhe, ontem admirou-me não o ver no teatro. A Candiani esteve deliciosa. Que mulher! Gosta da Candiani? É natural. Os senhores são todos os mesmos. O barão dizia ontem, no camarote, que uma só italiana vale por cinco brasileiras. Que desaforo! e desaforo de velho, que é pior. Mas por que é que o senhor não foi ontem ao teatro?

Qual! Algum namoro; não acha, Virgília? Pois, meu amigo, apresse-se, porque o senhor deve estar com quarenta anos… ou perto disso… Não tem quarenta anos?

Não lhe posso dizer com certeza, respondi eu; mas se me dá licença, vou consultar a certidão de batismo.

Olheiras produzidas de tanto olheiro à espreita.

Abençoadas pernas! E há quem vos trate com desdém ou indiferença. Eu mesmo, até então, tinha-vos em má conta, zangava-me quando vos fatigáveis, quando não podíeis ir além de certo ponto, e me deixáveis com o desejo a avoaçar, à semelhança de galinha atada pelos pés.”

Eu gosto dos capítulos alegres; é o meu fraco.”

O mundo era estreito para Alexandre; um desvão de telhado é o infinito para as andorinhas. (…) dorme hoje um casal de virtudes no mesmo espaço de chão que sofreu um casal de pecados. Amanhã pode lá dormir um eclesiástico, depois um assassino, depois um ferreiro, depois um poeta, e todos abençoarão esse canto de Terra, que lhes deu algumas ilusões.”

Começo a arrepender-me deste livro. Não que ele me canse; eu não tenho quê fazer; e, realmente, expedir alguns magros capítulos para esse mundo sempre é tarefa que distrai um pouco da eternidade. Mas o livro é enfadonho, cheira a sepulcro, traz certa contração cadavérica; vício grave, e aliás ínfimo, porque o maior defeito deste livro és tu, leitor. Tu tens pressa de envelhecer, e o livro anda devagar; tu amas a narração direta e nutrida, o estilo regular e fluente, e este livro e o meu estilo são como os ébrios, guinam à direita e à esquerda, andam e param, resmungam, urram, gargalham, ameaçam o céu, escorregam e caem…”

e, se eu tivesse olhos, dar-vos-ia uma lágrima de saudade. Esta é a grande vantagem da morte, que, se não deixa boca para rir, também não deixa olhos para chorar…”

O BIBLIÔMANO

Eu não quero dar pasto à crítica do futuro. Olhai: daqui a setenta anos, um sujeito magro, amarelo, grisalho, que não ama nenhuma outra coisa além dos livros, inclina-se sobre a página anterior, a ver se lhe descobre o despropósito; lê, relê, treslê, desengonça as palavras, saca uma sílaba, depois outra, mais outra e as restantes, examina-as por dentro e por fora, por todos os lados, contra a luz, espaneja-as, esfrega-as no joelho, lava-as, e nada; não acha o despropósito. É um bibliômano. Não conhece o autor; este nome de Brás Cubas não vem nos seus dicionários biográficos. Achou o volume, por acaso, no pardieiro de um alfarrabista. Comprou-o por 200 réis. Indagou, pesquisou, esgaravatou, e veio a descobrir que era um exemplar único… Único! Vós, que não só amais os livros, senão que padeceis a mania deles, vós sabeis muito bem o valor desta palavra, e adivinhais, portanto, as delícias de meu bibliômano. Ele rejeitaria a coroa das Índias, o papado, todos os museus da Itália e da Holanda, se os houvesse de trocar por esse único exemplar; e não porque seja o das minhas Memórias; faria a mesma coisa com o Almanaque de Laemmert, uma vez que fosse único.” “Fecha o livro, mira-o, remira-o, chega-se à janela e mostra-o ao sol. Um exemplar único! Nesse momento passa-lhe por baixo da janela um César ou um Cromwell, a caminho do poder. Ele dá de ombros, fecha a janela, estira-se na rede e folheia o livro devagar, com amor, aos goles…”

Não te arrependas de ser generoso”

Podendo acontecer que algum dos meus leitores tenha pulado o capítulo anterior, observo que é preciso lê-lo para entender o que eu disse comigo, logo depois que D. Plácida saiu da sala.”

Aqui estou. Para que me chamastes? E o sacristão e a sacristã naturalmente lhe responderiam. — Chamamos-te para queimar os dedos nos tachos, os olhos na costura, comer mal, ou não comer, andar de um lado para outro, na faina, adoecendo e sarando, com o fim de tornar a adoecer e sarar outra vez, triste agora, logo desesperada, amanhã resignada, mas sempre com as mãos no tacho e os olhos na costura, até acabar um dia na lama ou no hospital; foi para isso que te chamamos, num momento de simpatia.

O vício é muitas vezes o estrume da virtude. O que não impede que a virtude seja uma flor cheirosa e sã.”

eu prometi que serias marquesa, e nem baronesa estás. Dirás que sou ambicioso?”

Noutra ocasião, por diferente motivo, é certo que eu me lançaria aos pés dela, e a ampararia com a minha razão e a minha ternura; agora, porém, era preciso compeli-la ao esforço de si mesma, ao sacrifício, à responsabilidade da nossa vida comum, e conseguintemente desampará-la, deixá-la, e sair; foi o que fiz.

Repito, a minha felicidade está nas tuas mãos, disse eu.

Virgília quis agarrar-me, mas eu já estava fora da porta. Cheguei a ouvir um prorromper de lágrimas, e digo-lhes que estive a ponto de voltar, para as enxugar com um beijo; mas subjuguei-me e saí.”

Às vezes sentia um dentezinho de remorso; parecia-me que abusava da fraqueza de uma mulher amante e culpada, sem nada sacrificar nem arriscar de mim próprio” Não comportamos praticamente nada mais que um remorso por dia do mês.

Os olhos dela estavam secos. Sabina não herdara a flor amarela e mórbida. Que importa? Era minha irmã, meu sangue, um pedaço de minha mãe, e eu disse-lho com ternura, com sinceridade…”

Digam o que quiserem dizer os hipocondríacos: a vida é uma coisa doce.”

A velhice ridícula é, porventura, a mais triste e derradeira surpresa da natureza humana.”

O caso dos meus amores andava mais público do que eu podia supor.”

Referiu-lhe que o decreto trazia a data de 13, e que esse número significava para ele uma recordação fúnebre. O pai morreu num dia 13, treze dias depois de um jantar em que havia treze pessoas. A casa em que morrera a mãe tinha o n° 13. Et coetera. Era um algarismo fatídico. Não podia alegar semelhante coisa ao ministro; dir-lhe-ia que tinha razões particulares para não aceitar. Eu fiquei como há de estar o leitor, — um pouco assombrado com esse sacrifício a um número; mas, sendo ele ambicioso, o sacrifício devia ser sincero…”

E assim reatamos o fio da aventura como a sultana Scheherazade o dos seus contos.”

Se o leitor ainda se lembra do capítulo XXIII, observará que é agora a segunda vez que eu comparo a vida a um enxurro; mas também há de reparar que desta vez acrescento-lhe um adjetivo — perpétuo. E Deus sabe a força de um adjetivo, principalmente em países novos e cálidos.” Machado de Assis merece sua alta reputação: com um ar leve e ligeiro consegue transmitir o grave e o sério, e tem um jeito de interagir com o leitor que até hoje não vi, entre centenas de escritores: ao derrubar a quarta parede, não é piegas, mas é afável e consolador assim mesmo. Outros autores, quando “conversam demais com o leitor”, apenas geram irritação; há quem nos soe seco, impessoal demais: quem nunca parece lembrar-se de que está sendo lido, afinal. Machado não: Machado parece um nosso amigo, mandando uma carta (um e-mail, que seja…). Mas não uma mensagem no zap, que aí já seria demais…

Digo apenas que o homem mais probo que conheci em minha vida foi um certo Jacó Medeiros ou Jacó Valadares, não me recorda bem o nome. Talvez fosse Jacó Rodrigues; em suma, Jacó. Era a probidade em pessoa; podia ser rico, violentando um pequenino escrúpulo, e não quis; deixou ir pelas mãos fora nada menos de uns 400 contos [de réis, bom lembrar]; tinha a probidade tão exemplar, que chegava a ser miúda e cansativa. Um dia, como nos achássemos, a sós, em casa dele, em boa palestra, vieram dizer que o procurava o Dr. B., um sujeito enfadonho. Jacó mandou dizer que não estava em casa.

Não pega, bradou uma voz do corredor; cá estou de dentro.

E, com efeito, era o Dr. B., que apareceu logo à porta da sala. Jacó foi recebê-lo, afirmando que cuidava ser outra pessoa, e não ele, e acrescentando que tinha muito prazer com a visita, o que nos rendeu hora e meia de enfado mortal, e isto mesmo, porque Jacó tirou o relógio; o Dr. B. perguntou-lhe então se ia sair.

Com minha mulher, disse Jacó.

Retirou-se o Dr. B. e respiramos. Uma vez respirados, disse eu ao Jacó que ele acabava de mentir quatro vezes, em menos de duas horas: a primeira, negando-se, a segunda, alegrando-se com a presença do importuno; a terceira, dizendo que ia sair; a quarta, acrescentando que com a mulher. Jacó refletiu um instante, depois confessou a justeza da minha observação, mas desculpou-se dizendo que a veracidade absoluta era incompatível com um estado social adiantado, e que a paz das cidades só se podia obter à custa de embaçadelas recíprocas… Ah! lembra-me agora: chamava-se Jacó Tavares.”

eu observei que a adulação das mulheres não é a mesma coisa que a dos homens. Esta orça pela servilidade; a outra confunde-se com a afeição. As formas graciosamente curvas, a palavra doce, a mesma fraqueza física dão à ação lisonjeira da mulher, uma cor local, um aspecto legítimo. Não importa a idade do adulado; a mulher há de ter sempre para ele uns ares de mãe ou de irmã, — ou ainda de enfermeira, outro ofício feminil, em que o mais hábil dos homens carecerá sempre de um quid, um fluido, alguma coisa.”

Então? disse o sujeito magro.

Fiz-lhe sinal para que não insistisse, e ele calou-se por alguns instantes. O doente ficou a olhar para o teto, calado, a arfar muito: Virgília empalideceu, levantou-se, foi até a janela. Suspeitara a morte e tinha medo. Eu procurei falar de outras coisas. O sujeito magro contou uma anedota, e tornou a tratar da casa, alteando a proposta.

Trinta e oito contos, disse ele.

Ahn?… gemeu o enfermo.

O sujeito magro aproximou-se da cama, pegou-lhe na mão, e sentiu-a fria. Eu acheguei-me ao doente, perguntei-lhe se sentia alguma coisa, se queria tomar um cálice de vinho.

Não… não… quar… quaren… quar… quar…

Teve um acesso de tosse, e foi o último; daí a pouco expirava ele, com grande consternação do sujeito magro, que me confessou depois a disposição em que estava de oferecer os quarenta contos; mas era tarde.

Lá me escapou a decifração do mistério, esse doce mistério de algumas semanas antes, quando Virgília me pareceu um pouco diferente do que era. Um filho! Um ser tirado do meu ser! Esta era a minha preocupação exclusiva daquele tempo. Olhos do mundo, zelos do marido, morte do Viegas, nada me interessava por então, nem conflitos políticos, nem revoluções, nem terremotos, nem nada. Eu só pensava naquele embrião anônimo, de obscura paternidade, e uma voz secreta me dizia: é teu filho. Meu filho! E repetia estas duas palavras, com certa voluptuosidade indefinível, e não sei que assomos de orgulho. Sentia-me homem.”

esse embrião tinha a meus olhos todos os tamanhos e gestos: ele mamava, ele escrevia, ele valsava, ele era o interminável nos limites de um quarto de hora, — baby e deputado, colegial e pintalegrete. Às vezes, ao pé de Virgília, esquecia-me dela e de tudo; Virgília sacudia-me, reprochava-me o silêncio; dizia que eu já lhe não queria nada. A verdade é que estava em diálogo com o embrião; era o velho colóquio de Adão e Caim, uma conversa sem palavras entre a vida e a vida, o mistério e o mistério.” Decerto o filho favorito.

Meu caro Brás Cubas,

Há tempos, no Passeio Público, tomei-lhe de empréstimo um relógio. Tenho a satisfação de restituir-lho com esta carta. A diferença é que não é o mesmo, porém outro, não digo superior, mas igual ao primeiro. Que voulez-vous, monseigneur? — como dizia Fígaro, — c’est la misère. Muitas coisas se deram depois do nosso encontro; irei contá-las pelo miúdo, se me não fechar a porta. [já-nela estou] Saiba que já não trago aquelas botas caducas, nem envergo uma famosa sobrecasaca cujas abas se perdiam na noite dos tempos. Cedi o meu degrau da escada de São Francisco; finalmente, almoço.

Dito isto, peço licença para ir um dia destes expor-lhe um trabalho, fruto de longo estudo, um novo sistema de filosofia, que não só explica e descreve a origem e a consumação das coisas, como faz dar um grande passo adiante de Zenon e Sêneca, cujo estoicismo era um verdadeiro brinco de crianças ao pé da minha receita moral. É singularmente espantoso esse meu sistema; retifica o espírito humano, suprime a dor, assegura a felicidade, e enche de imensa glória o nosso país. Chamo-lhe Humanitismo, de Humanitas, princípio das coisas. Minha primeira idéia revelava uma grande enfatuação: era chamar-lhe borbismo, de Borba; denominação vaidosa, além de rude e molesta. E com certeza exprimia menos. Verá, meu caro Brás Cubas, verá que é deveras um monumento; e se alguma coisa há que possa fazer-me esquecer as amarguras da vida, é o gosto de haver enfim apanhado a verdade e a felicidade. Ei-las na minha mão essas duas esquivas; após tantos séculos de lutas, pesquisas, descobertas, sistemas e quedas, ei-las nas mãos do homem. Até breve, meu caro Brás Cubas. Saudades do

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Naturalmente o Quincas Borba herdara de algum dos seus parentes de Minas, e a abastança devolvera-lhe a primitiva dignidade. Não digo tanto; há coisas que se não podem reaver integralmente; mas enfim a regeneração não era impossível. Guardei a carta e o relógio, e esperei a filosofia.

Que os levasse o diabo os ingleses! Isto não ficava direito sem irem todos eles barra fora. Que é que a Inglaterra podia fazer-nos? Se ele encontrasse algumas pessoas de boa vontade, era obra de uma noite a expulsão de tais godemes… Graças a Deus, tinha patriotismo, — e batia no peito, — o que não admirava porque era de família; descendia de um antigo capitão-mor muito patriota.”

Muito simpática, não é? acudiu ela; falta-lhe um pouco mais de côrte. Mas que coração! é uma pérola. Bem boa noiva para você.

Não gosto de pérolas.

Casmurro! Para quando é que você se guarda? para quando estiver a cair de maduro, já sei. Pois, meu rico, quer você queira quer não, há de casar com Nhã-loló.

Foi-se o embrião, naquele ponto em que se não distingue Laplace de uma tartaruga. Tive a notícia por boca do Lobo Neves, que me deixou na sala e acompanhou o médico à alcova da frustrada mãe.”

numa casinha da Gamboa, duas pessoas que se amam há muito tempo, uma inclinada para a outra, a dar-lhe um beijo na testa, e a outra a recuar, como se sentisse o contato de uma boca de cadáver. Há aí, no breve intervalo, entre a boca e a testa, antes do beijo e depois do beijo, há aí largo espaço para muita coisa, — a contração de um ressentimento, — a ruga da desconfiança, — ou enfim o nariz pálido e sonolento da saciedade…”

Vulgar coisa é ir considerar no ermo. O voluptuoso, o esquisito, é insular-se o homem no meio de um mar de gestos e palavras, de nervos e paixões, decretar-se alheado, inacessível, ausente. O mais que podem dizer, quando ele torna a si, — isto é, quando torna aos outros, — é que baixa do mundo da lua; mas o mundo da lua, esse desvão luminoso e recatado do cérebro, que outra coisa é senão a afirmação desdenhosa da nossa liberdade espiritual?” E há quem se interesse até pelas crateras da lua que julgue esquisito e de outro planeta o mais telúrico que existe: desvendar a alma humana, pisar na terra, ao invés de estar sempre em viagem, ignorando tudo, sendo guiada pela coleira dos guias… Quem nunca avaliou que a atenção é sempre uma moeda de dois lados faria boa coisa em viver só mais 7 dias (não importa quantas vezes): sua santa segunda, terça, quarta, quinta, sextou!, sábado e, claro, nosso domingo tão familiar! Tão atencioso e carinhoso para com os entes queridos, dentre os quais nunca se encontra… a própria cabeça.

Lembra-me que desviei o rosto e baixei os olhos ao chão. Recomendo este gesto às pessoas que não tiverem uma palavra pronta para responder, ou ainda às que recearem encarar a pupila de outros olhos.”

Estas interrogações percorriam lentamente o meu cérebro, como os pontinhos e vírgulas escuras percorrem o campo visual dos olhos enfermos ou cansados.”

Gregos, subgregos, antigregos, toda a longa série dos homens tem-se debruçado sobre o poço, para ver sair a verdade, que não está lá. Gastaram cordas e caçambas; alguns mais afoitos desceram ao fundo e trouxeram um sapo. Eu fui diretamente ao mar. Venha para o Humanitismo.”

Ele não podia mostrar-se ressentido comigo, sem igualmente buscar a separação conjugal; teve então de simular a mesma ignorância de outrora, e, por dedução, iguais sentimentos.”

Morriam uns, nasciam outros: eu continuava às moscas.”

Leitor ignaro, se não guardas as cartas da juventude, não conhecerás um dia a filosofia das folhas velhas, não gostarás o prazer de ver-te, ao longe, na penumbra, com um chapéu de três bicos, botas de sete léguas e longas barbas assírias, a bailar ao som de uma gaita anacreôntica. Guarda as tuas cartas da juventude!”

Hércules não foi senão um símbolo antecipado do Humanitismo. Neste ponto Quincas Borba ponderou que o paganismo poderia ter chegado à verdade, se se não houvesse amesquinhado com a parte galante dos seus mitos.”

Imagina, por exemplo, que eu não tinha nascido, continuou o Quincas Borba; é positivo que não teria agora o prazer de conversar contigo, comer esta batata, ir ao teatro, e para tudo dizer numa só palavra: viver. Nota que eu não faço do homem um simples veículo de Humanitas; não, ele é ao mesmo tempo veículo, cocheiro e passageiro; ele é o próprio Humanitas reduzido; daí a necessidade de

adorar-se a si próprio. Queres uma prova da superioridade do meu sistema? Contempla a inveja. Não há moralista grego ou turco, cristão ou muçulmano, que não troveje contra o sentimento da inveja. O acordo é universal, desde os campos da Iduméia até o alto da Tijuca. Ora bem; abre mão dos velhos preconceitos, esquece as retóricas rafadas, e estuda a inveja, esse sentimento tão sutil e tão nobre. Sendo cada homem uma redução de Humanitas, é claro que nenhum homem é fundamentalmente oposto a outro homem, quaisquer que sejam as aparências contrárias. Assim, por exemplo, o algoz que executa o condenado pode excitar o vão clamor dos poetas; mas substancialmente é Humanitas que corrige em Humanitas uma infração da lei de Humanitas. O mesmo direi do indivíduo que estripa a outro; é uma manifestação da força de Humanitas. Nada obsta (e há exemplos) que ele seja igualmente estripado. Se entendeste bem, facilmente compreenderás que a inveja não é senão uma admiração que luta, e sendo a luta a grande função do gênero humano, todos os sentimentos belicosos são os mais adequados à sua felicidade. Daí vem que a inveja é uma virtude.

Quincas Borba leu-me daí a dias a sua grande obra. Eram quatro volumes manuscritos, de cem páginas cada um, com letra miúda e citações latinas. O último volume compunha-se de um tratado político, fundado no Humanitismo; era talvez a parte mais enfadonha do sistema, posto que concebida com um formidável rigor de lógica. Reorganizada a sociedade pelo método dele, nem por isso ficavam eliminadas a guerra, a insurreição, o simples murro, a facada anônima, a miséria, a fome, as doenças; mas sendo esses supostos flagelos verdadeiros equívocos do entendimento, porque não passariam de movimentos externos da substância interior, destinados a não influir sobre o homem, senão como simples quebra da monotonia universal, claro estava que a sua existência não impediria a felicidade humana.”

Se a idéia do emplasto me tem aparecido nesse tempo, quem sabe? não teria morrido logo e estaria célebre. Mas o emplasto não veio. Veio o desejo de agitar-me em alguma coisa, com alguma coisa e por alguma coisa.”

CAPÍTULO CXIX / PARÊNTESES

(…)

Suporta-se com paciência a cólica do próximo.

* * *

Matamos o tempo; o tempo nos enterra.

(…)

Não se compreende que um botocudo fure o beiço para enfeitá-lo com um pedaço de pau. Esta reflexão é de um joalheiro.

* * *

Não te irrites se te pagarem mal um benefício: antes cair das nuvens, que de um terceiro andar.”

Lavo inteiramente as mãos, concluiu ele.

Mas você achava outro dia que eu devia casar quanto antes…

Isso é outro negócio. Acho que é indispensável casar, principalmente tendo ambições políticas. Saiba que na política o celibato é uma remora. Agora, quanto à noiva, não posso ter voto, não quero, não devo, não é de minha honra. Parece-me que Sabina foi além, fazendo-lhe certas confidências, segundo me disse; mas em todo caso ela não é tia carnal de Nhã-loló, como eu. Olhe… mas não… não digo…

Diga.

Não; não digo nada.

a avareza é apenas a exageração de uma virtude e as virtudes devem ser como os orçamentos: melhor é o saldo que o déficit.”

O epitáfio diz tudo. Vale mais do que se lhes narrasse a moléstia de Nhã-loló [frô], a morte, o desespero da família, o enterro. Ficam sabendo que morreu; acrescentarei que foi por ocasião da primeira entrada da febre amarela. Não digo mais nada, a não ser que a acompanhei até o último jazigo, e me despedi triste, mas sem lágrimas. Concluí que talvez não a amasse deveras.”

Quincas Borba, porém, explicou-me que epidemias eram úteis à espécie, embora desastrosas para uma certa porção de indivíduos; fez-me notar que, por mais horrendo que fosse o espetáculo, havia uma vantagem de muito peso: a sobrevivência do maior número. Chegou a perguntar-me se, no meio do luto geral, não sentia eu algum secreto encanto em ter escapado às garras da peste; mas esta pergunta era tão insensata, que ficou sem resposta.”

Doze pessoas apenas, e três quartas partes amigos do Cotrim, acompanharam à cova o cadáver de sua querida filha. E ele fizera expedir 80 convites. Ponderei-lhe que as perdas eram tão gerais que bem se podia desculpar essa desatenção aparente. Damasceno abanava a cabeça de um modo incrédulo e triste.”

SÍNDROME DE NARUTO: “Era deputado, e vi a gravura turca, recostado na minha cadeira, entre um colega, que contava uma anedota, e outro, que tirava a lápis, nas costas de uma sobrecarta, o perfil de orador. O orador era o Lobo Neves. A onda da vida trouxe-nos à mesma praia, como duas botelhas de náufragos, ele contendo o seu ressentimento, eu devendo conter o meu remorso; e emprego esta forma suspensiva, dubitativa ou condicional, para o fim de dizer que efetivamente não continha nada, a não ser a ambição de ser ministro.”

CAPÍTULO CXXX / PARA INTERCALAR NO CAP. CXXIX”

ventriloquismo cerebral (perdoem-me os filólogos essa frase bárbara)”

as mulheres é que têm fama de indiscretas, e não quero acabar o livro sem retificar essa noção do espírito humano. Em pontos de aventura amorosa, achei homens que sorriam, ou negavam a custo, de um modo frio, monossilábico, etc., ao passo que as parceiras não davam por si, e jurariam aos Santos Evangelhos que era tudo uma calúnia. A razão desta diferença é que a mulher (salva a hipótese do capítulo 101 e outras) entrega-se por amor, ou seja o amor-paixão de Stendhal, ou o puramente físico de algumas damas romanas, por exemplo, ou polinésias, lapônias, cafres, e pode ser que outras raças civilizadas; mas o homem, — falo do homem de uma sociedade culta e elegante, — o homem conjuga a sua vaidade ao outro sentimento. Além disso (e refiro-me sempre aos casos defesos), a mulher, quando ama outro homem, parece-lhe que mente a um dever, e portanto tem de dissimular com arte maior, tem de refinar a aleivosia; ao passo que o homem, sentindo-se causa da infração e vencedor de outro homem, fica legitimamente orgulhoso, e logo passa a outro sentimento menos ríspido e menos secreto, — essa boa fatuidade, que é a transpiração luminosa do mérito.“a indiscrição das mulheres é uma burla inventada pelos homens; em amor, pelo menos, elas são um verdadeiro sepulcro.”

Perdem-se muita vez por desastradas, por inquietas, por não saberem resistir aos gestos, aos olhares; e é por isso que uma grande dama e fino espírito, a rainha de Navarra, empregou algures esta metáfora para dizer que toda a aventura amorosa vinha descobrir-se por força, mais tarde ou mais cedo: <Não há cachorrinho tão adestrado, que alfim lhe não ouçamos o latir>.”

E agora sinto que, se alguma dama tem seguido estas páginas, fecha o livro e não lê as restantes. Para ela extinguiu-se o interesse da minha vida, que era o amor. Cinqüenta anos! Não é ainda a invalidez, mas já não é a frescura. Venham mais dez, e eu entenderei o que um inglês dizia, entenderei que <coisa é não achar já quem se lembre de meus pais, e de que modo me há de encarar o próprio ESQUECIMENTO>.” “o estribeiro OBLIVION. Espetáculo, cujo fim é divertir o planeta Saturno, que anda muito aborrecido.”

CAPÍTULO CXXXVI / INUTlLIDADE

Mas, ou muito me engano, ou acabo de escrever um capítulo inútil.

CAPÍTULO CXXXVII / A BARRETINA

(…)”

– (…) Cinqüenta anos é a idade da ciência e do governo. Ânimo, Brás Cubas; não me sejas palerma. Que tens tu com essa sucessão de ruína a ruína ou de flor a flor? Trata de saborear a vida; e fica sabendo que a pior filosofia é a do choramigas que se deita à margem do rio para o fim de lastimar o curso incessante das águas. O ofício delas é não parar nunca; acomoda-te com a lei, e trata de aproveitá-la.

Nas paradas, ao sol, o excesso de calor produzido por elas podia ser fatal. Sendo certo que um dos preceitos de Hipócrates era trazer a cabeça fresca, parecia cruel obrigar um cidadão, por simples consideração de uniforme, a arriscar a saúde e a vida, e conseqüentemente o futuro da família. A Câmara e o governo deviam lembrar-se que a guarda nacional era o anteparo da liberdade e da independência, e que o cidadão, chamado a um serviço gratuito, freqüente e penoso, tinha direito a que se lhe diminuísse o ônus, decretando um uniforme leve e maneiro. Acrescia que a barretina, por seu peso, abatia a cabeça dos cidadãos, e a pátria precisava de cidadãos cuja fronte pudesse levantar-se altiva e serena diante do poder; e concluí com esta idéia: O chorão, que inclina os seus galhos para a terra, é árvore de cemitério; a palmeira, ereta e firme, é árvore do deserto, das praças e dos jardins. [BECKETT: ESPERANDO G.]

CAPÍTULO CXXXVIII / A UM CRÍTICO

Meu caro crítico,

Algumas páginas atrás, dizendo eu que tinha 50 anos, acrescentei: <Já se vai sentindo que o meu estilo não é tão lesto como nos primeiros dias>. Talvez aches esta frase incompreensível, sabendo-se o meu atual estado; mas eu chamo a tua atenção para a sutileza daquele pensamento. O que eu quero dizer não é que esteja agora mais velho do que quando comecei o livro. A morte não envelhece. Quero dizer, sim, que em cada fase da narração da minha vida experimento a sensação correspondente. Valha-me Deus! É preciso explicar tudo.”

Se a paixão do poder é a mais forte de todas, como alguns inculcam, imaginem o desespero, a dor, o abatimento do dia em que perdi a cadeira da Câmara dos Deputados. Iam-se-me as esperanças todas; terminava a carreira política. E notem que o Quincas Borba, por induções filosóficas que fez, achou que a minha ambição não era a paixão verdadeira do poder, mas um capricho, um desejo de folgar. Na opinião dele, este sentimento, não sendo mais profundo que o outro, amofina muito mais, porque orça pelo amor que as mulheres têm às rendas e toucados. Um Cromwell ou um Bonaparte, acrescentava ele, por isso mesmo que os queima a paixão do poder, lá chegam à fina força ou pela escada da direita, ou pela da esquerda. Não era assim o meu sentimento; este, não tendo em si a mesma força, não tem a mesma certeza do resultado; e daí a maior aflição, o maior desencanto, a maior tristeza.”

Vai para o diabo com o teu Humanitismo, interrompi-o; estou farto de filosofias que me não levam a coisa nenhuma.

Disse-me ele que eu não podia fugir ao combate; se me fechavam a tribuna, cumpria-me abrir um jornal. Chegou a usar uma expressão menos elevada, mostrando assim que a língua filosófica podia, uma ou outra vez, retemperar-se no calão do povo.”

Vais compreender que eu só te disse a verdade. Pascal é um dos meus avôs espirituais; e, conquanto a minha filosofia valha mais que a dele, não posso negar que era um grande homem. Ora, que diz ele nesta página? — E, chapéu na cabeça, bengala sobraçada, apontava o lugar com o dedo. — Que diz ele? Diz que o homem tem “uma grande vantagem sobre o resto do universo: sabe que morre, ao passo que o universo ignora-o absolutamente”. Vês? Logo, o homem que disputa o osso a um cão tem sobre este a grande vantagem de saber que tem fome; e é isto que torna grandiosa a luta, como eu dizia. “Sabe que morre” é uma expressão profunda; creio todavia que é mais profunda a minha expressão: sabe que tem fome. Porquanto o fato da morte limita, por assim dizer, o entendimento humano; a consciência da extinção dura um breve instante e acaba para nunca mais, ao passo que a fome tem a vantagem de voltar, de prolongar o estado consciente. Parece-me (se não vai nisso alguma imodéstia) que a fórmula de Pascal é inferior à minha, sem todavia deixar de ser um grande pensamento, e Pascal um grande homem.

as guerras de Napoleão e uma contenda de cabras eram, segundo a nossa doutrina, a mesma sublimidade, com a diferença que os soldados de Napoleão sabiam que morriam, coisa que aparentemente não acontece às cabras. Ora, eu não fazia mais do que aplicar às circunstâncias a nossa fórmula filosófica: Humanitas queria substituir Humanitas para consolação de Humanitas.”

– Ora adeus! concluiu; nem todos os problemas valem cinco minutos de atenção. (…) Supõe que tens apertado em demasia o cós das calças; para fazer cessar o incômodo, desabotoas o cós, respiras, saboreias um instante de gozo, o organismo torna à indiferença, e não te lembras dos teus dedos que praticaram o ato. Não havendo nada que perdure, é natural que a memória se esvaeça, porque ela não é uma planta aérea, precisa de chão. A esperança de outros favores, é certo, conserva sempre no beneficiado a lembrança do primeiro; mas este fato, aliás um dos mais sublimes que a filosofia pode achar em seu caminho, explica-se pela memória da privação, ou, usando de outra fórmula, pela privação continuada na memória, que repercute a dor passada e aconselha a precaução do remédio oportuno. Não digo que, ainda sem esta circunstância, não aconteça, algumas vezes, persistir a memória do obséquio, acompanhada de certa afeição mais ou menos intensa; mas são verdadeiras aberrações, sem nenhum valor aos olhos de um filósofo.

Erasmo, que no seu Elogio da Sandice escreveu algumas coisas boas, chamou a atenção para a complacência com que dois burros se coçam um ao outro. Estou longe de rejeitar essa observação de Erasmo; mas direi o que ele não disse, a saber que se um dos burros coçar melhor o outro, esse há de ter nos olhos algum indício especial de satisfação. Por que é que uma mulher bonita olha muitas vezes para o espelho, senão porque se acha bonita, e porque isso lhe dá certa superioridade sobre uma multidão de outras mulheres menos bonitas ou absolutamente feias?”

Há em cada empresa, afeição ou idade um ciclo inteiro da vida humana. O primeiro número do meu jornal encheu-me a alma de uma vasta aurora, coroou-me de verduras, restituiu-me a lepidez da mocidade. Seis meses depois batia a hora da velhice, e daí a duas semanas a da morte, que foi clandestina, como a de D. Plácida.”

PELOS ANÉIS DE SATURNO: “No momento em que eu terminava o meu movimento de rotação, concluía Lobo Neves o seu movimento de translação. Morria com o pé na escada ministerial. Correu ao menos durante algumas semanas, que ele ia ser ministro; e pois que o boato me encheu de muita irritação e inveja, não é impossível que a notícia da morte me deixasse alguma tranqüilidade, alívio, e um ou dois minutos de prazer. Prazer é muito, mas é verdade; juro aos séculos que é a pura verdade.”

Virgília traíra o marido, com sinceridade, e agora chorava-o com sinceridade. Eis uma combinação difícil que não pude fazer em todo o trajeto; em casa, porém, apeando-me do carro, suspeitei que a combinação era possível, e até fácil. Meiga Natura! A taxa da dor é como a moeda de Vespasiano; não cheira à origem, e tanto se colhe do mal como do bem. A moral repreenderá, porventura, a minha cúmplice; é o que te não importa, implacável amiga, uma vez que lhe recebeste pontualmente as lágrimas. Meiga, três vezes Meiga Natura!

Dormi, sonhei que era nababo, e acordei com a idéia de ser nababo. Eu gostava, às vezes, de imaginar esses contrastes de região, estado e credo. Alguns dias antes tinha pensado na hipótese de uma revolução social, religiosa e política, que transferisse o arcebispo de Cantuária a simples coletor de Petrópolis, e fiz longos cálculos para saber se o coletor eliminaria o arcebispo, ou se o arcebispo rejeitaria o coletor, ou que porção de arcebispo pode jazer num coletor, ou que soma de coletor pode combinar com um arcebispo, etc. Questões insolúveis, aparentemente, mas na realidade perfeitamente solúveis, desde que se atenda que pode haver num arcebispo dois arcebispos, — o da bula e o outro. Está dito, vou ser nababo.”

E vede se há algum fundamento na crença popular de que os filósofos são homens alheios às coisas mínimas. No dia seguinte, mandou-me o Quincas Borba um alienista. Conhecia-o, fiquei aterrado. Ele, porém, houve-se com a maior delicadeza e habilidade, despedindo-se tão alegremente que me animou a perguntar-lhe se deveras me não achava doido.

Não, disse ele sorrindo; raros homens terão tanto juízo como o senhor.

Então o Quincas Borba enganou-se?

Redondamente. E depois: — Ao contrário, se é amigo dele… peço-lhe que o distraia… que…

Justos céus! Parece-lhe?… Um homem de tamanho espírito, um filósofo!

Não importa, a loucura entra em todas as casas.”

Há de lembrar-se, disse-me o alienista, daquele famoso maníaco ateniense, que supunha que todos os navios entrados no Pireu eram de sua propriedade. Não passava de um pobretão, que talvez não tivesse, para dormir, a cuba de Diógenes; mas a posse imaginária dos navios valia por todas as dracmas da Hélade. Ora bem, há em todos nós um maníaco de Atenas; e quem jurar que não possuiu alguma vez, mentalmente, dois ou três patachos, pelo menos, pode crer que jura falso.

Com efeito, era impossível crer que um homem tão profundo chegasse à demência; foi o que lhe disse após o meu abraço, denunciando-lhe a suspeita do alienista. Não posso descrever a impressão que lhe fez a denúncia; lembra-me que ele estremeceu e ficou muito pálido.”

a solidão pesava-me, e a vida era para mim a pior das fadigas, que é a fadiga sem trabalho.

O cristianismo é bom para as mulheres e os mendigos, e as outras religiões não valem mais do que essa: orçam todas pela mesma vulgaridade ou fraqueza. O paraíso cristão é um digno êmulo do paraíso muçulmano; e quanto ao nirvana de Buda não passa de uma concepção de paralíticos. Verás o que é a religião humanística. A absorção final, a fase contrativa, é a reconstituição da substância, não o seu aniquilamento, etc. Vai aonde te chamam; não esqueças, porém, que és o meu califa.”

Vinha demente. Contou-me que, para o fim de aperfeiçoar o Humanitismo, queimara o manuscrito todo e ia recomeçá-lo. A parte dogmática ficava completa, embora não escrita; era a verdadeira religião do futuro.” “Quincas Borba não só estava louco, mas sabia que estava louco, e esse resto de consciência, como uma frouxa lamparina no meio das trevas, complicava muito o horror da situação. Sabia-o, e não se irritava contra o mal; ao contrário, dizia-me que era ainda uma prova de Humanitas, que assim brincava consigo mesmo. Recitava-me longos capítulos do livro, e antífonas, e litanias espirituais; chegou até a reproduzir uma dança sacra que inventara para as cerimônias do Humanitismo. A graça lúgubre com que ele levantava e sacudia as pernas era singularmente fantástica. Outras vezes amuava-se a um canto, com os olhos fitos no ar, uns olhos em que, de longe em longe, fulgurava um raio persistente da razão, triste como uma lágrima…”

Entre a morte do Quincas Borba e a minha, mediaram os sucessos narrados na primeira parte do livro. O principal deles foi a invenção do emplasto Brás Cubas, que morreu comigo, por causa da moléstia que apanhei. Divino emplasto, tu me darias o primeiro lugar entre os homens, acima da ciência e da riqueza, porque eras a genuína e direta inspiração do Céu. O caso determinou o contrário; e aí vos ficais eternamente hipocondríacos.”

A MEGERA DOMADA: Uma comédia educativa

trad. por Nélson Jahr Garcia

GLOSSARINHO:

bufarinheiro: vendedor ambulante

marafona: puta

megera: bruxa, perversa – de forma mais nuançada, a Catarina de “O Cravo e a Rosa” // shrew

sly: manhoso, perspicaz, sub-reptício (origem nórdica, “able to slay”), difícil de ler, furtivo

taful: janota, pobretão

* * *

NOBRE

(…) Vamos fazer uma experiência, amigos, com este bêbedo. Que tal a idéia de o pormos numa cama e de o cobrirmos com lençóis bem macios, colocarmos-lhe anéis nos dedos, um banquete opíparo [faustoso] junto ao leito, lhe pormos solícitos serventes ao redor, quando ele a ponto estiver de acordar? Não esquecerá sua própria condição de mendigo?”

“Já quero ver o instante em que ele o nome der de esposo ao borracho, e em que os criados procurarem conter-se, por não rirem, quando mostrarem reverência ao rústico.”

“Nunca na minha vida bebi xerez, e se quereis oferecer-me conserva, que seja de carne de vaca.” “Sim, algumas vezes chego a ter mais pés do que sapatos, ou apenas desses sapatos que deixam ver os dedos pelos furos do couro.”

“Vamos deitar-te num colchão mais macio do que o leito voluptuoso arranjado de propósito para Semíramis.” “Gostas da falcoaria? Teus falcões mais alto pairam do que as cotovias madrugadoras.”

Segundo criado

Se preferes quadros, arranjaremos sem demora o retrato de Adônis repousando nas margens de um regato, ou Citeréia velada pelos juncos, parecendo que brinca com o próprio hálito e se move como os juncos que os ventos embalançam.”

(…)

Terceiro criado

Ou Dafne a errar por entre os espinheiros, as pernas a arranhar de fazer sangue, a cuja vista Apolo chora, tal o primor com que pintadas foram as lágrimas e o sangue.”

Terceiro criado

Não conheceis, senhor, essa taberna, nem criada nenhuma desse nome, como não conheceis ninguém chamado Estêvão Sly, Henrique Pimpernell, Pedro Turf e João Naps, o velho grego e outros 20 sujeitos desse tipo.

SLY

Graças a Deus, agora estou curado.

“Madame esposa, acabam de contar-me que eu dormi e sonhei mais de 15 anos.”

Expediente freqüente da metalinguagem: “Da loucura sendo a melancolia a nutridora, acharam bom que ouvísseis uma peça que a dor expulsa e a vida deixa longa.”

* * *

“O mundo que escorregue, que com isso mais moços nós ficamos.”

“O filho de Vicêncio, que educado foi em Florença, às esperanças deve do pai dar cumprimento, ornamentando sua fortuna com virtuosos feitos.” “Que pensas? Para Pádua vim de Pisa como alguém que deixasse uma lagoa não muito funda, para projetar-se no mar, sequioso de estancar a sede.”

“não devemos virar estóicos – penso – ou mesmo estacas, nem ficar tão devotos de Aristóteles que a Ovídio reneguemos como a réprobo. Com vossas relações falai de lógica mas na prática usual sede retórico. Animai-vos com música e poesia; quanto pedir o estômago, servi-vos de matemática ou de metafísica. Onde não há prazer não há proveito.”

Hortênsio, Petrucchio, Batista, Bianca e Catarina inspiraram O Cravo e a Rosa.

“HORTÊNSIO – De uma demônia dessas, Deus nos livre!

GRÊMIO – E a mim também, bom Deus!”

“Bonequinha mimada! Melhor fôra nos olhos dela enfiar os dedos logo. Saberia por quê.”

“Como eu sei que a maior delícia dela consiste em música, instrumentos, versos, vou chamar professores que lhe possam instruir a mocidade. Signior Grêmio, ou vós, Hortênsio, caso conheçais algum, mandai que me procure logo. Sou sempre amigo das pessoas cultas, nada poupando para dar às filhas gentil educação.”

“Ora, Grêmio! há muitos rapazes bons no mundo – a dificuldade está em sabermos encontrá-los”

“entre batatas podres não há o que escolher.”

3 para 1

0 para 1

“ó Trânio! abraso-me, definho, morro, Trânio, se não casar com esta meiga jovem.”

“não é com ralhos que a afeição se expulsa.”

Redime te captum, quam queas minimo

Melhor comprar um escravo que deixá-lo morrer de fome.

Ame e sofra, mas sorva do amor!

“Acordai, meu caro amo! O caso é este: a irmã mais velha é tão maligna e bruta que enquanto o pai não se vir livre dela, mestre, solteira vossa amada fica. Por isso ele a trancou a 7 chaves, porque dos importunos se livrasse.”

“Basta; tenho um plano. Não fomos vistos em nenhuma casa; pelo rosto ninguém nos reconhece como patrão e criado. Assim faremos: vais ter criados e casa, como eu próprio; vou ser outra pessoa, um florentino, napolitano ou cidadão de Pisa. Já está chocado o plano, vai ser isso. (…)

(Trocam as respectivas roupas.)

TRÂNIO

apraz-me ser Lucêncio, por amor de Lucêncio.”

“passarei a ser escravo, para vir a alcançar essa donzela que me feriu os olhos extasiados.”

Uma peça dentro de uma peça dentro de uma peça que é uma peça tão pequena que não pode ser vista.

* * *

(Saem. Falam as personagens do prólogo.)

PRIMEIRO CRIADO

Estais cochilando, senhor; não estais prestando atenção à peça.”

* * *

“HORTÊNSIO – Alla nostra casa ben venuto, molto honorato signior mio Petrucchio.

“PETRUCCHIO – (…) Resumindo, signior Hortênsio, a coisa é como segue: morreu meu pai, Antônio, tendo agora saído eu sem destino, tencionando casar bem e vencer do melhor modo. Ouro tenho na bolsa; bens, na pátria. Assim, viajo para ver o mundo.”

“PETRUCCHIO – Entre amigos, signior Hortênsio, não se fala muito. Se conheces alguém bastante rica para que esposa de Petrucchio seja – pois o ouro tilintar na dança deve do casamento dele – embora seja tão feia como a amada de Florêncio, velha como a Sibila, tão maligna e impertinente como a própria esposa de Sócrates, Xantipa, ou mesmo pior: não poderá deixar-me transformado nem embotar de meu afeto o gume, embora seja como o mar Adriático, quando se altera. Vim para casar-me, para uma noiva rica achar em Pádua; sendo rica, feliz serei em Pádua.

“Seu único defeito – e que defeito! – é ser intoleravelmente brava, teimosa e cabeçuda sem medida, a tal ponto que, embora meus haveres fossem menores, não a desposara por uma mina de ouro.”

“GRÚMIO – (…) Ela poderá, talvez, chamá-lo umas 10x de biltre ou coisa assim. Não lhe fará mossa nenhuma. Uma vez entrado na dança, ele recorrerá ao vocabulário próprio. Vou dizer-vos uma coisa, senhor: por pouco que ela lhe resista, ele lhe marcará o rosto com uma figura que a deixará tão desfigurada como um gato sem olhos. Não o conheceis, senhor.”

“HORTÊNSIO – (…) Por julgar impossível – em virtude dos defeitos há pouco relatados – que a Catarina alguém escolher possa, determinou Batista deste modo: que ninguém tenha acesso à bela Bianca sem que venha a casar-se Catarina.

GRÚMIO – Catarina goela: o pior nome para uma donzela.”

“Não há nenhuma velhacaria nisso. Vede como os moços sabem juntar as cabeças para enganarem os velhos.”

GRÚMIO & GRÊMIO

“GRÊMIO – Oh! que coisa é a ciência!

GRÚMIO – Oh! que animal é esta galinhola!”

Morreu meu pai; mas vive meu dinheiro; viver pretendo agora prazenteiro.”

“Ora! Espantalho é só para criança.”

“A filha da formosa Leda teve um milhão de pretendentes. Logo, mais um vai ter a bela Bianca. Assim será. Lucêncio não desiste, mesmo que venha Páris, lança em riste.”

“PETRUCCHIO – A primeira, senhor, soltai; é minha.

GRÊMIO – Pois não; deixo o trabalho para esse Hércules; que lhe seja maior que os outros 12.”

“Como advogados procedamos nisso, os quais, embora com calor discutam, depois comem e bebem como amigos.”

Batista, das tuas filhas tenho a lista. Por favor, não as peça que se vista’, simplesmente não insista!

(Entra Grêmio, com Lucêncio vestido pobremente, Petrucchio, com Hortênsio, como professor de música, e Trânio, com Biondello, que traz um alaúde e livros.)”

“Ao se encontrarem, duas chamas violentas aniquilam quanto a fúria lhes tenha alimentado. Conquanto o fogo brando se embraveça com pouco vento, os furacões terríveis levam diante de si o fogo e tudo.”

“CATARINA – Muito leve para ser apanhada por um rústico. Sou tão pesada quanto devo sê-lo.

PETRUCCHIO – Pesada, não; preada.

CATARINA – Ave de preia só conheço gavião.

PETRUCCHIO – Ó vagarosa rolinha, um gavião irá apanhar-te?

CATARINA – Bruto seria para uma rolinha.

PETRUCCHIO – Vamos, vespa; ferina sois bastante.

CATARINA – Sendo eu vespa, cuidado com o ferrão.

PETRUCCHIO – Há remédio para isso: arranco-o logo.

CATARINA – Sim, no caso de o tolo vir a achá-lo.

PETRUCCHIO – Quem não sabe onde as vespas o têm sempre? No corpinho.

CATARINA – Na língua.

PETRUCCHIO – Como! língua? Língua de quem?

CATARINA – Na vossa, se em corpinho vindes falar-me. Adeus.

PETRUCCHIO – Como! Com minha língua em vosso corpinho? Não, Quetinha; voltai; sou um cavalheiro.

CATARINA – Vou ver isso. (Bate-lhe)

PETRUCCHIO – Se me bateres novamente, juro que te darei um murro.

CATARINA – Nesse caso, perderíeis as armas; pois, batendo-me, não seríeis em nada cavalheiro, e, não o sendo, não teríeis armas.”

“PETRUCCHIO – Nem um pouquinho; acho-vos mui gentil. Tinham-me dito que éreis selvagem, áspera e estouvada; e ora vejo que o boato é mentiroso, pois és muito cortês, encantadora, de gênio divertido; um pouco tarda para falar, mas suave como as flores da primavera. Os lábios tu não mordes, tal como as raparigas irritadas. Não contradizes nunca outras pessoas; é sempre branda que manténs conversa com teus cortejadores, sempre afável, com gentis ademanes. Por que o mundo diz que Quetinha é manca? Oh mundo infame! Quetinha é reta e esbelta como galho de aveleira, de tez amorenada como a avelã, tão doce quanto a fruta. Oh! anda um pouco; sei que não claudicas.

CATARINA – Vai dar ordem, cretino, aos teus criados.”

eu nasci para domar-te, para transformar a Quetinha rezingueira numa Quetinha mansa, e tão amável como as Quetinhas donas de seus lares.”

“Em paciência é Griselda rediviva; a romana Lucrécia, em castidade.”

“Oh! sois noviços. É uma maravilha verificar, quando a mulher e o homem ficam sós, como pode um mariquinhas dominar a megera mais rebelde. Quetinha, dá-me a mão. Vou a Veneza comprar a roupa para o casamento.”

“- Sai desmiolado! Brilha a meia-idade.

– Mas às jovens apraz a mocidade.”

“BATISTA – (…) De vós ambos o que firmar a minha filha dote mais opulento, o amor terá de Bianca. Dizei-me, signior Grêmio, que importância podeis assegurar-lhe?”

“Não nego que já sou um tanto idoso. Se eu morrer amanhã tudo isso é dela, caso, enquanto eu viver, ela for minha.”

“2 mil ducados anuais de terra? Minhas terras não dão tamanha renda. Mas prometo também que será dela minha carraca [grande navio] que ancorada se acha no porto de Marselha.”

“- Isso é um sofisma; ele está velho; eu, moço.

– E não morrem os moços como os velhos?”

“Não há motivo – não o vejo – para que um Lucêncio falso não tenha um pai Vicêncio também falso. Eis o estranho do caso: os pais, de regra, dão vida aos filhos; mas neste noivado pelo filho vai ser o pai gerado.”

“Asno atrasado, que não leu bastante para entender por que é que existe música: não é para aliviar o entendimento depois do estudo e do trabalho diário? Deixai-me ler, assim, filosofia, e, ao descansar, servi vossa harmonia.”

“BIANCA – Traduzi.

LUCÊNCIO – Hac ibat, como já voz disse, Simois, eu me chamo Lucêncio, hic est, filho de Vicêncio de Pisa, Sigeia teilus, disfarçado para alcançar vosso amor. Hic steterat e o Lucêncio que se apresentou para vos fazer a côrte, Priami, é meu criado Trânio, regia, que tomou o meu nome, celsa senis, para melhor enganarmos o velho pantalão.”

“BIONDELLO – Ora, Petrucchio vem vindo aí com um chapéu novo e um casaco velho; uns calções de 3x revirados; um par de botas que já serviram de candelabro, uma de fivela e a outra de amarrar com cordão; uma espada enferrujada e sem bainha, tirada do arsenal da cidade, com o punho quebrado e com as duas correias arrebentadas. O cavalo em que ele vem é manco e traz uma sela bichada e velha, com estribos desaparelhados, além de sofrer de mormo e gosma, de sarna, de escorbuto; está cheio de tumores nas juntas, de esparavão caloso; a icterícia o deixou listado, tem escrófula a mais não poder, vive morto de apoplexia, comido de lombrigas; a espinha, arrebentada; as pás, fora do lugar; as pernas da frente são mais curtas, o freio, de um lado só, com cabeçada de couro de carneiro que de tanto ser puxado para impedi-lo de tropeçar, já arrebentou em muitas partes, ficando cheio de nós. A silha é de 6 variedades de pano; o selim é de mulher, com duas iniciais indicadoras do nome da dona primitiva, desenhadas com tachas e aqui e ali costuradas com barbante.”

“um monstro, um verdadeiro monstro nos trajes, não se parecendo em nada com um pajem cristão ou com o criado de um gentil-homem.”

“Aposto um bom vintém em que um cavalo só e um homem, mais ninguém, se eu junto os colocar não formarão um par.”

“Ela se casa comigo apenas, não com minha roupa.”

“Ao perguntar-lhe o padre se por esposa ele aceitava a noiva, <Sim, pelo raio!> disse, de tal modo gritando que, de medo, o sacerdote deixou cair o livro, e, ao abaixar-se para apanhá-lo, o noivo tresloucado deu-lhe tamanho murro que rolaram pelo chão padre e livro, livro e padre. <Quem quiser>, disse, <que os levante agora>. (…) Nunca houve casamento tão maluco.”

“Quero ser dono do que me pertence; ela é minha fazenda, meus bens móveis, a mobília, o celeiro, a casa, o campo, meu burro, meu cavalo, minha vaca, meu tudo, enfim.”

“Petrucchio está catarinado, juro-o.”

“Com um tempo destes, um homem mais alto do que eu se resfriaria facilmente.”

“CURTIS – E ela, é a megera furibunda de que todos falam?

GRÚMIO – Foi, Curtis, antes desta geada. Mas, como sabes, o inverno amansa o homem, a mulher e o animal, pois assim o fez com meu velho amo, com minha nova patroa e comigo mesmo”

“Será melhor para ambos jejuarmos – sendo por natureza tão coléricos – do que carne ingerirmos tão assada.”

“Tenho também outro processo para deixar manso o gavião, fazer que volte e habituá-lo ao meu grito, i.e., forçá-lo a ficar acordado, como é de hábito fazer com esses milhanos indomáveis que se debatem muito.” “Essa é a maneira de matar com carícias uma esposa. Dobrarei desse modo o gênio dela, opinoso e violento. Se alguém sabe como amansar melhor uma megera, venha ensinar-me, que aqui fico à espera.”

Bianca Indomada

“BIANCA – Como! Aulas de domar? Há escola disso?

TRÂNIO – Sim, senhor; e Petrucchio é o professor. Meios conhece de amansar a bruxa, deixando-a mui discreta e não perluxa [presumida].”

“Fico acordada com pragas; alimento-me de gritos. E o que mais me magoa nisso tudo é fazer ele tudo sob a capa do amor mais atencioso, parecendo que, se eu viesse a dormir ou a alimentar-me cairia logo doente, ou perecera sem maiores delongas.”

“Só com o nome dos pratos me alimentas? Sejas maldito, e assim toda essa súcia que com meu sofrimento se empavona.”

Ergo me, logo ando.

“Não posso ficar mais tempo. Conheço uma rapariga que se casou numa tarde, ao ir à horta apanhar salsa para encher um coelho. O mesmo podereis fazer, meu senhor.”

“PROFESSOR [O Vicêncio farsante] – Quem é que bate como se quisesse derrubar a porta?

VICÊNCIO – O signior Lucêncio está, meu senhor?

PROFESSOR – Está, sim senhor; mas não pode atender a ninguém.

VICÊNCIO – Como! E se alguém lhe trouxesse 100 ou 200 libras, para maior animação de seus divertimentos?

PROFESSOR – Guardai para vós mesmos vossas 200 libras; enquanto eu tiver vida ele não precisará disso.”

“VICÊNCIO – Vinde cá, meu velhaco. Então, já vos esquecestes de quem eu sou?

BIONDELLO – Se já me esqueci de vós? Não, senhor; não poderia ter-me esquecido de vós, porque nunca vos vi em toda a vida.

VICÊNCIO – Como, notório biltre! Nunca viste o pai de teu amo, nunca viste Vicêncio?”

“Estou arruinado! Estou arruinado! Enquanto em casa eu faço o papel de marido econômico, meu filho e meu criado esbanjam tudo na universidade.”

“BATISTA – Que fizeste? Onde ficou Lucêncio?

LUCÊNCIO – Aqui está ele, o verdadeiro filho do Vicêncio verdadeiro, que pelo casamento fez dele a tua filha, enquanto os olhos uns mistificadores te enganavam.”

“VIÚVA – Quem tem vertigens diz que o mundo roda.

PETRUCCHIO – Resposta bem redonda.

CATARINA – Explicai-me, vos peço, essa sentença.

VIÚVA – Que tendo vosso esposo uma megera, julga a mulher do próximo uma fera.”

“Paz, amor, vida tranqüila, máxima respeitada e uma legítima supremacia. Em suma: tudo quanto torna doce e feliz nossa existência.”

A mulher irritada é como fonte remexida: limbosa, repulsiva, privada da beleza; e assim mantendo-se, não há ninguém, por mais que tenha sede, que se atreva a encostar os lábios nela, a sorver uma gota.” “Por que motivo temos o corpo delicado e fraco, pouco afeito aos trabalhos e experiências do mundo, se não for apenas para que nossas qualidades delicadas e nossos corações de acordo fiquem com nosso hábito externo? Deixai disso, vermezinhos teimosos e impotentes! agora vejo que nossas lanças são de palha, apenas. Nossa força é fraqueza; somos criança que muito ambicionando logo cansa.”

THE COUNT OF MONTE CRISTO

Dumas [pai]

25/01/16-24/09/16

GLOSSÁRIO

Frascati: vinho branco italiano, procedente da região de mesmo nome

mazzolata: também mazzatello. Punição capital extremamente cruel empregada pela Igreja no século XVIII. A arma usada pelo carrasco era um enorme martelo ou um machado. O executor, no caso da 1ª arma, embalava a arma para pegar impulso no único golpe que desferia e acertava na cabeça do condenado, que se não morria caía desmaiado no chão e depois tinha a garganta cortada. Reservado a crimes hediondos.

singlestick: foi modalidade olímpica em 1904

I have a partner, and you know the Italian proverb – Chi ha compagno ha padrone – <He who has a partner has a master.>”

<but you were right to return as soon as possible, my boy.>

<And why?>

<Because Mercedes is a very fine girl, and fine girls never lack followers; she particularly has them by dozens.>

<Really?> answered Edmond, with a smile which had in it traces of slight uneasiness.”

Believe me, to seek a quarrel with a man is a bad method of pleasing the woman who loves that man.”

Why, when a man has friends, they are not only to offer him a glass of wine, but moreover, to prevent his suwallowing 3 or 4 pints [2 litros] of water unnecessarily!”

<Well, Fernand, I must say,> said Caderousse, beginning the conversation, with that brutality of the common people in which curiosity destroys all diplomacy, <you look uncommonly like a rejected lover;> and he burst into a hoarse laugh”

<they told me the Catalans were not men to allow themselves to be supplanted by a rival. It was even told me that Fernand, especially, was terrible in his vengeance.>

Fernand smiled piteously. <A lover is never terrible,> he said.”

pricked by Danglars, as the bull is pricked by the bandilleros”

<Unquestionably, Edmond’s star is in the ascendant, and he will marry the splendid girl – he will be captain, too, and laugh at us all unless.> – a sinister smile passed over Danglars’ lips – <unless I take a hand in the affair,> he added.”

happiness blinds, I think, more than pride.”

That is not my name, and in my country it bodes ill fortune, they say, to call a young girl by the name of her betrothed, before he becomes her husband. So call me Mercedes if you please.”

We are always in a hurry to be happy, Mr. Danglars; for when we have suffered a long time, we have great difficulty in believing in good fortune.”

<I would stab the man, but the woman told me that if any misfortune happened to her betrothed, she would kill herself>

<Pooh! Women say those things, but never do them.>”

<you are 3 parts drunk; finish the bottle, and you will be completely so. Drink then, and do not meddle with what we are discussing, for that requires all one’s wit and cool judgement.>

<I – drunk!> said Caderousse; <well that’s a good one! I could drink four more such bottles; they are no bigger than cologne flanks. Pere Pamphile, more wine!>”

and Caderousse rattled his glass upon the table.”

Drunk, if you like; so much the worse for those who fear wine, for it is because they have bad thoughts which they are afraid the liquor will extract from their hears;”

Tous les mechants sont beuveurs d’eau; C’est bien prouvé par le deluge.”

Say there is no need why Dantes should die; it would, indeed, be a pity he should. Dantes is a good fellow; I like Dantes. Dantes, your health.”

<Absence severs as well as death, and if the walls of a prison were between Edmond and Mercedes they would be as effectually separated as if he lay under a tombstone.>

<Yes; but one gets out of prison,> said Caderousse, who, with what sense was left him, listened eagerly to the conversation, <and when one gets out and one’s name is Edmond Dantes, one seeks revenge>-“

<I say I want to know why they should put Dantes in prison; I like Dantes; Dantes, our health!>

and he swallowed another glass of wine.”

the French have the superiority over the Spaniards, that the Spaniards ruminate, while the French invent.”

Yes; I am supercargo; pen, ink, and paper are my tools, and whitout my tools I am fit for nothing.” “I have always had more dread of a pen, a bottle of ink, and a sheet of paper, than of a sword or pistol.”

<Ah,> sighed Caderousse, <a man cannot always feel happy because he is about to be married.>”

Joy takes a strange effect at times, it seems to oppress us almost the same as sorrow.”

<Surely,> answered Danglars, <one cannot be held responsible for every chance arrow shot into the air>

<You can, indeed, when the arrow lights point downward on somebody’s head.>”

<That I believe!> answered Morrel; <but still he is charged>-

<With what?> inquired the elder Dantes.

<With being an agent of the Bonapartist faction!>

Many of our readers may be able to recollect how formidable such and accusation became in the period at which our story is dated.”

the man whom 5 years of exile would convert into a martyr, and 15 of restoration elevate to the rank of a god.”

glasses were elevated in the air à l’Anglais, and the ladies, snatching their bouquets from their fair bossoms, strewed the table with their floral treasures.”

yes, yes, they could not help admitting that the king, for whom we sacrificed rank, wealth and station was truly our <Louis the well-beloved,> while their wretched usurper has been, and ever wil be, to them their evil genius, their <Napoleon the accursed.>”

Napoleon is the Mahomet of the West and is worshipped as the personification of equality.”

one is the quality that elevantes [Napoleon], the other is the equality that degrades [Robespierre]; one brings a king within reach of the guillotine, the other elevates the people to a level with the throne.”

9 Termidor: degolação de Robespierre, num 27/7

4/4/14 – Queda de Napoleão

<Oh, M. de Villefort,>, cried a beautiful young creature, daughter to the Comte de Salvieux, and the cherished friend of Mademoiselle de Saint-Meran, <do try and get up some famous trial while we are at Marseilles. I never was in a law-cout; I am told it is so very amusing!>

<Amusing, certainly,> replied the young man, <inasmuch as, instead of shedding tears as at a theatre, you behold in a law-court a case of real and genuine distress – a drama of life. The prisoner whom you there see pale, agitated, and alarmed, instead of – as is the case when a curtain falls on a tragedy – going home to sup peacefully with his family, and then retiring to rest, that he may recommence his mimic woes on the morrow, – is reconducted to his prison and delivered up to the executioner. I leave you to judge how far your nerves are calculated to bear you through such a scene. Of this, however, be assured, that sould any favorable apportunity present itself, I will not fail to offer you the choice of being present.>

I would not choose to see the man against whom I pleaded smile, as though in mockery of my words. No; my pride is to see the accused pale, agitated and as though beaten out of all composure by the fire of my eloquence.”

Why, that is the very worst offence they could possibly commit, for, don’t you see, Renée, the king is the father of his people, and he who shall plot or contrive aught against the life and safety of the parent of 32 millions of souls, is a parricide upon a fearfully great scale.>”

It was, as we have said, the 1st of March, and the prisoner was soon buried in darkness.” 01/03/16

But remorse is not thus banished; like Virgil’s wounded hero, he carried the arrow in his wound, and, arrived at the salon, Villefort uttered a sigh that was almost a sob, and sank into a chair.”

Danglars was one of those men born with a pen behind the ear, and an inkstand in place of a heart. Everything with him was multiplication or subtraction. The life of a man was to him of far less value than a numeral, especially when, by taking it away, he could increase the sum total of his own desires. He went to bed at his usual hour, and slept in peace.”

A BARCA DO INFERNO QUE ARCA COM AS CONSEQÜÊNCIAS DO PE(S)CADO

desejos desejados no mar infinito

despojos desejosos de ser entregues aos derrotados

de consolo

que nojo

dessa raça

em desgraça

perpétua

que a maré a leve

para o fundo

do abismo

pesadâncora

pesadume

pesado cardume

proa perdeu o lume

popa nasceu sem gume

mastro adubado de petróleo

fóssil agora

apagado e insolente

eu sou experiente, experimente!

um louco que está sempre no lucro

das questões eu chego ao fulcro

por mais que não seja inteligente,

seja só uma compulsão demente

ser verdadeiro

se ver como herdeiro

de uma civilização

legada ao esquecimento

divino

o trem metafísico e seu lote de vagãos pagãos

levando à conclusão

de que o choque é elétrico

e anafilático

nada de milagre nada de intangível

só cobramos e debitamos o crível

(02/03/16)

said Louis XVIII, laughing; <the greatest captains of antiquity amused themselves by casting pebbles [seixos] into the ocean – see Plutarch’s Scipio Africanus.>”

<So then,> he exclaimed, turning pale with anger, <seven conjoined and allied armies overthrew that man. A miracle of heaven replaced me on the throne of my fathers after five-and-twenty years of exile. I have, during those 5-&-20 years, spared no pains to understand the people of France and the interests which were confided to me; and now when I see the fruition of my wishes almost within reach, the power I hold in my hands bursts, and shatters me to atoms!>”

Really impossible for a minister who has an office, agents, spies, and fifteen hundred thousand [1,5 million] francs for secret service money, to know what is going on at 60 leagues from the coast of France!”

Why, my dear boy, when a man has been proscribed by the mountaineers, has escaped from Paris in a hay-cart, been hunted over the plains of Bordeaux by Robespierre’s bloodhounds, he becomes accustomed to most things.”

<Come, come,> said he, <will the Restoration adopt imperial methods so promptly? Shot, my dear boy? What an idea! Where is the letter you speak of? I know you too well to suppose you would allow such a thing to pass you.>”

Quando a polícia está em débito, ela declara que está na pista; e o governo pacientemente aguarda o dia em que ela vem para dizer, com um ar fugitivo, que perdeu a pista.”

The king! I thought he was philosopher enough to allow that there was no murder in politics. In politics, my dear fellow, you know, as well as I do, there are no men, but ideas – no feelings, but interests; in politics we do not kill a man, we only remove an obstacle, that is all. Would you like to know how matters have progressed? Well, I will tell you. It was thought reliance might be placed in General Quesnel; he was recommended to us from the Island of Elba; one of us went to him, and visited him to the Rue Saint-Jacques, where he would find some friends. He came there, and the plan was unfolded to him for leaving Elba, the projected landing, etc. When he had heard and comprehended all to the fullest extent, he replied that he was a royalist. Then all looked at each other, – he was made to take an oath, and did so, but with such an ill grace that it was really tempting Providence to swear him, and yet, in spite of that, the general allowed to depart free – perfectly free. Yet he did not return home. What could that mean? why, my dear fellow, that on leaving us he lost his way, that’s all. A murder? really, Villefort, you surprise me.”

<The people will rise.>

<Yes, to go and meet him.>

Ring, then, if you please, for a second knife, fork, and plate, and we will dine together.”

<Eh? the thing is simple enough. You who are in power have only the means that money produces – we who are in expectation, have those which devotion prompts.>

<Devotion!> said Villefort, with a sneer.

<Yes, devotion; for that is, I believe, the phrase for hopeful ambition.>

And Villefort’s father extended his hand to the bell-rope to summon the servant whom his son had not called.”

Say this to him: <Sire, you are deceived as to the feeling in France, as to the opinions of the towns, and the prejudices of the army; he whom in Paris you call the Corsican ogre, who at Nevers is styled the usurper, is already saluted as Bonaparte at Lyons, and emperor at Grenoble. You think he is tracked, pursued, captured; he is advancing as rapidly as his own eagles. The soldiers you believe to be dying with hunger, worn out with fatigue, ready to desert, gather like atoms of snow about the rolling ball as it hastens onward. Sire, go, leave France to its real master, to him who acquired it, not by purchase, but by right of conquest; go, sire, not that you incur any risk, for your adversary is powerful enough to show you mercy, but because it would be humiliating for a grandson of Saint Louis to owe his life to the man of Arcola Marengo, Austerlitz.> Tell him this, Gerard; or, rather, tell him nothing. Keep your journey a secret; do not boast of what you have come to Paris to do, or have done; return with all speed; enter Marseilles at night, and your house by the back-door, and there remain quiet, submissive, secret, and, above all, inoffensive”

Every one knows the history of the famous return from Elba, a return which was unprecedented in the past, and will probably remain without a counterpart in the future.”

Napoleon would, doubtless, have deprived Villefort of his office had it not been for Noirtier, who was all powerful at court, and thus the Girondin of ‘93 and the Senator of 1806 protected him who so lately had been his protector.” “Villefort retained his place, but his marriage was put off until a more favorable opportunity.” “He made Morrel wait in the antechamber, although he had no one with him, for the simple sreason that the king’s procureur always makes every one wait, and after passing a quarter of an hour in reading the papers, he ordered M. Morrel to be admitted.”

<Edmond Dantes.>

Villefort would probably have rather stood opposite the muzzle of a pistol at five-and-twenty paces than have heard this name spoken; but he did not blanch.”

<Monsieur,> returned Villefort, <I was then a royalist, because I believed the Bourbons not only the heirs to the throne, but the chosen of the nation. The miraculous return of Napoleon has conquered me, the legitimate monarch is he who is loved by his people.>”

<There has been no arrest.>

<How?>

<It is sometimes essential to government to cause a man’s disappearance without leaving any traces, so that no written forms or documents may defeat their wishes.>

<It might be so under the Bourbons, but at present>-

<It has always been so, my dear Morrel, since the reign of Louis XIV. The emperor is more strict in prison discipline than even Louis himself>”

As for Villefort, instead of sending to Paris, he carefully preserved the petition that so fearfully compromised Dantes, in the hopes of an event that seemed not unlikely, – that is, a 2nd restoration. Dantes remained a prisoner, and heard not the noise of the fall of Louis XVIII’s throne, or the still more tragic destruction of the empire.” “At last there was Waterloo, and Morrel came no more; he had done all that was in his power, and any fresh attempt would only compromise himself uselessly.”

But Fernand was mistaken; a man of his disposition never kills himself, for he constantly hopes.”

Old Dantes, who was only sustained by hope, lost all hope at Napoleon’s downfall. Five months after he had been separated from his son, and almost at the hour of his arrest, he breathed his last in Mercedes’ arms.”

The inspector listened attentively; then, turning to the governor, observed, <He will become religious – he is already more gentle; he is afraid, and retreated before the bayonets – madmen are not afraid of anything; I made some curious observations on this at Charenton.> Then, turning to the prisoner, <What is it you want?> said he.”

<My information dates from the day on which I was arrested,> returned the Abbé Faria; <and as the emperor had created the kingdom of Rome for his infant son, I presume that he has realized the dream of Machiavelli and Caesar Borgia, which was to make Italy a united kingdom.>

<Monsieur,> returned the inspector, <providence has changed this gigantic plan you advocate so warmly.>

<It is the only means of rendering Italy strong, happy, and independent.>

<Very possibly; only I am not come to discuss politics, but to inquire if you have anything to ask or to complain of.>

<The food is the same as in other prisons, – that is, very bad, the lodging is very unhealthful, but, on the whole, passable for a dungeon; but it is not that which I wish to speak of, but a secret I have to reveal of the greatest importance.>

<It is for that reason I am delighted to see you,> continued the abbé, <although you have disturbed me in a most important calculation, which, if it succeded, would possibly change Newton’s system. Could you allow me a few words in private.>”

<On my word,> said the inspector in a low tone, <had I not been told beforehand that this man was mad, I should believe what he says.>”

A new governor arrived; it would have been too tedious to acquire the names of the prisoners; he learned their numbers instead. This horrible place contained 50 cells; their inhabitants were designated by the numbers of their cell, and the unhappy young man was no longer called Edmond Dantes – he was now number 34.”

Prisioneiros de segurança máxima não devem adoecer – que bactéria ou vírus cosmopolita os visitaria? Que mudança que fosse mais forte e sensível que o supertédio?

he addressed his supplications, not to God, but to man. God is always the last resource. Unfortunates, who ought to begin with God, do not have any hope in him till they have exhausted all other means of deliverance.”

Dantes spoke for the sake of hearing his own voice; he had tried to speak when alone, but the sound of his voice terrified him.”

in prosperity prayers seem but a mere medley of words, until misfortune comes and the unhappy sufferer first understands the meaning of the sublime language in which he invokes the pity of heaven!”

<Yes, yes,> continued he, <’Twill be the same as it was in England. After Charles I, Cromwell; after Cromwell, Charles II, and then James II, and then some son-in-law or relation, some Prince of Orange, a stadtholder¹ who becomes a king. Then new concessions to the people, then a constitution, then liberty. Ah, my friend!> said the abbé, turning towards Dantes, and surveying him with the kindling gaze of a prophet, <you are young, you will see all this come to pass.>”

¹ Magistrado de província holandesa

<But wherefore are you here?>

<Because in 1807 I dreamed of the very plan Napoleon tried to realize in 1811; because, like Napoleon, I desired to alter the political face of Italy, and instead of allowing it to be split up into a quantity of petty principalities, each held by some weak or tyrannical ruler, I sought to form one large, compact and powerful empire; and lastly, because I fancied I had found Caesar Borgia in a crowned simpleton, who feigned to enter into my views only to betray me. It was the plan of Alexander VI, but it will never succeed now, for they attempted it fruitlessly, and Napoleon was unable to complete his work. Italy seems fated to misfortune.> And the old man bowed his head.

Dantes could not understand a man risking his life for such matters. Napoleon certainly he knew something of, inasmuch as he had seen and spoken with him; but of Clement VII and Alexander VI he knew nothing.

<Are you not,> he asked, <the priest who here in the Chateau d’If is generally thought to be – ill?>

<Mad, you mean, don’t you?>

<I did not like to say so,> answered D., smiling.”

In the 1st place, I was 4 years making the tools I possess, and have been 2 years scraping and digging out earth, hard as granite itself; then what toil and fatigue has it not been to remove huge stones I should once have deemed impossible to loosen.”

Another, other and less stronger than he, had attempted what he had not had sufficient resolution to undertake, and had failed only because of an error in calculation.”

<When you pay me a visit in my cell, my young friend,> said he, <I will show you an entire work, the fruits of the thoughts and reflections of my whole life; many of them meditated over in the Colosseum at Rome, at the foot of St. Mark’s columm at Venice, little imagining at the time that they would be arranged in order within the walls of the Chateau d’If. The work I speak is called ‘A Treatise on the Possibility of a General Monarchy in Italy,’ and will make one large quarto volume.>”

I had nearly 5.000 volumes in my library at Rome; but after reading them over many times, I found out that with 150 well-chosen books a man possesses if not a complete summary of all human knowledge, at least all that a man need really know. I devoted 3 years of my life to reading and studying these 150 volumes, till I knew them nearly by heart; so that since I have been in prison, a very slight effort of memory has enabled me to recall their contents as readily as though the pages were open before me. I could recite you the whole of Thucidides, Xenophon, Plutarch, Titus Livius, Tacitus, Strada, Jornandes [Jordanes], Dante, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Spinoza, Machiavelli, and Bossuet.”

Yes, I speak 5 of the modern tongues – that is to say, German, French, Italian, English and Spanish; by the aid of ancient Greek I learned modern Greek – I don’t speak so well asI could wish, but I am still trying to improve myself.” “Improve yourself!” repeated Dantes; “why, how can you manage to do so?”

This last explanation was wholly lost upon Dantes, who had always imagined, from seeing the sun rise from behind the mountains and set in the Mediterranean, that it moved, and not the earth. A double movement of the globo he inhabited, and of which he could feel nothing, appeared to him perfectly impossible.”

Should I ever get out of prison and find in all Italy a printer courageous enough to publish what I have composed, my literary reputation is forever secured.”

What would you not have accomplished if you had been free?”

Possibly nothing at all; the overflow of my brain would probably, in a state of freedom, have evaporated in a 1,000 follies; misfortune is needed to bring to light the treasure of the human intellect. Compression is needed to explode gunpowder. Captivity has brought my mental faculties to a focus”

<if you visit to discover the author of any bad action, seek first to discover the person to whom the perpetration of that bad action could be in any way advantageous. Now, to apply it in your case, – to whom could your disappearance have been serviceable?>

<To no one, by heaven! I was a very insignificant person.>

<Do not speak thus, for your reply evinces neither logic nor philosophy; everything is relative, my dear young friend, from the king who stands in the way of his successor, to the employee who keeps his rival out of a place. Now, in the event of the king’s death, his successor inherits a crown, – when the employee dies, the supernumerary steps into his shoes, and receives his salary of 12.000 livres. Well, these 12.000 livres are his civil list, and are as essential to him as 12.000.000 of a king. Every one, from the highest to the lowest degree, has his place on the social ladder, and is beset by stormy passions and conflicting interests, as in Descartes’ theory of pressure and impulsion.” efeito borboleta parte I “But these forces increase as we go higher, so that we have a spiral which in defiance of reason rests upon the apex and not on the base.”

<Simply because that accusation had been written with the left hand, and I have noticed that> –

<What?>

<That while the writing of different persons done with the right hand varies, that performed with the left hand is invariably uniform.>”

That is in strict accordance with the Spanish character; an assassination they will unhesitatingly commit, but an act of cowardice never.”

Pray ask me whatever questions you please; for, in good truth, you see more clearly into my life than I do myself.”

<About six or seven and twenty years of age, I should say.>

<So,> anwered the abbé. <Old enough to be ambitious, but too young to be corrupt. And how did he treat you?>”

<That alters the case. Tis man might, after all, be a greater scoundrel than you have thought possible>

<Upon my word,> said Dantes, <you make me shudder. Is the world filled with tigers and crocodiles?>

<Yes; and remember that two-legged tigers and crocodiles are more dangerous than the others.>

Had a thunderbolt fallen at the feet of D., or hell opened its yawining gulf before him, he could not have been more completely transfixed with horror than he was at the sound of these unexpected words. Starting up he clasped his hands around his head as though to prevent his very brain from bursting, and exclaimed, <His father! his father!>”

D. was at lenght roused from his revery by the voice of Faria, who, having also been visited by his jailer, had come to invite his fellow-sufferer to share his supper. The reputation of being out of his mind though harmlessly and even amusingly so, had procured for the abbé unusual privileges. He was supplied with bread of a finer whiter quality than the usual prison fare, and even regaled each Sunday with a small quantity of wine.”

The elder prisoner was one of those persons whose conversation, like that of all who have experienced many trials, contained many usefel and important hints as well as sound information; but it was never egotistical, for the unfortunate man never alluded to his own sorrows. D. listened with admiring attention to all he said; some of his remarks corresponded with what he already knew, or applied to the sort of knowledge his nautical life had enabled him to acquire.”

I can well believe that so learned a person as yourself would prefer absolute solitude to being tormented with the company of one as ignorant and uninformed as myself.”

The abbé smiled: <Alas, my boy,> said he, <human knowledge is confined within very narrow limits; and when I have taught you mathematics, physics, history, and the 3 or 4 modern languages with which I am acquainted, you will know as much as I do myself. Now, it will scarcely require 2 years for me to communicate to you the stock of learnings I possess.>”

<Not their application, certainly, but their principles you may; to learn is not to know; there are the learners and the learned. Memory makes the one, philosophy the other.>

<But cannot one learn philosophy?>

<Philosophy cannot be taught; it is the application of the sciences to truth; it is like the golden cloud in which the Messiah went up into heaven.>”

An that very evening the prisoners sketched a plan of education, to be entered upon the following day. D. possessed a prodigious memory, combined with an astonishing quickness and readiness of conception; the mathematicla turn of his mind rendered him apt at al all kinds of calculation, while his naturally poetical feelings threw a light and pleasing veil over the dry reality of arithmetical computation, or the rigid severity of geometry. He already knew Italian, and had also picked up a little of the Romaic dialect during voyages to the East; and by the aid of these 2 languages he easily comprehended the construction of all the others, so that at the end of 6 months he began to speak Spanish, English, and German. In strict accordance with the promise made to the abbé, D. spoke no more of escape. Perhaps the delight his studies afforded him left no room for such thoughts; perhaps the recollection that he had pledged his word (on which his sense of honor was keen) kept him from referring in any way to the possibilities of flight. Days, even months, passed by unheeded in one rapid and instructive course. At the end of a year D. was a new man. D. observed, however, that Faria, in spite of the relief his society afforded, daily grew sadder; one thought seemed incessantly to harass and distract his mind. Sometimes he would fall into long reveries, sigh heavily and involuntarily, then suddenly rise, and, with folded arms, begin pacing the confined space of his dungeon. One day he stopped all at once, and exclaimed, <Ah, if there were no sentinel!>”

Esse tesouro, que deve corresponder a dois… de coroas romanas no mais afastado a… da segunda abertura co… declara pertencer a ele som… herdeiro. <25 de Abril, 149-”

Eu ouvi freqüentemente a frase <Tão rico como um Spada.>” “Ali, no 20º capítulo de a Vida do Papa Alexandre VI, constavam as seguintes linhas, que jamais poderei esquecer: – <As grandes guerras da Romagna terminaram; César Bórgia, que completou suas conquistas, precisava de dinheiro para adquirir a Itália inteira. O papa também precisava de dinheiro para liquidar seus problemas com Luís XII, Rei da França, que ainda era formidável a despeito de seus recentes reveses; e era necessário, portanto, recorrer a algum esquema rentável, o que era um problema de grande dificuldade nas condições de pauperização de uma exausta Itália. Sua santidade teve uma idéia. Ele resolveu fazer dois cardeais.

Ao escolher duas das maiores personagens de Roma, homens especialmente ricos – esse era o retorno pelo qual o pai santíssimo esperava. Primeiramente, ele poderia vender as grandes posições e esplêndidos ofícios que os cardeais já possuíam; e depois ele teria ainda dois chapéus para vender. Havia um terceiro ponto em vista, que logo aparecerá na narrativa. O papa e César Bórgia primeiro acharam os dois futuros cardeais; eles eram Giovanni Rospigliosi, que portava 4 das mais altas dignidades da Santa Sé; e César Spada, um dos mais nobres e ricos da nobreza romana; ambos sentiram a alta honraria de tal favor do papa. Eles eram ambiciosos, e César Bórgia logo encontrou compradores para suas posições. O resultado foi que Rospigliosi e Spada pagaram para ser cardeais, e 8 outras pessoas pagaram pelos ofícios que os cardeais tinham ante sua elevação; destarte 800.000 coroas entraram nos cofres dos especuladores.

É tempo agora de proceder à última parte da especulação. O papa encheu Rospigliosi e Spada de atenções, conferiu-lhes a insígnia do cardinalato, e os induziu a organizar seus negócios de forma a se mudarem para Roma. É aí que o papa e César Bórgia convidam os dois cardeais para jantar. Esse era um problema de disputa entre o santo pai e seu filho. César pensava que eles poderiam se utilizar de um dos meios que ele sempre tinha preparado para os amigos, i.e., em primeiro lugar, a famosa chave que era dada a certas pessoas com o pedido de que fossem e abrissem o armário equivalente. Essa chave era dotada de uma pequena ponta de ferro, – uma negligência da parte do chaveiro. Quando ela era pressionada a fim de abrir-se o armário, do qual a fechadura era complicada, a pessoa era picada por essa pontinha, e morria no dia seguinte. Havia também o anel com a cabeça de leão, que César usava quando queria cumprimentar seus amigos com um aperto de mão. O leão mordia a mão do assim favorecido, e ao cabo de 24h, a mordida se mostrava mortal. César propôs ao seu pai, que ou eles deveriam pedir aos cardeais para abrir o armário, ou apertar suas mãos; mas Alexandre VI respondeu: <Quanto aos valongos cardeais, Spada e Rospigliosi, convidemo-los para jantar, algo me diz que conseguiremos esse dinheiro de volta. Além disso, esquece-te, ó César, que uma indigestão se declara imediatamente, enquanto uma picada ou uma mordida ocasionam um atraso de um dia ou dois.> César recuou de tão convincente raciocínio, e os cardeais foram conseqüentemente chamados para jantar.

A mesa foi servida num vinhedo pertencente ao papa, perto de San Pierdarena, um retiro encantador que os cardeais conheciam de ouvir falar. Rospigliosi, bem disposto graças a suas novas dignidades, chegou com um bom apetite e suas maneiras mais obsequiosas. Spada, um homem prudente, e muito apegado a seu único sobrinho, um jovem capitão da mais alta promessa, pegou papel e caneta, e redigiu seu testamento. E depois mandou avisar o seu sobrinho para esperá-lo próximo ao vinhedo; mas aparentemente o servo não foi capaz de encontrá-lo.

Spada sabia o que esses convites significavam; desde a Cristandade, tão eminentemente civilizada, se alastrou por toda Roma, não era mais um centurião que vinha da parte do tirano com uma mensagem, <César quer que você morra.> mas era um núncio apostólico a latere, que vinha com um sorriso nos lábios para dizer, pelo papa, que <Sua santidade solicita sua presença num jantar.>

Spada se dirigiu lá pelas 2 a San Pierdarena. O papa o esperava. A primeira imagem a atrair a atenção de Spada foi a do seu sobrinho, todo paramentado, e César Bórgia cativando-o com as atenções mais marcadas. Spada empalideceu quando César o fitou com ar irônico, o que provava que ele havia antecipado tudo, e que a armadilha já estava em funcionamento.

Eles começaram a jantar e Spada foi capaz de indagar, somente, de seu sobrinho se ele tinha recebido sua mensagem. O sobrinho respondeu que não; compreendendo perfeitamente o significado da pergunta. Era tarde demais, já que ele já tinha tomado um copo de um excelente vinho, selecionado para ele expressamente pelo copeiro do papa. Spada testemunhou ao mesmo tempo outra garrafa, vindo a si, que ele foi premido a provar. Uma hora depois um médico declarou que ambos estavam envenenados por comer cogumelos. Spada morreu no limiar do vinhedo; o sobrinho expirou na sua própria porta, fazendo sinais que sua mulher não pôde compreender.

A seguir César e o papa se apressaram para botar as mãos na herança, sob o disfarce de estarem à procura de papéis do homem morto. Mas a herança consistia disso somente, um pedaço de papel em que Spada escreveu: -<Eu lego a meu amado sobrinho meus cofres, meus livros, e, entre outros, meu breviário com orelhas de ouro, que eu espero que ele preserve em consideração de seu querido tio.>

Os herdeiros procuraram em todo lugar, admiraram o breviário, se apropriaram dos móveis, e se espantaram grandemente de que Spada, o homem rico, era de fato o mais miserável dos tios – nenhum tesouro – e não ser que fossem os da ciência, contidos na biblioteca e laboratórios. Isso era tudo. César e seu pai procuraram, examinaram, escrutinaram, mas nada acharam, ou pelo menos muito pouco; nada que excedesse alguns milhares de coroas em prata, e aproximadamente o mesmo em dinheiro corrente; mas o sobrinho teve tempo de dizer a sua esposa, antes de morrer: <Procure direito entre os papéis do meu tio; há um testamento.>

Eles procuraram até mais meticulosamente do que os augustos herdeiros o fizeram, mas foi infrutífero. Havia dois palácios e um vinhedo atrás da Colina Palatina; mas nesses dias a propriedade da terra não tinha assim tanto valor, e os 2 palácios e o vinhedo continuaram com a família já que estavam abaixo da rapacidade do papa e seu filho. Meses e anos se passaram. Alexandre VI morreu, envenenado, – você sabe por qual erro. César, envenenado também, escapou desfolhando sua pele como a de uma cobra; mas a pele de baixo ficou marcada pelo veneno até se parecer com a de um tigre. Então, compelido a deixar Roma, ele acabou morto obscuramente numa escaramuça noturna; quase sem registros históricos. Depois da morte do papa e do exílio de seu filho, supôs-se que a família Spada voltaria ao esplendor dos tempos anteriores aos do cardeal; mas não foi o caso. Os Spada permaneceram em um conforto duvidoso, um mistério seguiu pairando sobre esse tema escuso, e o rumor público era que César, um político mais talentoso que seu pai, havia retirado do papa a fortuna dos 2 cardeais. Eu digo dos 2, porque o Cardeal Rospigliosi, que não tomara nenhuma precaução, foi completamente espoliado.”

Eu estava então quase certo de que a herança não ficara nem para os Bórgias nem para a família, mas se mantivera sem dono como os tesouros das 1001 Noites, que dormiam no seio da terra sob os olhos do gênio.”

esses caracteres foram traçados numa tinta misteriosa e simpática, que só aparecia ao ser exposta ao fogo; aproximadamente 1/3 do papel foi consumido pelas chamas.”

<2 milhões de coroas romanas; quase 13 milhões, no nosso dinheiro.” [*]

[*] $2.600.000 em 1894.”

Then an invincible and extreme terror seized upon him, and he dared not again press the hand that hung out of bed, he dared no longer to gaze on those fixed and vacant eyes, which he tried many times to close, but in vain – they opened again as soon as shut.”

<They say every year adds half a pound to the weight of the bones,> said another, lifting the feet.”

The sea is the cemetery of the Chateau d’If.”

It was 14 years day for day since Dantes’ arrest.”

At this period it was not the fashion to wear so large a beard and hair so long; now a barber would only be surprised if a man gifted with such advantages should consent voluntarily to deprive himself of them.”

The oval face was lengthened, his smiling mouth had assumed the firm and marked lines which betoken resolution; his eyebrows were arched beneath a brow furrowed with thought; his eyes were full of melancholy, and from their depths ocasionally sparkled gloomy fires of misanthropy and hatred; his complexion, so long kept from the sun, had now that pale color which produces, when the features are encircled with black hair, the aristocratic beauty of the man of the north; the profound learning he had acquired had besided diffused over his features a refined intellectual expression; and he had also acquired, being naturally of a goodly stature, that vigor which a frame possesses which has so long concentrated all its force within himself.”

Moreover, from being so long in twilight or darkness, his eyes had acquired the faculty of distinguishing objects in the night, common to the hyena and the wolf.”

it was impossible that his best friend – if, indeed, he had any friend left – could recognize him; he could not recognize himself.”

Fortunately, D. had learned how to wait; he had waited 14 years for his liberty, and now he was free he could wait at least 6 months or a year for wealth. Would he not have accepted liberty without riches if it had been offered him? Besides, were not those riches chimerical? – offspring of the brain of the poor Abbé Faria, had they not died with him?”

The patron of The Young Amelia proposed as a place of landing the Island of Monte Cristo, which being completely deserted, and having neither soldiers nor revenue officers, seemed to have been placed in the midst of the ocean since the time of the heathen Olympus by Mercury, the god of merchants and robbers, classes of mankind which we in modern times have separated if not made distinct, but which antiquity appears to have included in the same category” Tal pai, tal filho: vejo que um Dumas citou o outro, cf. o destino me comandou saber, por estar lendo A Dama das Camélias em simultaneidade – Jr. dissera a dado ponto, também inicial, de sua narrativa que era bom e inteligente que ladrões e comerciantes possuíssem antigamente o mesmo Deus, e que isso não era simples contingência histórica… Até aí, pensava tratar-se de Mammon, comentando o espúrio estilo de vida judio.

e qual solidão é mais completa, ou mais poética, que a de um navio flutuando isolado sobre as águas do mar enquanto reina a obscuridade da noite, no silêncio da imensidão, e sob o olhar dos Céus?”

Nunca um viciado em jogo, cuja fortuna esteja em jogo num lance de dados, chegou a experimentar a angústia que sentiu Edmundo em meio a seus paroxismos de esperança.”

<Em 2h,> ele disse, <essas pessoas vão partir mais ricas em 50 piastres cada, dispostas a arriscar novamente suas vidas só para conseguir outros 50; então retornarão com uma fortuna de 600 francos e desperdiçarão esse tesouro nalgum vilarejo, com aquele orgulho dos sultões e a insolência dos nababos.”

a providência, que, ao limitar os poderes do homem, gratifica-o ao mesmo tempo com desejos insaciáveis.”

<E agora,> ele exclamou, relembrando o conto do pescador árabe, que Faria relatou, <agora, abre-te sésamo!>”

o pavor – aquele pavor da luz do dia que mesmo no deserto nos faz temer estarmos sendo vigiados e observados.”

dentes brancos como os de um animal carnívoro”

seu marido mantinha sua tocaia diária na porta – uma obrigação que ele executava com tanta mais vontade, já que o salvava de ter de escutar os murmúrios e lamentos da companheira, que nunca o viu sem dirigir amargas invectivas contra o destino”

<And you followed the business of a tailor?>

<True, I was a tailor, till the trade fell off. It is so hot at Marseilles, that really I believe that the respectable inhabitants will in time go without any clothing whatever. But talking of heat, is there nothing I can offer you by way of refreshment?>”

<Too true, too true!> ejaculated Caderousse, almost suffocated by the contending passions which assailed him, <the poor old man did die.>”

Os próprios cães que perambulam sem abrigo e sem casa pelas ruas encontram mãos piedosas que oferecem uma mancheia de pão; e esse homem, um cristão, deviam permitir perecer de fome no meio de outros homens que se autodenominam cristãos? é terrível demais para acreditar. Ah, é impossível – definitivamente impossível!”

Eu não consigo evitar ter mais medo da maldição dos mortos que do ódio dos vivos.”

Hold your tongue, woman; it is the will of God.”

Happiness or unhappiness is the secret known but to one’s self and the walls – walls have ears but no tongue”

<Com isso então,> disse o abade, com um sorriso amargo, <isso então dá 18 meses no total. O que mais o mais devoto dos amantes poderia desejar?> Então ele murmurou as palavras do poeta inglês, <Volubilidade, seu nome é mulher.>

<no doubt fortune and honors have comforted her; she is rich, a countess, and yet–> Caderousse paused.”

Maneiras, maneiras de dizer asneiras…

Memorial de Buenos Aires

O aras à beira…

Bonaire de mademoiselle

Gastão amável que me acende o fogo!

ENCICLOPÉDIA DE UM FUTURO REMOTO

 

(…)

 

V

 

(…)

 

VANIGRACISMO [s.m., origem desconhecida; suspeita-se que guarde relação com vanitas, do latim <vaidade>]: espécie de atavismo do mal; inclinação ou tendência à reprise na crença de dogmas ultrapassados, como a pregação extremada do amor de Cristo ou o apego a regimes e práticas totalitários de forma geral. Duas faces do mesmo fenômeno. Nostalgia do Líder Supremo ou de coletivismos tornados impossíveis ou inexistentes nas democracias de massa, capitalismo avançado ou fase agônica do Ocidente.

        Adeptos são identificados sob a alcunha de vanigra.

Ex:

        Os vanigras brasileiros da década de 10 desejavam a conclamação de Bolsonaro como o Pai Nacional.

        O vanigra praguejou seu semelhante com a condenação ao Inferno no seu pós-vida, graças a suas condutas imorais.

 

vanigger – Corruptela de vanigra, utilizada para designar negros conservadores que insultavam a memória e o passado histórico de seus ancestrais escravos, ao professarem  credos como os supracitados (cristianismo, fascismo, etc.), invenções do homem branco europeu.

* * *

In business, sir, said he, one has no friends, only correspondents”

the tenacity peculiar to prophets of bad news”

It was said at this moment that Danglars was worth from 6 to 8 millions of francs, and had unlimited credit.”

Her innocence had kept her in ignorance of the dangers that might assail a young girl of her age.”

And now, said the unknown, farewell kindness, humanity and gratitude! Farewell to all the feelings that expand the heart! I have been heaven’s substitute to recompense the good – now the god of vengeance yields me his power to punish the wicked!”

in 5 minutes nothing but the eye of God can see the vessel where she lies at the bottom of the sea.”

He was one of those men who do not rashly court danger, but if danger presents itself, combat it with the most unalterable coolness.”

The Italian s’accommodi is untranslatable; it means at once <Como, enter, you are welcome; make yourself at home; you are the master.>”

he was condemned by the by to have his tongue cut out, and his hand and head cut off; the tongue the 1st day, the hand the 2nd, and the head the 3rd. I always had a desire to have a mute in my service, so learning the day his tongue was cut out, I went to the bey [governador otomano], and proposed to give him for Ali a splendid double-barreled gun which I knew he was very desirous of having.”

I? – I live the happiest life possible, the real life of a pasha. I am king of all creation. I am pleased with one place, and stay there; I get tired of it, and leave it; I am free as a bird and have wings like one; my attendants obey my slightest wish.”

What these happy persons took for reality was but a dream; but it was a dream so soft, so voluptuous, so enthralling, that they sold themselves body and soul to him who have it to them, and obedient to his orders as to those of a deity, struck down the designated victim, died in torture without a murmur, believing that the death they underwent was but a quick transtion to that life of delights of which the holy herb, now before you, had given them a slight foretaste.”

<Then,> cried Franz, <it is hashish! I know that – by name at least.>

<That it is precisely, Signor Aladdin; it is hashish – the purest and most unadulterated hashish of Alexandria, – the hashish of Abou-Gor, the celebrated maker, the only man, the man to whom there should be built a palace, inscribed with these words, <A grateful world to the dealer in happiness.>

Nature subdued must yield in the combat, the dream must succeed [suck-seed] to reality, and then the dream reigns supreme, then the dream becomes life, and life becomes the dream.”

When you return to this mundane sphere from your visionary world, you would seem to leave a Neapolitan spring for a Lapland winter – to quit paradise for earth – heaven for hell! Taste the hashish, guest of mine – taste the hashish.”

Tell me, the 1st time you tasted oysters, tea, porter, truffles, and sundry other dainties which you now adore, did you like them? Could you comprehend how the Romans stuffed their pheasants [faisões] with assafoetida (sic – asafoetida) [planta fétida, mas saborosa], and the Chinese eat swallow’s nests? [ninhos de andorinhas] Eh? no! Well, it is the same with hashish; only eat for a week, and nothing in the world will seem to you equal the delicacy of its flavor, which now appears to you flat and distasteful.”

there was no need to smoke the same pipe twice.”

that mute revery, into which we always sink when smoking excellent tobacco, which seems to remove with its fume all the troubles of the mind, and to give the smoker in exchange all the visions of the soul. Ali brought in the coffee. <How do you take it?> inquired the unknown; <in the French or Turkish style, strong or weak, sugar or none, coal or boiling? As you please; it is ready in all ways.>”

it shows you have a tendency for an Oriental life. Ah, those Orientals; they are the only men who know how to live. As for me, he added, with one of those singular smiles which did not escape the young man, when I have completed my affairs in Paris, I shall go and die in the East; and should you wish to see me again, you must seek me at Cairo, Bagdad, or Ispahan.”

Well, unfurl your wings, and fly into superhuman regions; fear nothing, there is a watch over you; and if your wings, like those of Icarus, melt before the sun, we are here to ease your fall.”

o tempo é testemunha

1001 Noites

The Count of Sinbad Cristo

Oh, ele não teme nem Deus nem Satã, dizem, e percorreria 50 ligas fora de seu curso só para prestar um favor a qualquer pobre diabo.”

em Roma há 4 grandes eventos todos os anos, – o Carnaval, a Semana Santa, Corpus Christi, o Festival de São Pedro. Durante todo o resto do ano a idade está naquele estado de apatia profunda, entre a vida e a morte, que a deixa parecida com uma estação entre esse mundo e o próximo”

<Para São Pedro primeiro, e depois o Coliseu,> retorquiu Albert. Mas Albrto não sabia que leva um dia para ver [a Basílica de] S. Pedro, e um mês para estudá-la. O dia foi todo passado lá.”

Quando mostramos a um amigo uma cidade que já visitamos, sentimos o mesmo orgulho de quando apontamos na rua uma mulher da qual fomos o amante.”

mulher amantizada”, aliás (livro de Dumas Filho) é o melhor eufemismo de todos os tempos!

<em Roma as coisas podem ou não podem ser feitas; quando se diz que algo não pode ser feito, acaba ali>

<É muito mais conveniente em Paris, – quando qualquer coisa não pode ser feita, você paga o dobro, e logo ela está feita.>

<É o que todo francês fala,> devolveu o Signor Pastrini, que acusou o golpe; <por essa razão, não entendo por que eles viajam.> (…)

<Homens em seu juízo perfeito não deixam seu hotel na Rue du Helder, suas caminhadas no Boulevard de Grand, e Café de Paris.>”

<Mas se vossa excelência contesta minha veracidade> – <Signor Pastrini,> atalhou Franz, <você é mais suscetível que Cassandra, que era uma profetisa, e ainda assim ninguém acreditava nela; enquanto que você, pelo menos, está seguro do crédito de metade de sua audiência [a metade de 2 é 1]. Venha, sente-se, e conte-nos tudo que sabe sobre esse Signor Vampa.>”

<O que acha disso, Albert? – aos 2-e-20 ser tão famoso?>

<Pois é, e olha que nessa idade Alexandre, César e Napoleão, que, todos, fizeram algum barulho no mundo, estavam bem detrás dele.>”

Em todo país em que a independência tomou o lugar da liberdade, o primeiro desejo dum coração varonil é possuir uma arma, que de uma só vez torna seu dono capaz de se defender e atacar, e, transformando-o em alguém terrível, com freqüência o torna temido.”

O homem de habilidades superiores sempre acha admiradores, vá onde for.”

MÁFIA: SEQÜESTRO, ESTUPRO, MORTE & A SUCESSÃO DO CLÃ

As leis dos bandidos [dos fora-da-lei] são positivas; uma jovem donzela pertence ao primeiro que levá-la, então o restante do bando deve tirar a sorte, no que ela é abandonada a sua brutalidade até a morte encerrar seus sofrimentos. Quando seus pais são suficientemente ricos para pagar um resgate, um mensageiro é enviado para negociar; o prisioneiro é refém pela segurança do mensageiro; se o resgate for recusado, o refém está irrevogavelmente perdido.”

Os mensageiros naturais dos bandidos são os pastores que habitam entre a cidade e as montanhas, entre a vida civilizada e a selvagem.”

<Tiremos a sorte! Tiremos a sorte!> berraram todos os criminosos ao verem o chefe. Sua demanda era justa e o chefe reclinou a cabeça em sinal de aprovação. Os olhos de todos brilharam terrivelmente, e a luz vermelha da fogueira só os fazia parecer uns demônios. O nome de cada um incluído o de Carlini, foi colocado num chapéu, e o mais jovem do bando retirou um papel; e ele trazia o nome de Diovolaccio¹. Foi ele quem propôs a Carlini o brinde ao chefe, e a quem Carlini reagiu quebrando o copo na sua cara. Uma ferida enorme, da testa à boca, sangrava em profusão. Diovolaccio, sentindo-se favorecido pela fortuna, explodiu em uma gargalhada. <Capitão,> disse, <ainda agora Carlini não quis beber à vossa saúde quando eu propus; proponha a minha a ele, e veremos se ele será mais condescendente consigo que comigo.> Todos aguardavam uma explosão da parte de Carlini; mas para a surpresa de todos ele pegou um copo numa mão e o frasco na outra e, enchendo o primeiro, – <A sua saúde, Diavolaccio²,> pronunciou calmamente, e ele entornou tudo, sem que sua mão sequer tremesse. (…) Carlini comeu e bebeu como se nada tivesse acontecido. (…) Uma faca foi plantada até o cabo no peito esquerdo de Rita. Todos olharam para Carlini; a bainha em seu cinto estava vazia. <Ah, ah,> disse o chefe, <agora entendo por que Carlini ficou para trás.> Todas as naturezas selvagens apreciam uma ação desesperada. Nenhum outro dos bandidos, talvez, fizesse o mesmo; mas todos entenderam o que Carlini fez. <Agora, então,> berrou Carlini, levantando-se por sua vez, aproximando-se do cadáver, sua mão na coronha de uma de suas pistolas, <alguém disputa a posse dessa mulher comigo?> – <Não,> respondeu o chefe, <ela é tua.>”

¹ Corruptela de demônio em Italiano

² Aqui o interlocutor, seu inimigo desde o sorteio, pronuncia o nome como o substantivo correto: diabo, demônio.

<Cucumetto violentou sua filha,> disse o bandido; <eu a amava, destarte matei-a; pois ela serviria para entreter a quadrilha inteira.> O velho não disse nada mas empalideceu como a morte. <Então,> continuou, <se fiz mal, vingue-a;>”

Mas Carlini não deixou a floresta sem saber o paradeiro do pai de Rita. Foi até o lugar onde o deixara na noite anterior. E encontrou o homem suspenso por um dos galhos, do mesmo carvalho que ensombreava o túmulo de sua filha. Então ele fez um amargo juramento de vingança sobre o corpo morto de uma e debaixo do corpo do outro. No entanto, Carlini não pôde cumprir sua promessa, porque 2 dias depois, num encontro com carabineiros romanos, Carlini foi assassinado. (…) Na manhã da partida da floresta de Frosinone Cucumetto seguiu Carlini na escuridão, escutou o juramento cheio de ódio, e, como um homem sábio, se antecipou a ele. A gente contou outras dez histórias desse líder de bando, cada uma mais singular que a anterior. Assim, de Fondi a Perusia, todo mundo treme ao ouvir o nome de Cucumetto.”

Cucumetto era um canalha inveterado, que assumiu a forma de um bandido ao invés de uma cobra nesta vida terrana. Como tal, ele adivinhou no olhar de Teresa o signo de uma autêntica filha de Eva, retornando à floresta, interrompendo-se inúmeras vezes sob pretexto de saudar seus protetores. Vários dias se passaram e nenhum sinal de Cucumetto. Chegava a época do Carnaval.”

4 jovens das mais ricas e nobres famílias de Roma acompanhavam as 3 damas com aquela liberdade italiana que não tem paralelo em nenhum outro país.”

Luigi sentia ciúmes! Ele sentiu que, influenciada pela sua disposição ambiciosa e coquete, Teresa poderia escapar-lhe.”

Por que, ela não sabia, mas ela não sentia minimamente que as censuras de seu amado fossem merecidas.”

<Teresa, o que você estava pensando enquanto dançava de frente para a jovem Condessa de San-Felice?> – <Eu estava pensando,> redargüiu a jovem, com toda a franqueza que lhe era natural, <que daria metade da minha vida por um vestido como o dela.>

<Luigi Vampa,> respondeu o pastor, com o mesmo ar daquele que se apresentasse Alexandre, Rei da Macedônia.

<E o seu?> – <Eu,> disse o viajante, <sou chamado Sinbad, o Marinheiro.>

Franz d’Espinay fitou surpreso.”

Sim, mas eu vim pedir mais do que ser vosso companheiro.> – <E o que poderia ser isso?> inquiriram os bandidos, estupefatos. – <Venho solicitar ser vosso capitão,> disse o jovem. Os bandidos fizeram uma arruaça de risadas. <E o que você fez para aspirar a essa honra?> perguntou o tenente. – <Matei seu chefe, Cucumetto, cujo traje agora visto; e queimei a fazenda San-Felice para pegar o vestido-de-noiva da minha prometida.> Uma hora depois Luigi Vampa era escolhido capitão, vice o finado Cucumetto.”

* * *

Minha casa não seria tão boa se o mundo lá fora não fosse tão ruim.

A vingança tem de começar nalgum lugar: a minha começa no cyberrealm, aqui.

nem é possível, em Roma, evitar essa abundante disposição de guias; além do ordinário cicerone, que cola em você assim que pisa no hotel, e jamais o deixa enquanto permanecer na cidade, há ainda o cicerone especial pertencente a cada monumento – não, praticamente a cada parte de um monumento.”

só os guias estão autorizados a visitar esses monumentos com tochas nas mãos.”

Eu disse, meu bom companheiro, que eu faria mais com um punhado de ouro numa das mãos que você e toda sua tropa poderiam produzir com suas adagas, pistolas, carabinas e canhões incluídos.”

E o que tem isso? Não está um dia dividido em 24h, cada hora em 60 minutos, e todo minuto em 60 segundos? Em 86.400 segundos muita coisa pode acontecer.”

Albert nunca foi capaz de suportar os teatros italianos, com suas orquestras, de onde é impossível ver, e a ausência de balcões, ou camarotes abertos; todos esses defeitos pesavam para um homem que tinha tido sua cabine nos Bouffes, e usufruído de um camarote baixo na Opera.”

Albert deixou Paris com plena convicção de que ele teria apenas de se mostrar na Itáia para ter todos a seus pés, e que em seu retorno ele espantaria o mundo parisiano com a recitação de seus numerosos casos. Ai dele, pobre Albert!”

e tudo que ele ganhou foi a convicção dolorosa de que as madames da Itália têm essa vantagem sobre as da França, a de que são fiéis até em sua infidelidade.”

mas hoje em dia ão é preciso ir tão longe quanto a Noé ao traçar uma linhagem, e uma árvore genealógica é igualmente estimada, date ela de 1399 ou apenas 1815”

A verdade era que os tão aguardados prazeres do Carnaval, com a <semana santa> que o sucederia, enchia cada peito de tal forma que impedia que se prestasse a menor atenção aos negócios no palco. Os atores entravam e saíam despercebidos e ignorados; em determinados momentos convencionais, os expectadores paravam repentinamente suas conversas, ou interrompiam seus divertimentos, para ouvir alguma performance brilhante de Moriani, um recitativo bem-executado por Coselli, ou para aplaudir em efusão os maravilhosos talentos de La Specchia”

<Oh, she is perfectly lovely – what a complexion! And such magnificent hair! Is she French?>

<No, Venetian.>

<And her name is–>

<Countess G——.>

<Ah, I know her by name!> exclaimed Albert; <she is said to possess as much wit and cleverness as beauty. I was to have been presented to her when I met her at Madame Villefort’s ball.>”

believe me, nothing is more fallacious than to form any estimate of the degree of intimacy you may suppose existing among persons by the familiar terms they seem upon”

Por mais que o balé pudesse atrair sua atenção, Franz estava profundamente ocupado com a bela grega para se permitir distrações”

Graças ao judicioso plano de dividir os dois atos da ópera com um balé, a pausa entre as performances é muito curta, tendo os cantores tempo de repousar e trocar de figurino, quando necessário, enquanto os dançarinos executam suas piruetas e exibem seus passos graciosos.”

Maioria dos leitores está ciente [!] de que o 2º ato de <Parisina> abre com um celebrado e efetivo dueto em que Parisina, enquanto dorme, se trai e confessa a Azzo o segredo de seu amor por Ugo. O marido injuriado passa por todos os paroxismos do ciúme, até a firmeza prevalecer em sua mente, e então, num rompante de fúria e indignação, ele acordar sua esposa culpada para contar-lhe que ele sabe de seus sentimentos, e assim infligir-lhe sua vingança. Esse dueto é um dos mais lindos, expressivos e terríveis de que jamais se ouviu emanar da pena de Donizetti. Franz ouvia-o agora pela 3ª vez.”

<Talvez você jamais tenha prestado atenção nele?>

<Que pergunta – tão francesa! Não sabe você que nós italianas só temos olhos para o homem que amamos?>

<É verdade,> respondeu Franz.”

<he looks more like a corpse permitted by some friendly grave-digger to quit his tomb for a while, and revisit this earth of ours, than anything human. How ghastly pale he is!>

<Oh, he is always as colorless as you now see him,> said Franz.

<Then you know him?> almost screamed the countess. <Oh, pray do, for heaven’s sake, tell us all about – is he a vampire, or a ressuscitated corpse, or what?>

<I fancy I have seen him before, and I even think he recognizes me.>”

Vou dizer-lhe, respondeu a condessa. Byron tinha a mais sincera crença na existência de vampiros, e até assegurou a mim que os tinha visto. A descrição que ele me fez corresponde perfeitamente com a aparência e a personalidade daquele homem na nossa frente. Oh, ele é a exata personificação do que eu poderia esperar. O cabelo cor-de-carvão, olhos grandes, claros e faiscantes, em que fogo selvagem, extraterreno parece queimar, — a mesma palidez fantasmal. Observe ainda que a mulher consigo é diferente de qualquer uma do seu sexo. Ela é uma estrangeira – uma estranha. Ninguém sabe quem é, ou de onde ela vem. Sem dúvida ela pertence à mesma raça que ele, e é, como ele, uma praticante das artes mágicas.”

Pela minha alma, essas mulheres confundiriam o próprio Diabo que quisesse desvendá-las. Porque, aqui – elas lhe dão sua mão – elas apertam a sua em correspondência – elas mantêm conversas em sussurros – permitem que você as acompanhe até em casa. Ora, se uma parisiense condescendesse com ¼ dessas coqueterias, sua reputação estaria para sempre perdida.”

Ele era talvez bem pálido, decerto; mas, você sabe, palidez é sempre vista como uma forte prova de descendência aristocrática e casamentos distintos.”

e, a não ser que seu vizinho de porta e quase-amigo, o Conde de Monte Cristo, tivesse o anel de Gyges, e pelo seu poder pudesse ficar invisível, agora era certo que ele não poderia escapar dessa vez.”

O Conde de Monte Cristo é sempre um levantado cedo da cama; e eu posso assegurar que ele já está de pé há duas horas.”

You are thus deprived of seeing a man guillotined; but the mazzuola still remains, which is a very curious punishment when seen for the 1st time, and even the 2nd, while the other, as your must know, is very simple.” [Ver glossário acima.]

do not tell me of European punishments, they are in the infancy, or rather the old age, of cruelty.”

As for myself, I can assure you of one thing, — the more men you see die, the easier it becomes to die yourself” opinion opium onion

do you think the reparation that society gives you is sufficient when it interposes the knife of the guillotine between the base of the occiput and the trapezal muscles of the murderer, and allows him who has caused us years of moral sufferings to escape with a few moments of physical pain?”

Dr. Guillotin got the idea of his famous machine from witnessing an execution in Italy.”

We ought to die together. I was promissed he should die with me. You have no right to put me to death alone. I will not die alone – I will not!”

Oh, man – race of crocodiles, cried the count, extending his clinched hands towards the crowd, how well do I recognize you there, and that at all times you are worthy of yourselves! Lead two sheep to the butcher’s, 2 oxen to the slaughterhouse, and make one of them understand that his companion will not die; the sheep will bleat for pleasure, the ox will bellow with joy. But man – man, whom God has laid his first, his sole commandment, to love his neighbor – man, to whom God has given a voice to express his thoughts – what is his first cry when he hears his fellowman is saved? A blasphemy. Honor to man, this masterpiece of nature, this king of creation! And the count burst into a laugh; a terrible laugh, that showed he must have suffered horribly to be able thus to laugh.”

The bell of Monte Citorio, which only sounds on the pope’s decease and the opening of the Carnival, was ringing a joyous peal.”

On my word, said Franz, you are wise as Nestor and prudent as Ulysses, and your fair Circe must be very skilful or very powerful if she succeed in changing you into a beast of any kind.”

Come, observed the countess, smiling, I see my vampire is only some millionaire, who has taken the appearance of Lara in order to avoid being confounded with M. de Rothschild; and you have seen her?”

without a single accident, a single dispute, or a single fight. The fêtes are veritable pleasure days to the Italians. The author of this history, who has resided 5 or 6 years in Italy, does not recollect to have ever seen a ceremony interrupted by one of those events so common in other countries.”

Se alle sei della mattina le quattro mile piastre non sono nelle mie mani, alla sette il conte Alberto avra cessato di vivere.

Luigi Vampa.

There were in all 6.000 piastres, but of these 6.000 Albert had already expended 3.000. As to Franz, he had no better of credit, as he lived at Florence, and had only come to Rome to pass 7 or 8 days; he had brought but a 100 louis, and of these he had not more than 50 left.”

Well, what good wind blows you hither at this hour?”

I did, indeed.”

Be it so. It is a lovely night, and a walk without Rome will do us both good.”

<Excellency, the Frenchman’s carriage passed several times the one in which was Teresa.>

<The chief’s mistress?>

<Yes. The Frenchman threw her a bouquet; Teresa returned it – all this with the consent of the chief, who was in the carriage.>

<What?> cried Franz, <was Luigi Vampa in the carriage with the Roman peasants?>”

Well, then, the Frenchman took off his mask; Teresa, with the chief’s consent, did the same. The Frenchman asked for a rendez-vous; Teresa gave him one – only, instead of Teresa, it was Beppo who was on the steps of the church of San Giacomo.”

<do you know the catacombs of St. Sebastian?>

<I was never in them; but I have often resolved to visit them.>

<Well, here is an opportunity made to your hand, and it would be difficult to contrive a better.>”

remember, for the future, Napoleon’s maxim, <Never awaken me but for bad news;> if you had let me sleep on, I should have finished my galop [dança de salão], and have been grateful to you all my life.”

<Has your excellency anything to ask me?> said Vampa with a smile.

<Yes, I have,> replied Franz; <I am curious to know what work you were perusing with so much attention as we entered.>

<Caesar’s ‘Commentaries,’> said the bandit, <it is my favorite work.>”

não há nação como a francesa que possa sorrir mesmo na cara da terrível Morte em pessoa.”

Apenas pergunte a si mesmo, meu bom amigo, se não acontece com muitas pessoas de nosso estrato que assumam nomes de terras e propriedades em que nunca foram senhores?”

a vista do que está acontecendo é necessária aos homens jovens, que sempre estão dispostos a ver o mundo atravessar seus horizontes, mesmo se esse horizonte é só uma via pública.”

foils, boxing-gloves, broadswords, and single-sticks – for following the example of the fashionable young men of the time, Albert de Morcerf cultivated, with far more perseverance than music and drawing, the 3 arts that complete a dandy’s education, i.e., fencing [esgrima], boxing, and single-stick”

In the centre of the room was a Roller and Blanchet <baby grand> piano in rosewood, but holding the potentialities of an orchestra in its narrow and sonorous cavity, and groaning beneath the weight of the chefs-d’oeuvre of Beethoven, Weber, Mozart, Haydn, Gretry, and Porpora.”

There on a table, surrounded at some distance by a large and luxurious divan, every species of tobacco known, – from the yellow tobacco of Petersburg to the black of Sinai, and so on along the scale from Maryland and Porto-Rico, to Latakia, – was exposed in pots of crackled earthenware [cerâmica] of which the Dutch are so fond; beside them, in boxes of fragrant wood, were ranged, according to their size and quality, pueros, regalias, havanas, and manillas; and, in an open cabinet, a collection of German pipes, of chibouques [cachimbo turco], with their amber mouth-pieces ornamented with coral, and of narghilés, with their long tubes of morocco, awaiting the caprice of the sympathy of the smokers.”

after coffee, the guests at a breakfast of modern days love to contemplate through the vapor that escapes from their mouths, and ascends in long and fanficul wreaths to the ceiling.”

A única diferença entre Jesus Cristo e eu é que uma cruz o carregava – eu é que carrego a minha cruz.

<Are you hungry?>

<Humiliating as such a confession is, I am. But I dined at M. de Villefort’s, and lawyers always give you very bad dinners. You would think they felt some remorse; did you ever remark that?>

<Ah, depreciate other persons’ dinners; you ministers give such splendid ones.>”

<Willingly. Your Spanish wine is excellent. You see we were quite right to pacify that country.>

<Yes, but Don Carlos?>

<Well, Don Carlos will drink Bordeaux, and in years we will marry his son to the little queen.>”

Recollect that Parisian gossip has spoken of a marriage between myself and Mlle. Eugenie Danglars”

<The king has made him a baron, and can make him a peer [cavalheiro], but he cannot make him a gentleman, and the Count of Morcerf is too aristocratic to consent, for the paltry sum of 2 million francs to a mesalliance [‘desaliança’, casamento com um malnascido]. The Viscount of Morcerf can only wed a marchioness.>

<But 2 million francs make a nice little sum,> replied Morcerf.”

<Nevermind what he says, Morcerf,> said Debray, <do you marry her. You marry a money-bag label, it is true; well but what does that matter? It is better to have a blazon less and a figure more on it. You have seven martlets on your arms; give 3 to your wife, and you will still have 4; that is 1 more than M. de Guise had, who so nearly became King of France, and whose cousin was emperor of Germany.>”

além do mais, todo milionário é tão nobre quanto um bastardo – i.e., ele pode ser.”

<M. de Chateau-Renaud – M. Maximilian Morrel,> said the servant, announcing 2 fresh guests.”

a vida não merece ser falada! – isso é um pouco filosófico demais, minha palavra, Morrel. Fica bem para você, que arrisca sua vida todo dia, mas para mim, que só o fez uma vez—“

<No, his horse; of which we each of us ate a slice with a hearty appetite. It was very hard.>

<The horse?> said Morcerf, laughing.

<No, the sacrifice,> returned Chateau-Renaud; <ask Debray if he would sacrifice his English steed for a stranger?>

<Not for a stranger,> said Debray, <but for a friend I might, perhaps.>”

hoje vamos encher nossos estômagos, e não nossas memórias.”

<Ah, this gentleman is a Hercules killing Cacus, a Perseus freeing Andromeda.>

<No, he is a man about my own size.>

<Armed to the teeth?>

<He had not even a knitting-needle [agulha de tricô].>”

He comes possibly from the Holy Land, and one of his ancestors possessed Calvary, as the Mortemarts(*) did the Dead Sea.”

(*) Wiki: “Anne de Rochechouart de Mortemart (1847-1933), duchess of Uzès, held one of the biggest fortunes in Europe, spending a large part of it on financing general Boulanger’s political career in 1890. A great lady of the world, she wrote a dozen novels and was the 1st French woman to possess a driving licence.”

Motto: “Avant que la mer fût au monde, Rochechouart portait les ondes”

<he has purchased the title of count somewhere in Tuscany?>

<He is rich, then?>

<Have you read the ‘Arabian Nights’?>

<What a question!>”

he calls himself Sinbad the Sailor, and has a cave filled with gold.”

<Pardieu, every one exists.>

<Doubtless, but in the same way; every one has not black salves, a princely retinue, an arsenal of weapons that would do credit to an Arabian fortress, horses that cost 6.000 francs apiece, and Greek mistresses.>”

<Did he not conduct you to the ruins of the Colosseum and suck your blood?> asked Beauchamp.

<Or, having delivered you, make you sign a flaming parchment, surrendering your soul to him as Esau did his birth-right?>”

The count appeared, dressed with the greatest simplicity, but the most fastidious dandy could have found nothing to cavil [escarnecer] at in his toilet. Every article of dress – hat, coat, gloves, and boots – was from the 1st makers. He seemed scarcely five-and-thirty. But what struck everybody was his extreme resemblance to the portrait Debray had drawn.”

Punctuality,> said M. Cristo, <is the politeness of kings, according to one of your sovereings, I think; but it is not the same with travellers. However, I hope you will excuse the 2 or 3 seconds I am behindhand; 500 leagues are not to be accomplished without some trouble, and especially in France, where, it seems, it is forbidden to beat the postilions [cocheiros].”

a traveller like myself, who has successively lived on maccaroni at Naples, polenta at Milan, olla podrida¹ at Valencia, pilau at Constantinople, karrick in India, and swallow’s nests in China. I eat everywhere, and of everything, only I eat but little”

¹ olla podrida: cozido com presunto, aves e embutidos.a

a embutido: carne de tripa

<But you can sleep when you please, monsieur?> said Morrel.

<Yes>

<You have a recipe for it?>

<An infallible one.>

(…)

<Oh, yes, returned M.C.; I make no secret of it. It is a mixture of excellent opium, which I fetched myself from Canton in order to have it pure, and the best hashish which grows in the East – that is, between the Tigris and the Euphrates.>”

he spoke with so much simplicity that it was evident he spoke the truth, or that he was mad.”

<Perhaps what I am about to say may seem strange to you, who are socialists, and vaunt humanity and your duty to your neighbor, but I never seek to protect a society which does not protect me, and which I will even say, generally occupies itself about me only to injure me; and thus by giving them a low place in my steem, and preserving a neutrality towards them, it is society and my neighbor who are indebted to me.>

(…) <you are the 1st man I ever met sufficiently courageous to preach egotism. Bravo, count, bravo!>” “vocês assumem os vícios que não têm, e escondem as virtudes que possuem.”

France is so prosaic, and Paris so civilized a city, that you will not find in its 85 departments – I say 85, because I do not include Corsica – you will not find, then, in these 85 departments a single hill on which there is not a telegraph, or a grotto in which the comissary of polie has not put up a gaslamp.”

<But how could you charge a Nubian to purchase a house, and a mute to furnish it? – he will do everything wrong.>

<Undeceive yourself, monsieur,> replied M.C.; <I am quite sure, that o the contrary, he will choose everything as I wish. He knows my tastes, my caprices, my wants. He has been here a week, with the instinct of a hound, hunting by himself. He will arrange everything for me. He knew, that I should arrive to-day at 10 o’clock; he was waiting for me at 9 at the Barrière de Fontainebleau. He gave me this paper; it contains the number of my new abode; read it yourself,> and M.C. passed a paper to Albert. <Ah, that is really original.> said Beauchamp.”

The young men looked at each other; they did not know if it was a comedy M.C. was playing, but every word he uttered had such an air of simplicity, that it was impossible to suppose what he said was false – besides, why whould he tell a falsehood?”

<Eu, em minha qualidade de jornalista, abro-lhe todos os teatros.>

<Obrigado, senhor,> respondeu M.C., <meu mordomo tem ordens para comprar um camarote em cada teatro.>

<O seu mordomo é também um núbio?> perguntou Debray.

<Não, ele é um homem do campo europeu, se um córsico for considerado europeu. Mas você o conhece, M. de Morcerf.>

<Seria aquele excepcional Sr. Bertuccio, que entende de reservar janelas tão bem?>

<Sim, você o viu o dia que eu tive a honra de recebê-lo; ele tem sido soldado, bandido – de fato, tudo. Eu não teria tanta certeza de que nesse meio-tempo ele não teve problemas com a polícia por alguma briguinha qualquer – uma punhalada com uma faca, p.ex.>”

Eu tenho algo melhor que isso; tenho uma escrava. Vocês procuram suas mulheres em óperas, o Vaudeville, ou as Variedades; eu comprei a minha em Constantinopla; me custa mais, mas não tenho do que reclamar.”

It was the portrait of a young woman of 5-or-6-and-20, with a dark complexion, and light and lustrous eyes, veiled beneath long lashes. She wore the picturesque costume of the Catalan fisher-women, a red and black bodice and golden pins in her hair. She was looking at the sea, and her form was outlined on the blue ocean and sky. The light was so faint in the room that Albert did not perceive the pallor that spread itself over the count’s visage, or the nervous heaving of his chest and shoulders. Silence prevailed for an instant, during which M.C. gazed intently on the picture. § <You have there a most charming mistress, viscount,> said the count in a perfectly calm tone”

Ah, monsieur, returned Albert, You do not know my mother; she it is whom you see here. She had her portrait painted thus 6 or 8 years ago. This costume is a fancy one, it appears, and the resemblance is so great that I think I still see my mother the same as she was in 1830. The countess had this portrait painted during the count’s absence.”

The picture seems to have a malign influence, for my mother rarely comes here without looking at it, weeping. This disagreement is the only one that has ever taken place between the count and countess, who are still as much united, although married more than 20 years, as on the 1st day of their wedding.”

Your are somewhat blasé. I know, and family scenes have not much effect on Sinbad the Sailor, who has seen so much many others.”

These are our arms, that is, those of my father, but they are, as you see, joined to another shield, which has gules, a silver tower, which are my mother’s. By her side I am Spanish, but the family of Morcerf is French, and, I have heard, one of the oldest of the south of France.”

<Yes, you are at once from Provence and Spain; that explains, if the portrait you showed me be like, the dark hue I so much admired on the visage of the noble Catalan.> It would have required the penetration of Oedipus or the Sphinx to have divined the irony the count concealed beneath these words, apparently uttered with the greatest politeness.”

A gentleman of high birth, possessor of an ample fortune, you have consented to gain your promotion as an obscure soldier, step by step – this is uncommon; then become general, peer of France, commander of the Legion of Honor, you consent to again commence a 2nd apprenticeship, without any other hope or any other desire than that of one day becoming useful to your fellow-creatures”

Precisely, monsieur, replied M.C. with ne of those smiles that a painter could never represent or a physiologist analyze.”

He was even paler than Mercedes.”

<And what do you suppose is the coun’s age?> inquired Mercedes, evidently attaching great importance to this question.

<35 or 36, mother.>

<So young, – it is impossible>”

The young man, standing up before her, gazed upon her with that filial affection which is so tender and endearing with children whose mothers are still young and handsome.”

I confess, I am not very desirous of a visit from the commisary of police, for, in Italy, justice is only paid when silent – in France she is paid only when she speaks.”

he has smitten with the sword, and he has perished by the sword”

while he stamped with his feet to remove all traces of his occupation, I rushed on him and plunged my knife into his breast, exclaiming, – <I am Giovanni Bertuccio; thy death for my brother’s; thy treasure for his widow; thou seest that my vengeance is more complete than I had hoped.> I know not if he heard these words; I think he did not for he fell without a cry.”

that relaxation of the laws which always follows a revolution.”

he who is about to commit an assassination fancies that he hears low cries perpetually ringing in his ears. 2 hours passed thus, during which I imagined I heard moans repeatedly.”

too great care we take of our bodies is the only obstacle to the success of those projects which require rapid decision, and vigorous and determined execution.”

No, no; but philosophy at half-past ten at night is somewhat late; yet I have no other observation to make, for what you say is correct, which is more than can be said for all philosophy.”

<heaven will bless you.>

<This, said M.C., is less correct than your philosophy, – it is only faith.>”

red is either altogether good or altogether bad.”

I do not like open doors when it thunders.”

the ocean called eterny”

For all evils there are 2 remedies – time and silence.”

Eu não tenho medo de fantasmas, e nunca ouvi falar de mortos terem causado tanto dano em 6 mil anos quanto os vivos num só dia.”

<It seems, sir steward,> said he <that you have yet to learn that all things are to be sold to such as care to pay the price.>

<His excellency is not, perhaps, aware that M. Danglars gave 16.000 francs for his horses?>

<Very well. Then offer him double that sum; a banker never loses an opportunity of doubling his capital.>”

you have been in my service 1 year, the time I generally give myself to judge of the merits or demerits of those about me.”

I am rich enough to know whatever I desire to know, and I can promise you I am not wanting in curiosity.”

<I assure your excellency,> said he, <that at least it shall be my study to merit your approbation in all things, and I will take M. Ali as my model.>

<By no means,> replied the count in the most frigid tones; <Ali has many faults mixed with most excellent qualities. He cannot possibly serve you as a pattern for your conduct, not being, as you are, a paid servant, but a mere slave – a dog, who, should he fail in his duty towards me, I should not discharge from my service, but kill.> Baptistin opened his eyes with astonishment.”

<Does the sum you have for them make the animals less beautiful,> inquired the count, shrugging his shoulders.”

I see; to your domestics you are <my lord,> the journalists style you <monsieur,> while your constituents call you <citizen>. These are distinctions very suitable under a constitutional government. I understand perfectly.”

I have acquired the bad habit of calling peorsons by their titles from living in a country where barons are still barons by right of birth.”

<My dear sir, if a trifle [ninharia] like that could suffice me, I should never have given myself the trouble of opening an account. A million? Excuse my smiling when you speak of a sum I am in the habit of carrying in my pocket-book or dressing-case.> And with these words M.C. took from his pocket a small case cantaining his visiting-cards and drew forth 2 orders on the treasury for 500.000 francs each, payable at sight to the bearer.”

I must confess to you, count, said Danglars, that I have hitherto imagined myself acquainted with the degree of all the great fortunes of Europe, and still wealth such as yours has been wholly unknown t me. May I presume to ask whether you have long possessed it?”

I have passed a considerable part of my life in the East, madame, and you are doubtless aware that the Orientals value only two things – the fine breeding of their horses and the beauty of their women.”

a woman will often, from mere wilfulness, prefer that which is dangerous to that which is safe. Therefore, in my opinion, my dear baron, the best and easiest way is to leave them to their fancies, and allow them to act as they please, and then, if any mischief follows, why, at least, they have no one to blame but themselves.”


“Debray, who perceived the gathering clouds, and felt no desire to witness the explosion of Madame Danglars’ rage, suddenly recollected an appointment, which compelled him to take his leave”

How grateful will M. de Villefort be for all your goodness; how thanfully will he acknowledge that to you alone he owes the existence of his wife and child!”

hated by many, but warmly supported by others, without being really liked by anybody, M. de Villefort held a high position in the magistracy, and maintened his eminence like a Harley or a Mole.” “A freezing politeness, a strict fidelity to government principles, a profound comtempt for theories and theorists, a deep-seated hatred of ideality, – these were the elements of private and public life displayed by M. de Villefort.”

<Finja pensar bem de si mesmo, e o mundo pensará bem de você,> um axioma 100x mais útil na sociedade hoje que aquele dos gregos, <Conhece-te a ti mesmo,> uma sabedoria que, em nosso dias, nós substituímos pela ciência menos complicada e mais vantajosa de conhecer os outros.”

4 revoluções sucessivas construíram e cimentaram o pedestal sobre o qual sua fortuna se baseia”

Ele deu bailes todos os anos, nos quais não aparecia por mais que ¼ de hora, – ou seja, 45min a menos do que o rei é visível em seus bailes. Nunca fôra visto em teatros, em concertos ou em qualquer lugar público de divertimento. Ocasionalmente, aliás raramente, chegava a jogar Whist, e ainda assim cuidado era tomado para selecionar os jogadores corretos – certas vezes se tratavam de embaixadores, outras, arcebispos; ou quem sabe um príncipe, ou um presidente, talvez alguma duquesa pensionista.”

From being slender he had now become meagre; once pale he was now yellow; his deep-set eyes were hollow, and the gold spectacles shielding his eyes seemed to be an integral portion of his face.”

<well sir, really, if, like you, I had nothing else to do, I should seek a more amusing occupation.>

<man is but an ugly caterpillar for him who studies him through a solar microscope; but you said, I think, that I had nothing else to do. Now, really, let me ask, sir, have you? – do you believe you have anything to do? or to speak in plain terms, do you really think that what you do deserves being called anything?>

It was a long time since the magisrate had heard a paradox so strong, or rather, to say the truth more exactly, it was the 1st time he had ever heard of it.”

it is with the justice of all countries especially that I have occupied myself – it is with the criminal procedure of all nations that I have compared natural justice, and I must say, sir, that it is the law of primitive nations, that is, the law of retaliation, that I have most frequently found to be according to the law of God.” “The English, Turkish, Japanese, Hindu laws, are as familiar to me as the French laws, and thus I was right, when I said to you, that relatively (you know that everything is relative, sir) – that relatively to what I have done, you have very little to do; but that relatively to all I have learned, you have yet a great deal to learn.”

I see that in spite of the reputation which you have acquired as a superior man, you look at everything from the material and vulgar view of society, beginning with man, and ending with man – that is to say, in the most restricted, most narrow view which it is possible for human understanding to embrace.”

Tobias took the angel who restored him to light for an ordinary young man. The nations took Attila, who was doomed to destroy them, for a conqueror similar to other conquerors, and it was necessary for both to reveal their missions, that they might be known and acknowledged”

It is not usual with us corrupted wretches of civilization to find gentlemen like yourself, possessors, as you are, of immense fortune – at least, so it is said – and I beg you to observe that I do not inquire, I merely repeat; – it is not usual, I say, for such privileged and wealthy beings to waste their time in speculations on the state of society, in philosophical reveries, intended at best to console those whom fate has disinherited from the goods of this world.”

The domination of kings are limited either by mountains or rivers, or a change of manners, or an alteration of language. My kingdom is bounded only by the world, for I am not an Italian, or a Frenchman, or a Hindu, or an American, or a Spaniard – I am a cosmopolite. No country can say it saw my birth. God alone knows what country will see me die. I adopt all customs, speak all languages. You believe me to be a Frenchman, for I speak French with the same facility and purity as yourself. Well, Ali, my Nubian, believes me to be an Arab; Bertuccio, my steward, takes me for a Roman; Haidée, my slave, thinks me a Greek. You may, therefore, comprehend, that being of no country, asking no protection from any government, acknowledging no man as my brother, not one of the scruples that arrest the powerful, or the obstacles which paralyze the weak, paralyzes or arrests me. I have only 2 adversaries – I will not say 2 conquerors, for with perseverance I subdue even them, – they are time and distance. There is a 3rd, and the most terrible – that is my condition asa mortal being, this alone can stop me in my onward career, before I have attained the goal at which I aim, for all the rest I have reduced to mathematical terms. What men call the chances of fate – namey, ruin, change, circumstances – I have fully anticipated, and if any of these should overtake me, yet it will not overwhelm me. Unless I die, I shall always be what I am, and therefore it is that I utter the things you have never heard, even from the mouths of kings – for kings have need, and oher persons have fear of you. For who is there who does not say to himself, in a society as incongruously organized as ours, <Perhaps some day I shall have to do with the king’s attorney>?”

we no longer talk, we rise to dissertation.” Engraçada inversão de sentido em relação ao Prefácio da Enciclopédia francesa, que vê nisso o fato de um monólogo cego, nada nobre.

Eu desejo ser a Providência eu mesmo, porque eu sinto que a coisa mais bela, nobre, mais sublime de todas no mundo, é recompensar e punir.”

o filho de Deus é tão invisível quanto o pai.”

<(…) Tudo o que eu posso fazer por você é torná-lo um dos agentes dessa Providência.> A barganha estava concluída. Devo sacrificar minh’alma, mas que importa afinal? Se fosse para fazer tudo de novo, faria de novo.” Villefort olhou o Conde de Monte Cristo admiradíssimo. “Conde, você tem parentes?”

Não, senhor, estou só no mundo.”

Oh, tanto pior.”

há algo que temer além da morte, da velhice e da loucura. P.ex., existe a apoplexia – aquele raio que atinge-o mas sem destruir, mas que de certo modo leva tudo a um fim.” “a ruptura de uma veia no lobo cerebral destruiu tudo isso, não num dia, não numa hora, mas num segundo. Noirtier, que, na noite anterior, era o velho jacobino, o velho senador, o velho Carbonaro, gargalhando à guilhotina, ao canhão, e à adaga – este Noirtier, jogando com revoluções – Monsieur Noirtier, para quem a França era um vasto tabuleiro de xadrez, de onde peões, bispos, cavaleiros e rainhas eram contìnuamente varridos, até o xeque-mate do rei – M.N., o formidável, era, na manhã seguinte, <o pobre N.,> o velho frágil, sob os ternos cuidados da mais fraca das criaturas da casa, i.e., sua neta, Valentina” Nunca chame uma mulher de fraca antes d’a vingança estar completada!

Cem escriores desde Sócrates, Sêneca, St. Agostinho,e Gall, fizeram, em verso e prosa, a comparação que você fez, e ainda assim eu posso mui bem deduzir que os sofrimentos paternos devem causar grandes transformações na mente de um filho.”

Valentina, a filha do meu primeiro casamento – com senhorita Renée de St.-Meran – e Eduardo, o garoto que você hoje salvou.”

<Meu palpite é,> respondeu V., <que meu pai, conduzido por suas paixões; cometeu algumas faltas desconhecidas para a justiça humana, mas marcadas na justiça de Deus. Esse Deus, desejoso em sua misericórdia de punir uma pessoa e mais ninguém, fez justiça nele tão-somente.> O Conde de Monte Cristo, com um sorriso nos lábios, emitiu, das profundezas de sua alma, um grunhido que teria feito V. voar se ao menos tivesse escutado.”

Sua atitude, embora natural para uma mulher oriental, seria, numa européia, confundida com algo emanando luxúria demais.” “E, para completar o quadro, Haidée se encontrava em plena primavera e no auge dos charmes da juventude – ela ainda não tinha ultrapassado os 20 verões.”

Nunca vi ninguém que eu preferisse a você, e nunca amei qualquer um, exceto você e meu pai.”

não é a árvore que abandona a flor – é a flor que cai da árvore.”

Meu pai tinha uma grande barba branca, mas eu o amava; ele tinha 60, mas para mim era mais bonito que qualquer jovem que já tivesse contemplado.”

Acredite: quando 3 grandes paixões, tristeza, amor e gratidão, preenchem o coração, ennui não tem lugar.”

Juventude é a flor da qual amor é o fruto; feliz é aquele que, depois de assistir seu silencioso crescimento, é o felizardo a pegar o fruto e chamá-lo seu.” Píndaro

Havia um estúdio para Emmanuel, que nunca estudava, e uma sala de concertos para Júlia, que nunca tocava.”

Morrel, ao morrer, deixou 500 mil francos, que foram partilhados entre mim e minha irmã, seus únicos descendentes.”

Oh, it was touching superstition, monsieur, and although I did not myself believe it, I would not for the world have destroyed my father’s faith. How often did he muse over it and pronounce the name of a dear friend – a friend lost to him forever; and on his death-bed, when the near approach of eternity seemed to have illumined his mind with supernatural light, this thought, which had until then been but a doubt, became a conviction and his last words were, <Maximilian, it was Edmond Dantes!> At these words the count’s paleness, which had for some time been increasing, became alarming; he could not speak”

M. Franz is not expected to return home for a year to come, I am told; in that time many favorable and unforeseen chances may befriend us.”

Valentine, while reproaching me with selfishness, think a little what you have been to me – the beautiful but cold resemblance of a marble Venus. What promise of future reward have you made me for all the submission and obedience I have evinced? – none whatever.”

The general remark is, <Oh, it cannot be excepcted that one of so stern a character as M. Villefort could lavish the tenderness some fathers do on their daughters. What though she has lost her own mother at a tender age, she has had tha happiness to find a 2nd mother in Madame de Ville.” “my father abandons me from utter indifference, while my mother-in-law detests me with a hatred so much the more terrible because it is veiled beneath a continual smile.”

I do not know; but, though unwilling to introduce money matters into our present conversation, I will just say this much – that her extreme dislike to me has its origin there; and I much fear she envies me the fortime I enjoy in right of my mother, and wich will be more than doubled at the death of M. and Mme. de Saint-Meran, whose sole heiress I am.”

no one could oppose him; he is all-powerful even with the king; he would crush you at a word.”

I am, for many reasons, not altogether so much beneath your alliance. The days when such distinctions were so nicely weighed and considered no longer exist in France, and the 1st families of the monarchy have intermarried with those of the empire. The aristocracy of the lance has allied itself with the nobility of the cannon.”

Don’t speak of Marseilles, I beg of your, Maximilian; that one word brings back my mother to my recollection – my angel mother, who died too soon for myself, and all who knew her.”

<Tell me truly, Maximilian, wether in former days, when our fathers dwelt at Marseilles, there was ever any misunderstanding between them?>

<Not that I am aware of,> replied the young man, <unless; indeed, any ill-feeling might have arisen from their being of opposite parties – your father was, as you know, a zealous partisan of the Bourbons, while mine was wholly devoted to the emperor>”

How singular, murmured Maximilian; your father hates me, while your grandfather, on the contrary – What strange feelings are aroused by politics.”

<And Monsieur de Monte Cristo, King of China, Emperor of Cochin-China,> said the young im[p][ertinent]”

And that is the case, observed Count of Monte Cristo. I have seen Russians devour, without being visibly inconvenienced, vegetable substances which would infallibly have killed a Neapolitan or an Arab.”

Well, supose that this poison was brucine, and you were to take a milligramme the 1st day, 2mg the 2nd, and so on. Well, at the end of 10 days you would have taken a centigramme [+40mg, cumulativamente], at the end of 20 days, increasing another mg, you would have taken 300 centigrammes [?]; that is to say, a dose which you would support without inconvenience, and which would be very dangerous for any other person who had not taken the same precautions as yourself. Well, then, at the end of a month, when drinking water from the same carafe, you would kill the person who drank with you, without your perceiving, otherwise than from slight inconvenience, that there was any poisonous substance mingles with this water.”

<I have often read, and read again, the history of Mithridates,> said Mme. de Villefort in a tone of reflection, <and had always considered it a fable.>

<No, madame, contrary to most history, it is true (…)>

<True, sir. The 2 favorite studies of my youth were botany and mineralogy, and subsequently when I learned the use of simple frequency explained the whole history of a people, and the entire life of individuals in the East, as flowers betoken and symbolize a love affair, I have regretted, that I was not a man, that I might have been a Flamel¹, a Fontana², or a Cabanis³.>

<And the more, madame,> said Counf of Monte Cristo, <as the Orientals do not confine themselves, as did Mithridates, to make a cuirass [escudo; proteção; couraça] of the poisons, but they also made them a dagger.>”

¹ Alquimista dos séc. XIV-XV.

² Médico italiano do séc. XVIII, autor, nas décadas 60, 70 e 80, de tratados pioneiros em toxicologia, como Ricerche fisiche sopra il veleno della vipera.

³ Médico e filósofo francês, contemporâneo de Fontana. De saúde frágil, era um médico que pesquisava muito e não clinicava, sendo portanto quase um metafísico da fisiologia. Suas idéias podem ser consideradas de uma amplitude tal que é, ainda, um psicólogo pré-Psicologia. Seu conceito de Vontade vital influenciaria fortemente Schopenhauer. Magnum opus: Lettre sur les causes premières (1824).

With opium, belladonna, brucaea, snake-wood¹, and the cherry-laurel², they put to sleep all who stand in their way. There is not one of those women, Egyptian, Turkish, or Greek, whom here you call <good women>, who do not know how, by means of chemistry, to stupefy a doctor, and in psychology to amaze a confessor.”

¹ Planta do gênero acácia comum em desertos do Oriente Médio e Austrália.

² Planta originária da vegetação costeira do Mar Morto.

the secret dramas of the East begin with a love philtre and end with a death potion – begin with paradise and end with – hell. There are as many elixirs of every kind as there are caprices and peculiarities in the physical and moral nature of humanity”

A man can easily be put out of the way there, then; it is, indeed, The Bagdad and Bassora of the <Thousand and One Nights>.”

at your theatres, by what at least I could judge by reading the pieces they play, they see persons swallow the contents of a phial, or suck the button of a ring, and fall dead instantly. 5 minutes afterwards the curtain falls, and the spectators depart. They are ignorant of the consequences of the murder; they see neither the police commissary with his badge of office, nor the corporal with his 4 men; and so the poor fools believe that the whole thing is as easy as lying. But go a little way from France – go either to Aleppo or Cairo, or only to Naples or Rome, and you will see people passing by you in the streets – people erect, smiling, and fresh-colored, of whom Asmodeus, if you were holding on by the skirt of his mantle, would say, <That man was poisoned 3 weeks ago; he will be a dead man in a month.>”

Ah, but madame, does mankind ever lose anything? The arts change about and make a tour of the world; things take a different name, and the vulgar do not follow them (…) Poisons at particularly on some organ or another – one on the stomach, another on the brain, another on the intestines. Well, the poison brings on a cough, the cough an inflammation of the lungs, or some other complaint catalogued in the book of science, which, however, by no means precludes it from being decidedly mortal; and if it were not, would be sure to become so, thanks to the remedies applied by foolish doctors, who are generally bad chemists, and which will act in favor of or against the malady, as you please; and then there is a human being killed according to all the rules of art and skill, and of whom justice learns nothing, as was said by a terrible chemist of my acquaintance, the worthy Abbé Adelmonte of Taormina, in Sicily, who has studied these national phenomena very profoundly.”

I thought, I must confess, that these tales, were inventions of the Middle Ages.”

What procureur has ever ventured to draw up an accusation against M. Magendie or M. Flourens², in consequence of the rabbits, cats, and guinea-pigs they have killed? – not one. So, then, the rabbit dies, and justice takes no notice. This rabbit dead, the Abbé Adelmonte has its entrails taken out by his cook and thrown on the dunghill; on this dunghill is a hen, who, pecking these intestines, is in her turn taken ill, and dies next day. At the moment when she is struggling in the convulsions of death, a vulture [espécie de urubu ou abutre] is flying by (there are a good many vultures in Adelmonte’s country); this bird darts on the dead fowl, and carries it away to a rock, where it dines off its prey. Three days afterwards, this poor vulture, which has been very much indisposed since that dinner, suddenly feels very giddly while flying aloft in the clouds, and falls heavily into a fish-pond. The pike, eels, and carp eat greedily always, as everybody knows – well, they feast on the vulture. Now suppose that next day, one of these eels, or pike, or carp, poisoned the fourth remove, is served up at your table. Well, then, your guest will be poisoned at fifth remove, and die, at the end of 8 or 10 days, of pains in the intestines, sickness, or abscess of the pylorus [piloro; músculo entre o estômago e o duodeno]. The doctors open the body and say with an air of profound learning, <The subject has died of a tumor on the liver, or of typhoid fever!>”

¹ Médico do XIX, vivisseccionista célebre pela radicalidade de seus experimentos, que chocaram até mesmo a comunidade científica de um período ainda não tão eticamente regulamentado quanto hoje.

² Médico do XIX especialista em anestesia; diferente de Gall, seu precursor em frenologia, utilizou animais como cobaias para fazer detalhadas comprovações.

But, she exclaimed, suddenly, arsenic is indelible, indestructible; in whatsoever way it is absorbed it will be found again in the body of the victim from the moment when it has been taken in sufficient quantity to cause death.”

<The fowl has not been poisoned – she had died of apoplexy. Apoplexy is a rare disease among fowls, I believe, but very commong among men.> Madame de Villefort appeared more and more thoughtful.

<It is very fortunate,> she observed, <that such substances could only be prepared by chemists; otherwise, all the world would be poisoning each other.>

<By chemists and persons who have a taste for chemistry,> said the Count of Monte Cristo caressly.”

The Orientals are stronger than we are in cases of conscience, and, very prudently, have no hell – that is the point.”

O lado ruim do pensamento humano vai ser sempre definido pelo paradoxo de Jean Jacques Rousseau – você deve saber, – o mandarim que é morto a 200km de distância por erguer a ponta do dedo. A vida inteira o homem passa fazendo essas coisas, e seu intelecto se exaure refletindo sobre elas. Você achará pouquíssimas pessoas que irão e enfiarão uma faca brutalmente no coração de seu companheiro ou irmão, ou que administrariam nele, para fazê-lo sumir da face da terra tão animada de vida, essa quantidade de arsênico de que falamos agora há pouco. Uma coisa dessas está realmente fora do normal – é excêntrico ou estúpido. Para chegar a esse ponto, o sangue deve ferver a 36º, o pulso deve estar, pelo menos, a 90, e os sentimentos, excitados além do limite ordinário.”

Thus Richard III, for instance, was marvellously served by his conscience after the putting away of the 2 children of Edward IV; in fact, he could say, <These 2 children of a cruel and persecuting king, who have inherited the vices of their father, which I alone could perceive in their juvenile propensities – these 2 children are impediments in my way of promoting the happiness of the English people, whose unhappiness they (the children) would infallibly have caused.> Thus was Lady Macbeth served by her conscience, when she sought to give her son, and not her husband (whatever Shakespeare may say), a throne. Ah, maternal love is a great virtue, a powerful motive – so powerful that it excuses a multitude of things, even if, after Duncan’s death, Lady Macbeth had been at all pricked by her conscience.”

Madame de Villefort listened with avidity to these appaling maxims and horrible paradoxes, delivered by the count with that ironical simplicity which was peculiar to him.”

As for me, so nervous, and so subject to fainting fits, I should require a Dr. Adelmonte to invent for me some means of breathing freely and tranquilizing my mind, in the fear I have of dying some fine day of suffocation.”

Only remember 1 thing – a small dose is a remedy, a large one is poison. 1 drop will restore life, as you have seen; 5 or 6 will inevitably kill, and in a way the more terrible inasmuch as, poured into a glass of wine, it would not in the slightest degree affect its flavor.”

He is a very strange man, and in my opinion is himself the Adelmonte he talks about.”

* * *

To no class of persons is the presentation of a gratuitous opera-box more acceptable than to the wealthy millionaire, who still hugs economy while boasting of carrying a king’s ransom in his waistcoat pocket.”

No, for that very ressemblance affrights me; I should have liked something more in the manner of the Venus of Milo or Capua; but this chase-loving Diana continually surrounded by her nymphs gives me a sort of alarm lest she should some day bring on me the fate of Acteon.” “she was beautiful, but her beauty was of too marked and decided a character to please a fastidious taste; her hair was raven black, but its natural waves seemed somewhat rebellious; her eyes of the same color as her hair, were surmounted by well-arched bows, whose great defect, however, consisted in an almost habitual frown, while her whole physiognomy wore that expression of firmness and decision so little in accordance with the gentler attributes of her sex”

But that which completed the almost masculine look Morcerf found so little to his taste, was a dark mole, of much larger dimensions than these freaks of nature generally are, placed just at the corner of her mouth” “She was a perfect linguist, a 1st-rate artist, wrote poetry, professed to be entirely devoted, following it with an indefatigable perseverance, assisted by a schoolfellow” “It was rumored that she was an object of almost paternal interest to one of the principal composers of the day, who excited her to spare no pains in the cultivation of her voice, which might hereafter prove a source of wealth and independence.”

Why, said Albert, he was talked about for a week; then the coronation of the queen of England took place, followed by the theft of Mademoiselle Mars’ diamonds; and so people talked of something else.”

He seems to have a mania for diamonds, and I verily believe that, like Potenkin, he keeps his pockets filled, for the sake of strewing them along the road, as Tom Thumb did his flint stones.”

No, no! exclaimed Debray; that girl is not his wife: he told us himself she was his slave. Do you not recollect, Morcerf, his telling us so at your breakfast?”

Ah, essa música, como produção humana, cantada por bípedes sem penas, está boa o bastante, para citar o velho Diógenes”

<quando eu desejo ouvir sons mais requintadamente consoantes com a melodia do que o ouvido mortal seria capaz de escutar, eu vou dormir.>

<Então durma aqui, meu querido conde. As condições são favoráveis; para o que mais inventaram a ópera?>

<Não, obrigado. Sua orquestra é muito barulhenta. Para dormir da maneira de que falo, calma e silêncio absolutos são precisos, e ainda certa preparação>–

<Eu sei – o famoso haxixe!>

<Precisamente. Destarte, meu querido visconde, sempre que quiser ser regalado com música de verdade, venha e jante comigo.>”

Haidée, cujo espírito parecia centrado nos negócios do palco, como todas as naturezas sem sofisticação, se deliciava com qualquer coisa que se insinuasse aos olhos ou aos ouvidos.”

Você observou, disse a Condessa G—— a Albert, que voltou para o seu lado, esse homem não faz nada como as outras pessoas; ele escuta com grande devoção o 3º ato de <Robert le Diable>, e quando começa o 4º ato, sai de contínuo.”

desinteresse é o raio mais rilhante em que uma espada nobre pode refletir.”

Ah, Haitians, – that is quite another thing! Haitians are the écarte of French stock-jobbing. We may like bouillote, delight in whist, be enraptured with boston, and yet grow tired of them all; but we always come back to écarte – it’s not only a game, it is a hors-d’oeuvre! M. Danglars sold yesterday at 405, and pockets 300.000 francs. Had he but waited till to-day, the price would have fallen to 205, and instead of gaining 300.000 francs, he would have lost 20 or 25.000.”

Você sabe que com banqueiros nada a não ser um documento escrito será válido.”

é cansativo bancar sempre o Manfredo. Eu desejo que minha vida seja livre e aberta.”

Você ouviu – Major Bartolomeo Cavalcanti – um homem que figura entre os nobres mais antigos de Itália, cujo nome foi celebrado no 10º canto do <Inferno> por Dante”

The acquaintances one makes in travelling have a sort of claim on one, they everywhere expect to receive the attention which you once paid them by chance, as though the civilities of a passing hour were likely to awaken any lasting interest in favor of the man in whose society you may happen to be thrown in the course of your journey.”

<Yes, he is to marry Mademoiselle de Villefort.>

<Indeed?>

<And you know I am to marry Mademoiselle Danglars,> said Albert, laughing.

<You smile.>

<Yes.>

<Why do you do so?>

<I smile because there appears to me to be about as much inclination for the consummation of the engagement in question as there is for my own. But really, my dear count, We are talking as much of women as they do of us; it is unpardonable>”

My servants seem to imitate those you sometimes see in a play, who, because they have only a word to say, aquit themselves in the most awkward manner possible.”

I should like you 100x better if, by your intervention, I could manage to remain a bachelor, even were it only for 10 years.”

Lucullus dines with Lucullus” ou o banquete-para-um.

Você deve saber que na França são muito particulares nesses pontos; não é o bastante, como na Itália, ir até o padre e dizer <Nós amamos 1 ao outro, e queremos que você nos case.> Casamento é um negócio civil na França, e a fim de se casar da maneira ortodoxa você precisa de papéis que estabeleçam inegavelmente sua identidade.”

<But what shall I wear?>

<What you find in your trunks.>

<In my trunks? I have but one portmanteau [mala].>

<I dare say you have nothing else with you. What is the use of losing one’s self with so many things? Besides an old soldier always likes to march with as little baggage as possible.>”

<Exactly so. Now, as I have never known any Sinbad, with the exception of the one celebrated in the ‘1001 Nights’>–

<Well, it is one of his descendants, and a great friend of mine; he is a very rich Englishman, eccentric almost to insanity, and his real name is Lord Wilmore.>”

I have, therefore, received a very good education, and have been treated by those kidnappers very much as the slaves were treated in Asia Minor, whose masters made them grammarians, doctors, and philosophers, in order that they might fetch a higher price in the Roman market.”

Você não pode controlar as circunstâncias, meu caro; <o homem propõe, e Deus dispõe>.”

<Does Mademoiselle Danglars object to this marriage with Monsieur de Morcerf on account of loving another?>

<I told you I was not on terms of strict intimacy with Eugenie.>

<Yes, but girls tell each other secrets without being particularly intimate; own, now, that you did question her on the subject. Ah, I see you are smiling.>”

She told me that she loved no one, said Valentine; that she disliked the idea of being married; that she would infinitely prefer leading an independent and unfettered life; and that she almost wished her father might lose his fortune; that she might become an artist, like her friend, Mademoiselle Louise d’Armilly.”

I never saw more simple tastes united to greater magnificence. His smile is so sweet when he addresses me, that I forget it ever can be bitter to others. Ah, Valentine, tell me, if he ever looked on you with one of those sweet smiles?”

Has the sun done anything for me? No, he warms me with his rays, and it is by his light that I see you – nothing more. Has such and such a perfume done anything for me? No; its odors charms one of my senses – that is all I can say when I am asked why I praise it. My friendship for him is as strange and unaccountable as his for me.”

A man who accustoms himself to live in such a world of poetry and imagination must find far too little excitement in a common, every-day sort of attachment such as ours.”

O que você está me dizendo? 900 mil francos? Essa é uma soma que poderia ser lamentada mesmo por um filósofo!”

Flora, a jovial e sorridente deusa dos jardineiros”

O Conde de Monte Cristo tinha visto o bastante. Todo homem tem uma paixão arrebatadora em seu coração, como cada fruta tem seu verme; a do homem-do-telégrafo era a horticultura.”

these Italians are well-named and badly dressed.”

I have only heard that an emperor of China had an oven built expressly, and that in this oven 12 jars like this were successively baked. 2 broke, from the heat of the fire; the other 10 were sunk 300 fathoms deep into the sea. The sea, knowing what was required of her, threw over them her weeds, encircled them with coral, and encrusted them with shells; the whole was cemented by 200 years beneath these almost impervious depths, for a revolution carried away the emperor who wished to make the trial, and only left the documents proving the manufacture of the jars and their descent into the sea. At the end of 200 years the documents were found, and they thought of bringing up the jars. Divers descended in machines, made expressly on the discovery, into the bay where they were thrown; but of 10 3 only remained, the rest having been broken by the waves.”

<Stop! You are in a shocking hurry to be off – you forget one of my guests. Lean a little to the left. Stay! look at M. Andrea Cavalcanti, the young man in a black coat, looking at Murillo’s Madonna; now he is turning.> This time Bertuccio would have uttered an exclamation had not a look from the Count of Monte Cristo silenced him. <Benedetto?> he muttered; <fatality!>”

you will admit that, when arrived at a certain degree of fortune, the superfluities of life are all that can be desired; and the ladies will allow that, after having risen to a certain eminence of position, the ideal alone can be more exalted.”

For example, you see these 2 fish; 1 brought from 50 leagues beyond St. Petersburg, the other 4 leagues from Naples. Is it not amusing to see them both on the same table?”

<Exactly: 1 comes from the Volga, and the other from Lake Fusaro.>

<Impossible!> cried all the guests simultaneously.

<Well, this is just what amuses me,> said the Count of Monte Cristo. <I am like Nero – cupitor impossibilium; and that is what is amusing you at this moment. This fish which seems so exquisite to you is very likely no better than perch or salmon; but it seemed impossible to procure it, and here it is.>”

<Pliny relates that they sent slaves from Ostia to Rome, who carried on their heads fish which he calls the muslus, and which, from the description, must probably be the goldfish. It was also considered a luxury to have them alive, it being an amusing sight to see them die, for, when dying, they chance color 3 or 4 times, and like the rainbow when it disappears, pass through all the prismatic shades, after which they were sent to the kitchen. Their agony formed part of their merit – if they were not seen alive, they were despised when dead.>

<Yes,> said Debray, <but then Ostia is only a few leagues from Rome.>

<True,> said the Count of Monte Cristo; <but what would be the use of living 18×100 years after Lucullus, if we can do no better than he could?>”

Elisabeth de Rossan, Marquise de Ganges, was one of the famous women of the court of Louis XIV where she was known as <La Belle Provençale>. She was the widow of the Marquise de Castellane when she married de Ganges, and having the misfortune to excite the enmity of her new brothers-in-law, was forced by them to take poison; and they finished her off with pistol and dagger.”

<Can you imagine>, said the Count of Monte Crisato, <some Othello or Abbé de Ganges, one stormy night, descending these stairs step by step, carrying a load, which he wishes to hide from the sight of man, if not from God?> Madame Danglars half fainted on the arm of Villefort, who was obliged to support himself against the wall.”

<What is done to infanticides in this country?> asked Major Cavalcanti innocently.

<Oh, their heads are soon cut off>, said Danglars.

<Ah, indeed?> said Cavalcanti.

<I think so, am I not right, M. de Villefort?> asked the Count of Monte Cristo.

<Yes, count>, replied Villefort, in a voice now scarcely human.”

Simpleton symptons

Melancholy in a capitalist, like the appearance of a comet, presages some misfortune to the world.”

She dreamed Don Carlos had returned to Spain; she believes in dreams. It is magnetism, she says, and when she dreams a thing it is sure to happen, she assures me.”

I make three assortments in fortune—first-rate, second-rate, and third-rate fortunes. I call those first-rate which are composed of treasures one possesses under one’s hand, such as mines, lands, and funded property, in such states as France, Austria, and England, provided these treasures and property form a total of about a hundred millions; I call those second-rate fortunes, that are gained by manufacturing enterprises, joint-stock companies, viceroyalties, and principalities, not drawing more than 1,500,000 francs, the whole forming a capital of about fifty millions; finally, I call those third-rate fortunes, which are composed of a fluctuating capital, dependent upon the will of others, or upon chances which a bankruptcy involves or a false telegram shakes, such as banks, speculations of the day—in fact, all operations under the influence of greater or less mischances, the whole bringing in a real or fictitious capital of about fifteen millions. I think this is about your position, is it not?”

We have our clothes, some more splendid than others,—this is our credit; but when a man dies he has only his skin; in the same way, on retiring from business, you have nothing but your real principal of about five or six millions, at the most; for third-rate fortunes are never more than a fourth of what they appear to be, like the locomotive on a railway, the size of which is magnified by the smoke and steam surrounding it. Well, out of the five or six millions which form your real capital, you have just lost nearly two millions, which must, of course, in the same degree diminish your credit and fictitious fortune; to follow out my s[i]mile, your skin has been opened by bleeding, and this if repeated three or four times will cause death—so pay attention to it, my dear Monsieur Danglars. Do you want money? Do you wish me to lend you some?

I have made up the loss of blood by nutrition. I lost a battle in Spain, I have been defeated in Trieste, but my naval army in India will have taken some galleons, and my Mexican pioneers will have discovered some mine.”

to involve me, three governments must crumble to dust.”

Well, such things have been.”

That there should be a famine!”

Recollect the seven fat and the seven lean kine.”

Or, that the sea should become dry, as in the days of Pharaoh, and even then my vessels would become caravans.”

So much the better. I congratulate you, my dear M. Danglars,” said Monte Cristo; “I see I was deceived, and that you belong to the class of second-rate fortunes.”

the sickly moons which bad artists are so fond of daubing into their pictures of ruins.”

But all the Italians are the same; they are like old Jews when they are not glittering in Oriental splendor.”

my opinion, I say, is, that they have buried their millions in corners, the secret of which they have transmitted only to their eldest sons, who have done the same from generation to generation; and the proof of this is seen in their yellow and dry appearance, like the florins of the republic, which, from being constantly gazed upon, have become reflected in them.”

Oh, that depends upon circumstances. I know an Italian prince, rich as a gold mine, one of the noblest families in Tuscany, who, when his sons married according to his wish, gave them millions; and when they married against his consent, merely allowed them thirty crowns a month. Should Andrea marry according to his father’s views, he will, perhaps, give him one, two, or three millions. For example, supposing it were the daughter of a banker, he might take an interest in the house of the father-in-law of his son; then again, if he disliked his choice, the major takes the key, double-locks his coffer, and Master Andrea would be obliged to live like the sons of a Parisian family, by shuffling cards or rattling the dice.”

Well, when I was a clerk, Morcerf was a mere fisherman.”

And then he was called——”

Fernand.”

Only Fernand?”

Fernand Mondego.”

You are sure?”

Pardieu! I have bought enough fish of him to know his name.”

Then, why did you think of giving your daughter to him?”

Because Fernand and Danglars, being both parvenus, both having become noble, both rich, are about equal in worth, excepting that there have been certain things mentioned of him that were never said of me.”

What?”

Oh, nothing!”

Ah, yes; what you tell me recalls to mind something about the name of Fernand Mondego. I have heard that name in Greece.”

In conjunction with the affairs of Ali Pasha?”

Exactly so.”

This is the mystery,” said Danglars. “I acknowledge I would have given anything to find it out.”

It would be very easy if you much wished it?”

How so?”

Probably you have some correspondent in Greece?”

I should think so.”

At Yanina?”

Everywhere.”

Well, write to your correspondent in Yanina, and ask him what part was played by a Frenchman named Fernand Mondego in the catastrophe of Ali Tepelini.”

You are right,” exclaimed Danglars, rising quickly, “I will write today.”

business-like persons pay very little attention to women, and Madame Danglars crossed the hall without exciting any more attention than any other woman calling upon her lawyer.”

it is true that every step in our lives is like the course of an insect on the sands;—it leaves its track! Alas, to many the path is traced by tears.”

 “Besides the pleasure, there is always remorse from the indulgence of our passions, and, after all, what have you men to fear from all this? the world excuses, and notoriety ennobles you.”

It is generally the case that what we most ardently desire is as ardently withheld from us by those who wish to obtain it, or from whom we attempt to snatch it. Thus, the greater number of a man’s errors come before him disguised under the specious form of necessity; then, after error has been committed in a moment of excitement, of delirium, or of fear, we see that we might have avoided and escaped it. The means we might have used, which we in our blindness could not see, then seem simple and easy, and we say, <Why did I not do this, instead of that?> Women, on the contrary, are rarely tormented with remorse; for the decision does not come from you,—your misfortunes are generally imposed upon you, and your faults the results of others’ crimes.

Chance?” replied Villefort; “No, no, madame, there is no such thing as chance.”

Oh, the wickedness of man is very great,” said Villefort, “since it surpasses the goodness of God. Did you observe that man’s eyes while he was speaking to us?”

No.”

But have you ever watched him carefully?”

did you ever reveal to anyone our connection?”

Never, to anyone.”

You understand me,” replied Villefort, affectionately; “when I say anyone,—pardon my urgency,—to anyone living I mean?”

Yes, yes, I understand very well,” ejaculated the baroness; “never, I swear to you.”

Were you ever in the habit of writing in the evening what had transpired in the morning? Do you keep a journal?”

No, my life has been passed in frivolity; I wish to forget it myself.”

Do you talk in your sleep?”

I sleep soundly, like a child; do you not remember?” The color mounted to the baroness’s face, and Villefort turned awfully pale.

It is true,” said he, in so low a tone that he could hardly be heard.

It was a strange thing that no one ever appeared to advance a step in that man’s favor. Those who would, as it were, force a passage to his heart, found an impassable barrier.”

And what is the news?”

You should not ask a stranger, a foreigner, for news.”

One may forsake a mistress, but a wife,—good heavens! There she must always be”

You are difficult to please, viscount.”

Yes, for I often wish for what is impossible.”

What is that?”

To find such a wife as my father found.” Monte Cristo turned pale, and looked at Albert, while playing with some magnificent pistols.

For any other son to have stayed with his mother for four days at Tréport, it would have been a condescension or a martyrdom, while I return, more contented, more peaceful—shall I say more poetic!—than if I had taken Queen Mab or Titania as my companion.”

That is what I call devoted friendship, to recommend to another one whom you would not marry yourself.”

I love everyone as God commands us to love our neighbor, as Christians; but I thoroughly hate but a few. Let us return to M. Franz d’Epinay. Did you say he was coming?”

those who remain in Paris in July must be true Parisians.”

That is very well before one is over forty. No, I do not dance, but I like to see others do so.”

One of his peculiarities was never to speak a word of French, which he however wrote with great facility.”

I am told it is a delightful place?”

It is a rock.”

And why has the count bought a rock?”

For the sake of being a count. In Italy one must have territorial possessions to be a count.”

Are you not his confessor?”

No, sir; I believe he is a Lutheran.”

He is a Quaker then?”

Exactly, he is a Quaker, with the exception of the peculiar dress.”

Has he any friends?”

Yes, everyone who knows him is his friend.”

But has he any enemies?”

One only.”

What is his name?”

Lord Wilmore.”

A investigação circular de Monsieur Villefaible…

Now, sir, I have but one question more to ask, and I charge you, in the name of honor, of humanity, and of religion, to answer me candidly.”

What is it, sir?”

Do you know with what design M. de Monte Cristo purchased a house at Auteuil?”

Certainly, for he told me.”

What is it, sir?”

To make a lunatic asylum of it, similar to that founded by the Count of Pisani at Palermo. Do you know about that institution?”

As the envoy of the prefect of police arrived ten minutes before ten, he was told that Lord Wilmore, who was precision and punctuality personified, was not yet come in, but that he would be sure to return as the clock struck.” (*) [VIDE MARCA POUCO ALÉM]

But as Lord Wilmore, in the character of the count’s enemy, was less restrained in his answers, they were more numerous; he described the youth of Monte Cristo, who he said, at ten years of age, entered the service of one of the petty sovereigns of India who make war on the English. It was there Wilmore had first met him and fought against him; and in that war Zaccone had been taken prisoner, sent to England, and consigned to the hulks, whence he had escaped by swimming. Then began his travels, his duels, his caprices; then the insurrection in Greece broke out, and he had served in the Grecian ranks. While in that service he had discovered a silver mine in the mountains of Thessaly, but he had been careful to conceal it from everyone. After the battle of Navarino, when the Greek government was consolidated, he asked of King Otho a mining grant for that district, which was given him. Hence that immense fortune, which, in Lord Wilmore’s opinion, possibly amounted to one or two millions per annum,—a precarious fortune, which might be momentarily lost by the failure of the mine.”

Hatred evidently inspired the Englishman, who, knowing no other reproach to bring on the count, accused him of avarice. “Do you know his house at Auteuil?”

Certainly.”

What do you know respecting it?”

Do you wish to know why he bought it?”

Yes.”

The count is a speculator, who will certainly ruin himself in experiments. He supposes there is in the neighborhood of the house he has bought a mineral spring equal to those at Bagnères, Luchon, and Cauterets. He is going to turn his house into a Badhaus, as the Germans term it. He has already dug up all the garden two or three times to find the famous spring, and, being unsuccessful, he will soon purchase all the contiguous houses. Now, as I dislike him, and hope his railway, his electric telegraph, or his search for baths, will ruin him, I am watching for his discomfiture, which must soon take place.”

I have already fought three duels with him,” said the Englishman, “the first with the pistol, the second with the sword, and the third with the sabre.”

Lord Wilmore, having heard the door close after him, returned to his bedroom, where with one hand he pulled off his light hair, his red whiskers, his false jaw, and his wound, to resume the black hair, dark complexion, and pearly teeth of the Count of Monte Cristo. It was M. de Villefort, and not the prefect, who returned to the house of M. de Villefort. (*) [???] He himself was the <envoy> [solução do miséterio], although the prefect was no more than an envoy of the King’s Attorney… Champsfort, consequently, continued his circularity with perfection & avidity…

You know that he has another name besides Monte Cristo?”

No, I did not know it.”

Monte Cristo is the name of an island, and he has a family name.”

I never heard it.”

Well, then, I am better informed than you; his name is Zaccone.”

It is possible.”

He is a Maltese.”

That is also possible.”

The son of a shipowner.”

Many men might have been handsomer, but certainly there could be none whose appearance was more significant, if the expression may be used. (…) Yet the Parisian world is so strange, that even all this might not have won attention had there not been connected with it a mysterious story gilded by an immense fortune.”

Albert,” she asked, “did you notice that?”

What, mother?”

That the count has never been willing to partake of food under the roof of M. de Morcerf.”

Yes; but then he breakfasted with me—indeed, he made his first appearance in the world on that occasion.”

But your house is not M. de Morcerf’s,” murmured Mercédès

Count,” added Mercédès with a supplicating glance, “there is a beautiful Arabian custom, which makes eternal friends of those who have together eaten bread and salt under the same roof.”

I know it, madame,” replied the count; “but we are in France, and not in Arabia, and in France eternal friendships are as rare as the custom of dividing bread and salt with one another.”

How can you exist thus without anyone to attach you to life?”

It is not my fault, madame. At Malta, I loved a young girl, was on the point of marrying her, when war came and carried me away. I thought she loved me well enough to wait for me, and even to remain faithful to my memory. When I returned she was married. This is the history of most men who have passed twenty years of age. Perhaps my heart was weaker than the hearts of most men, and I suffered more than they would have done in my place; that is all.” The countess stopped for a moment, as if gasping for breath. “Yes,” she said, “and you have still preserved this love in your heart—one can only love once—and did you ever see her again?”

MÍNIMA LISTA

Countless countesses

M. Count Comtempt

Countemporaneous

Aunt C.

instead of plunging into the mass of documents piled before him, M. Villefort opened the drawer of his desk, touched a spring, and drew out a parcel of cherished memoranda, amongst which he had carefully arranged, in characters only known to himself, the names of all those who, either in his political career, in money matters, at the bar, or in his mysterious love affairs, had become his enemies. § Their number was formidable, now that he had begun to fear, and yet these names, powerful though they were, had often caused him to smile with the same kind of satisfaction experienced by a traveller who from the summit of a mountain beholds at his feet the craggy eminences, the almost impassable paths, and the fearful chasms, through which he has so perilously climbed. When he had run over all these names in his memory, again read and studied them, commenting meanwhile upon his lists, he shook his head.

No,” he murmured, “none of my enemies would have waited so patiently and laboriously for so long a space of time, that they might now come and crush me with this secret. Sometimes, as Hamlet says—

Foul deeds will rise,

Though all the earth o’erwhelm them, to men’s eyes;’

Sujos feitos erguer-se-ão,

Muito embora toda a terra os soterre,

aos olhos dos homens

Hamlet

“—he cared little for that mene, mene, tekel upharsin, which appeared suddenly in letters of blood upon the wall;—but what he was really anxious for was to discover whose hand had traced them.” Referência bíblica. Segue explicação:

(source: Wiki)

Daniel reads the words, MENE, MENE, TEKEL, PARSIN, and interprets them for the king: MENE, God has numbered the days of your kingdom and brought it to an end; TEKEL, you have been weighed and found wanting; and PERES, the kingdom is divided and given to the Medes and Persians. <Then Belshazzar gave the command, and Daniel was clothed in purple, a chain of gold was put around his neck, and a proclamation was made … that he should rank third in the kingdom; [and] that very night Belshazzar the Chaldean (Babylonian) king was killed, and Darius the Mede received the kingdom.> (…) As Aramaic was written with consonants alone, they may have lacked any context in which to make sense of them. Daniel supplies vowels in two different ways, first reading the letters as nouns, then interpreting them as verbs. § The words Daniel reads are monetary weights: a mena, equivalent to a Jewish mina or 60 shekels, (several ancient versions have only one mena instead of two), a tekel, equivalent to a shekel, and parsin, meaning <half-pieces>. The last involves a word-play on the name of the Persians, suggesting not only that they are to inherit Belshazzar’s kingdom, but that they are two peoples, Medes and Persians. § Having read the words as nouns Daniel then interprets them as verbs, based on their roots: mina is interpreted as meaning <numbered>, tekel, from a root meaning to weigh, as meaning <weighed> (and found wanting), and peres, the singular form of dual parsin, from a root meaning to divide, as meaning the kingdom is to be <divided> and given to the Medes and Persians. (A curious point is that the various weights — a mina or sixty shekels, another shekel, and two half-shekels — add up to 62, which is noted in the last verse as the age of Darius the Mede).” RESUMO: “Seus dias estão contados…”

I cannot cry; at my age they say that we have no more tears,—still I think that when one is in trouble one should have the power of weeping.”

nothing frightens old people so much as when death relaxes its vigilance over them for a moment in order to strike some other old person.”

A stepmother is never a mother, sir. But this is not to the purpose,—our business concerns Valentine, let us leave the dead in peace.”

that theatrical formality invented to heighten the effect of a comedy called the signature of the contract”

It is an every-day occurrence for a gambler to lose not only what he possesses but also what he has not.”

I will, then, wait until the last moment, and when my misery is certain, irremediable, hopeless, I will write a confidential letter to my brother-in-law, another to the prefect of police, to acquaint them with my intention, and at the corner of some wood, on the brink of some abyss, on the bank of some river, I will put an end to my existence, as certainly as I am the son of the most honest man who ever lived in France.”

He shut himself in his room, and tried to read, but his eye glanced over the page without understanding a word, and he threw away the book, and for the second time sat down to sketch his plan (…) The garden became darker still, but in the darkness he looked in vain for the white dress, and in the silence he vainly listened for the sound of footsteps. The house, which was discernible through the trees, remained in darkness, and gave no indication that so important an event as the signature of a marriage-contract was going on. Morrel looked at his watch, which wanted a quarter to ten; but soon the same clock he had already heard strike two or three times rectified the error by striking half-past nine. § This was already half an hour past the time Valentine had fixed. It was a terrible moment for the young man. The slightest rustling of the foliage, the least whistling of the wind, attracted his attention, and drew the perspiration to his brow; then he tremblingly fixed his ladder, and, not to lose a moment, placed his foot on the first step. Amidst all these alternations of hope and fear, the clock struck ten. <It is impossible,> said Maximilian, <that the signing of a contract should occupy so long a time without unexpected interruptions. I have weighed all the chances, calculated the time required for all the forms; something must have happened.> And then he walked rapidly to and fro, and pressed his burning forehead against the fence. Had Valentine fainted? or had she been discovered and stopped in her flight? These were the only obstacles which appeared possible to the young man. (…) He even thought he could perceive something on the ground at a distance; he ventured to call, and it seemed to him that the wind wafted back an almost inarticulate sigh. (…) A light moved rapidly from time to time past three windows of the second floor. These three windows were in Madame de Saint-Méran’s room. Another remained motionless behind some red curtains which were in Madame de Villefort’s bedroom. Morrel guessed all this. So many times, in order to follow Valentine in thought at every hour in the day, had he made her describe the whole house, that without having seen it he knew it all.”

grief may kill, although it rarely does, and never in a day, never in an hour, never in ten minutes.”

Did you notice the symptoms of the disease to which Madame de Saint-Méran has fallen a victim?”

I did. Madame de Saint-Méran had three successive attacks, at intervals of some minutes, each one more serious than the former. When you arrived, Madame de Saint-Méran had already been panting for breath some minutes; she then had a fit, which I took to be simply a nervous attack, and it was only when I saw her raise herself in the bed, and her limbs and neck appear stiffened, that I became really alarmed. Then I understood from your countenance there was more to fear than I had thought. This crisis past, I endeavored to catch your eye, but could not. You held her hand—you were feeling her pulse—and the second fit came on before you had turned towards me. This was more terrible than the first; the same nervous movements were repeated, and the mouth contracted and turned purple.”

And at the third she expired.”

At the end of the first attack I discovered symptoms of tetanus; you confirmed my opinion.”

Yes, before others,” replied the doctor; “but now we are alone——“

What are you going to say? Oh, spare me!”

That the symptoms of tetanus and poisoning by vegetable substances are the same.” M. de Villefort started from his seat, then in a moment fell down again, silent and motionless.

Madame de Saint-Méran succumbed to a powerful dose of brucine or of strychnine, which by some mistake, perhaps, has been given to her.”

But how could a dose prepared for M. Noirtier poison Madame de Saint-Méran?”

Nothing is more simple. You know poisons become remedies in certain diseases, of which paralysis is one. For instance, having tried every other remedy to restore movement and speech to M. Noirtier, I resolved to try one last means, and for three months I have been giving him brucine; so that in the last dose I ordered for him there were six grains. This quantity, which is perfectly safe to administer to the paralyzed frame of M. Noirtier, which has become gradually accustomed to it, would be sufficient to kill another person.”

were you a priest I should not dare tell you that, but you are a man, and you know mankind.”

It cannot be wondered at that his mind, generally so courageous, but now disturbed by the two strongest human passions, love and fear, was weakened even to the indulgence of superstitious thoughts. Although it was impossible that Valentine should see him, hidden as he was, he thought he heard the shadow at the window call him; his disturbed mind told him so. This double error became an irresistible reality, and by one of the incomprehensible transports of youth, he bounded from his hiding-place, and with two strides, at the risk of being seen, at the risk of alarming Valentine, at the risk of being discovered by some exclamation which might escape the young girl, he crossed the flower-garden, which by the light of the moon resembled a large white lake, and having passed the rows of orange-trees which extended in front of the house, he reached the step, ran quickly up and pushed the door, which opened without offering any resistance. Valentine had not seen him. Her eyes, raised towards heaven, were watching a silvery cloud gliding over the azure, its form that of a shadow mounting towards heaven. Her poetic and excited mind pictured it as the soul of her grandmother. (…) Morrel was mad.”

A heart overwhelmed with one great grief is insensible to minor emotions.”

The weak man talks of burdens he can raise, the timid of giants he can confront, the poor of treasures he spends, the most humble peasant, in the height of his pride, calls himself Jupiter.”

It is said to have been a congestion of the brain, or apoplexy, which is the same thing, is it not?”

Nearly.”

You bend because your empire is a young stem, weakened by rapid growth. Take the Republic for a tutor; let us return with renewed strength to the battle-field, and I promise you 500,000 soldiers, another Marengo, and a second Austerlitz. Ideas do not become extinct, sire; they slumber sometimes, but only revive the stronger before they sleep entirely.” M. Noirtier a Napoleão

But tell me, said Beauchamp, what is life? Is it not a halt in Death’s anteroom?”

A moment later, Madame de Villefort entered the drawing-room with her little Edward. It was evident that she had shared the grief of the family, for she was pale and looked fatigued. She sat down, took Edward on her knees, and from time to time pressed this child, on whom her affections appeared centred, almost convulsively to her bosom.”

Old age is selfish, sir, and Mademoiselle de Villefort has been a faithful companion to M. Noirtier, which she cannot be when she becomes the Baroness d’Epinay. My father’s melancholy state prevents our speaking to him on any subjects, which the weakness of his mind would incapacitate him from understanding, and I am perfectly convinced that at the present time, although, he knows that his granddaughter is going to be married, M. Noirtier has even forgotten the name of his intended grandson.”

He was then informed of the contents of the letter from the Island of Elba, in which he was recommended to the club as a man who would be likely to advance the interests of their party. One paragraph spoke of the return of Bonaparte and promised another letter and further details, on the arrival of the Pharaon belonging to the shipbuilder Morrel, of Marseilles, whose captain was entirely devoted to the emperor.”

there was something awful in hearing the son read aloud in trembling pallor these details of his father’s death, which had hitherto been a mystery. Valentine clasped her hands as if in prayer. Noirtier looked at Villefort with an almost sublime expression of contempt and pride.”

The general fell, then, in a loyal duel, and not in ambush as it might have been reported. In proof of this we have signed this paper to establish the truth of the facts, lest the moment should arrive when either of the actors in this terrible scene should be accused of premeditated murder or of infringement of the laws of honor.”

<tell me the name of the president of the club, that I may at least know who killed my father.> Villefort mechanically felt for the handle of the door; Valentine, who understood sooner than anyone her grandfather’s answer, and who had often seen two scars upon his right arm, drew back a few steps. <Mademoiselle,> said Franz, turning towards Valentine, <unite your efforts with mine to find out the name of the man who made me an orphan at two years of age.> Valentine remained dumb and motionless.”

M, repeated Franz. The young man’s finger, glided over the words, but at each one Noirtier answered by a negative sign. Valentine hid her head between her hands. At length, Franz arrived at the word MYSELF.”

what is required of a young man in Paris? To speak its language tolerably, to make a good appearance, to be a good gamester, and to pay in cash.”

As for his wife, he bowed to her, as some husbands do to their wives, but in a way that bachelors will never comprehend, until a very extensive code is published on conjugal life.”

The two young ladies were seen seated on the same chair, at the piano, accompanying themselves, each with one hand, a fancy to which they had accustomed themselves, and performed admirably. Mademoiselle d’Armilly, whom they then perceived through the open doorway, formed with Eugénie one of the tableaux vivants of which the Germans are so fond. She was somewhat beautiful, and exquisitely formed—a little fairy-like figure, with large curls falling on her neck, which was rather too long, as Perugino sometimes makes his Virgins, and her eyes dull from fatigue. She was said to have a weak chest, and like Antonia in the Cremona Violin, she would die one day while singing. Monte Cristo cast one rapid and curious glance round this sanctum; it was the first time he had ever seen Mademoiselle d’Armilly, of whom he had heard much. <Well,> said the banker to his daughter, <are we then all to be excluded?> He then led the young man into the study, and either by chance or manœuvre the door was partially closed after Andrea, so that from the place where they sat neither the Count nor the baroness could see anything; but as the banker had accompanied Andrea, Madame Danglars appeared to take no notice of it.”

<Then you are wrong, madame. Fortune is precarious; and if I were a woman and fate had made me a banker’s wife, whatever might be my confidence in my husband’s good fortune, still in speculation you know there is great risk. Well, I would secure for myself a fortune independent of him, even if I acquired it by placing my interests in hands unknown to him.> Madame Danglars blushed, in spite of all her efforts. <Stay,> said Monte Cristo, as though he had not observed her confusion, <I have heard of a lucky hit that was made yesterday on the Neapolitan bonds.>”

<Yes,> said Monte Cristo, <I have heard that; but, as Claudius said to Hamlet, ‘it is a law of nature; their fathers died before them, and they mourned their loss; they will die before their children, who will, in their turn, grieve for them.’>”

How extraordinary! And how does M. de Villefort bear it?”

As usual. Like a philosopher.” Danglars returned at this moment alone. “Well,” said the baroness, “do you leave M. Cavalcanti with your daughter?”

And Mademoiselle d’Armilly,” said the banker; “do you consider her no one?” Then, turning to Monte Cristo, he said, “Prince Cavalcanti is a charming young man, is he not? But is he really a prince?”

HIERARQUIA DOS TÍTULOS DA NOBREZA-BURGUESIA OU CALEIDOSCÓPIO DA CLASSE ARISTOPLUTOCRÁTICA EUROPÉIA DOS “SÉCULOS DE OURO”:

Conde > Visconde > Duque > Barão > Baronete

OBS: A acepção Latina de <barão> é depreciativa.

it is so delightful to hear music in the distance, when the musicians are unrestrained by observation.”

He is a musician.”

So are all Italians.”

Come, count, you do not do that young man justice.”

Well, I acknowledge it annoys me, knowing your connection with the Morcerf family, to see him throw himself in the way.” Danglars burst out laughing.

What a Puritan you are!” said he; “that happens every day.”

But you cannot break it off in this way; the Morcerfs are depending on this union.”

Oh, my dear count, husbands are pretty much the same everywhere; an individual husband of any country is a pretty fair specimen of the whole race.”

Haydée—what an adorable name! Are there, then, really women who bear the name of Haydée anywhere but in Byron’s poems?”

Certainly there are. Haydée is a very uncommon name in France, but is common enough in Albania and Epirus; it is as if you said, for example, Chastity, Modesty, Innocence,—it is a kind of baptismal name, as you Parisians call it.”

Oh, that is charming,” said Albert, “how I should like to hear my countrywomen called Mademoiselle Goodness, Mademoiselle Silence, Mademoiselle Christian Charity! Only think, then, if Mademoiselle Danglars, instead of being called Claire-Marie-Eugénie, had been named Mademoiselle Chastity-Modesty-Innocence Danglars; what a fine effect that would have produced on the announcement of her marriage!”

How was it that Dionysius the Tyrant became a schoolmaster? The fortune of war, my dear viscount,—the caprice of fortune; that is the way in which these things are to be accounted for.”

Monte Cristo turned to Albert. <Do you know modern Greek,> asked he.

<Alas! no,> said Albert; <nor even ancient Greek, my dear count; never had Homer or Plato a more unworthy scholar than myself.>

Monte Cristo turned to Haydée, and with an expression of countenance which commanded her to pay the most implicit attention to his words, he said in Greek,—<Tell us the fate of your father; but neither the name of the traitor nor the treason.> Haydée sighed deeply, and a shade of sadness clouded her beautiful brow.”

that unsophisticated innocence of childhood which throws a charm round objects insignificant in themselves, but which in its eyes are invested with the greatest importance.”

things which in the evening look dark and obscure, appear but too clearly in the light of morning, and sometimes the utterance of one word, or the lapse of a single day, will reveal the most cruel calumnies.”

the breaking off of a marriage contract always injures the lady more than the gentleman.”

one must never be eccentric. If one’s lot is cast among fools, it is necessary to study folly.” “alguém nunca deve ser excêntrico. Se a alguém couber a mesma sorte que a dos loucos, é preciso estudar a loucura.”

Supposing the assertion to be really true?”

A son ought not to submit to such a stain on his father’s honor.”

Ma foi! we live in times when there is much to which we must submit.”

That is precisely the fault of the age.”

And do you undertake to reform it?”

Yes, as far as I am personally concerned.”

Well, you are indeed exacting, my dear fellow!”

Ah, but the friends of today are the enemies of tomorrow”

When you wish to obtain some concession from a man’s self-love, you must avoid even the appearance of wishing to wound it.”

It was a gloomy, dusty-looking apartment, such as journalists’ offices have always been from time immemorial.

I have heard it said that hearts inflamed by obstacles to their desire grew cold in time of security”

People die very suddenly in your house, M. de Villefort.”

Well, sir, you have in your establishment, or in your family, perhaps, one of the frightful monstrosities of which each century produces only one. Locusta and Agrippina, living at the same time, were an exception, and proved the determination of Providence to effect the entire ruin of the Roman empire, sullied by so many crimes. Brunhilda and Fredegund were the results of the painful struggle of civilization in its infancy, when man was learning to control mind, were it even by an emissary from the realms of darkness. All these women had been, or were, beautiful. The same flower of innocence had flourished, or was still flourishing, on their brow, that is seen on the brow of the culprit in your house.”

<Seek whom the crime will profit,> says an axiom of jurisprudence.”

Doctor,” cried Villefort, “alas, doctor, how often has man’s justice been deceived by those fatal words.

<Oh, man,> murmured d’Avrigny, <the most selfish of all animals, the most personal of all creatures, who believes the earth turns, the sun shines, and death strikes for him alone,—an ant cursing God from the top of a blade of grass!>

no one knows, not even the assassin, that, for the last twelve months, I have given M. Noirtier brucine for his paralytic affection, while the assassin is not ignorant, for he has proved that brucine is a violent poison.”

for when crime enters a dwelling, it is like death—it does not come alone.  (…) What does it signify to you if I am murdered? Are you my friend? Are you a man? Have you a heart? No, you are a physician!”

Ah, Caderousse,” said Andrea, “how covetous you are! Two months ago you were dying with hunger.”

The appetite grows by what it feeds on,” said Caderousse, grinning and showing his teeth, like a monkey laughing or a tiger growling.

That Count of Monte Cristo is an original, who loves to look at the sky even at night.”

those thieves of jewellers imitate so well that it is no longer worthwhile to rob a jeweller’s shop—it is another branch of industry paralyzed.”

From his past life, from his resolution to shrink from nothing, the count had acquired an inconceivable relish for the contests in which he had engaged, sometimes against nature, that is to say, against God, and sometimes against the world, that is, against the devil.”

The count felt his heart beat more rapidly. Inured as men may be to danger, forewarned as they may be of peril, they understand, by the fluttering of the heart and the shuddering of the frame, the enormous difference between a dream and a reality, between the project and the execution.” “and one might distinguish by the glimmering through the open panel that he wore a pliant tunic of steel mail, of which the last in France, where daggers are no longer dreaded, was worn by King Louis XVI, who feared the dagger at his breast, and whose head was cleft with a hatchet.”

So you would rob the Count of Monte Cristo?” continued the false abbé.

Reverend sir, I am impelled——”

Every criminal says the same thing.”

Poverty——”

Pshaw!” said Busoni disdainfully; “poverty may make a man beg, steal a loaf of bread at a baker’s door, but not cause him to open a secretary desk in a house supposed to be inhabited.”

Ah, reverend sir,” cried Caderousse, clasping his hands, and drawing nearer to Monte Cristo, “I may indeed say you are my deliverer!”

You mean to say you have been freed from confinement?”

Yes, that is true, reverend sir.”

Who was your liberator?”

An Englishman.”

What was his name?”

Lord Wilmore.”

I know him; I shall know if you lie.”

Ah, reverend sir, I tell you the simple truth.”

Was this Englishman protecting you?”

No, not me, but a young Corsican, my companion.”

What was this young Corsican’s name?”

Benedetto.”

Is that his Christian name?”

He had no other; he was a foundling.”

Then this young man escaped with you?”

He did.”

In what way?”

We were working at Saint-Mandrier, near Toulon. Do you know Saint-Mandrier?”

I do.”

In the hour of rest, between noon and one o’clock——”

Galley-slaves having a nap after dinner! We may well pity the poor fellows!” said the abbé.

Nay,” said Caderousse, “one can’t always work—one is not a dog.”

So much the better for the dogs,” said Monte Cristo.

While the rest slept, then, we went away a short distance; we severed our fetters with a file the Englishman had given us, and swam away.”

And what is become of this Benedetto?”

I don’t know.”

You ought to know.”

No, in truth; we parted at Hyères.” And, to give more weight to his protestation, Caderousse advanced another step towards the abbé, who remained motionless in his place, as calm as ever, and pursuing his interrogation. “You lie,” said the Abbé Busoni, with a tone of irresistible authority.

Reverend sir!”

You lie! This man is still your friend, and you, perhaps, make use of him as your accomplice.”

Oh, reverend sir!”

Since you left Toulon what have you lived on? Answer me!”

On what I could get.”

You lie,” repeated the abbé a third time, with a still more imperative tone. Caderousse, terrified, looked at the count. “You have lived on the money he has given you.”

True,” said Caderousse; “Benedetto has become the son of a great lord.”

How can he be the son of a great lord?”

A natural son.”

And what is that great lord’s name?”

The Count of Monte Cristo, the very same in whose house we are.”

Benedetto the count’s son?” replied Monte Cristo, astonished in his turn.

Well, I should think so, since the count has found him a false father—since the count gives him 4.000 francs a month, and leaves him 500.000 francs in his will.”

Ah, yes,” said the factitious abbé, who began to understand; “and what name does the young man bear meanwhile?”

Andrea Cavalcanti.”

Is it, then, that young man whom my friend the Count of Monte Cristo has received into his house, and who is going to marry Mademoiselle Danglars?”

Exactly.”

And you suffer that, you wretch—you, who know his life and his crime?”

Why should I stand in a comrade’s way?” said Caderousse.

You are right; it is not you who should apprise M. Danglars, it is I.”

Do not do so, reverend sir.”

Why not?”

Because you would bring us to ruin.”

And you think that to save such villains as you I will become an abettor of their plot, an accomplice in their crimes?”

Reverend sir,” said Caderousse, drawing still nearer.

I will expose all.”

To whom?”

To M. Danglars.”

By heaven!” cried Caderousse, drawing from his waistcoat an open knife, and striking the count in the breast, “you shall disclose nothing, reverend sir!” To Caderousse’s great astonishment, the knife, instead of piercing the count’s breast, flew back blunted. At the same moment the count seized with his left hand the assassin’s wrist, and wrung it with such strength that the knife fell from his stiffened fingers, and Caderousse uttered a cry of pain. But the count, disregarding his cry, continued to wring the bandit’s wrist, until, his arm being dislocated, he fell first on his knees, then flat on the floor. The count then placed his foot on his head, saying, “I know not what restrains me from crushing thy skull, rascal.”

Ah, mercy—mercy!” cried Caderousse. The count withdrew his foot. “Rise!” said he. Caderousse rose.

What a wrist you have, reverend sir!” said Caderousse, stroking his arm, all bruised by the fleshy pincers which had held it; “what a wrist!”

Silence! God gives me strength to overcome a wild beast like you; in the name of that God I act,—remember that, wretch,—and to spare thee at this moment is still serving him.”

Oh!” said Caderousse, groaning with pain.

Take this pen and paper, and write what I dictate.”

I don’t know how to write, reverend sir.”

You lie! Take this pen, and write!” Caderousse, awed by the superior power of the abbé, sat down and wrote:—

Sir,—The man whom you are receiving at your house, and to whom you intend to marry your daughter, is a felon who escaped with me from confinement at Toulon. He was Nº 59, and I Nº 58. He was called Benedetto, but he is ignorant of his real name, having never known his parents.

Sign it!” continued the count.

But would you ruin me?”

If I sought your ruin, fool, I should drag you to the first guard-house; besides, when that note is delivered, in all probability you will have no more to fear. Sign it, then!”

Caderousse signed it.

And you did not warn me!” cried Caderousse, raising himself on his elbows. “You knew I should be killed on leaving this house, and did not warn me!”

No; for I saw God’s justice placed in the hands of Benedetto, and should have thought it sacrilege to oppose the designs of Providence.”

God is merciful to all, as he has been to you; he is first a father, then a judge.”

Do you then believe in God?” said Caderousse.

Had I been so unhappy as not to believe in him until now,” said Monte Cristo, “I must believe on seeing you.” Caderousse raised his clenched hands towards heaven.

Help!” cried Caderousse; “I require a surgeon, not a priest; perhaps I am not mortally wounded—I may not die; perhaps they can yet save my life.”

Your wounds are so far mortal that, without the three drops I gave you, you would now be dead. Listen, then.”

Ah,” murmured Caderousse, “what a strange priest you are; you drive the dying to despair, instead of consoling them.”

I do not believe there is a God,” howled Caderousse; “you do not believe it; you lie—you lie!”

No,” said Caderousse, “no; I will not repent. There is no God; there is no Providence—all comes by chance.—”

Monte Cristo took off the wig which disfigured him, and let fall his black hair, which added so much to the beauty of his pallid features. <Oh?> said Caderousse, thunderstruck, <but for that black hair, I should say you were the Englishman, Lord Wilmore.>

<I am neither the Abbé Busoni nor Lord Wilmore,> said Monte Cristo; <think again,—do you not recollect me?> There was a magic effect in the count’s words, which once more revived the exhausted powers of the miserable man. <Yes, indeed,> said he; <I think I have seen you and known you formerly.>

<Yes, Caderousse, you have seen me; you knew me once.>

<Who, then, are you? and why, if you knew me, do you let me die?>

<Because nothing can save you; your wounds are mortal. Had it been possible to save you, I should have considered it another proof of God’s mercy, and I would again have endeavored to restore you, I swear by my father’s tomb.>

<By your father’s tomb!> said Caderousse, supported by a supernatural power, and half-raising himself to see more distinctly the man who had just taken the oath which all men hold sacred; <who, then, are you?> The count had watched the approach of death. He knew this was the last struggle. He approached the dying man, and, leaning over him with a calm and melancholy look, he whispered, <I am—I am——>

And his almost closed lips uttered a name so low that the count himself appeared afraid to hear it. Caderousse, who had raised himself on his knees, and stretched out his arm, tried to draw back, then clasping his hands, and raising them with a desperate effort, <O my God, my God!> said he, <pardon me for having denied thee; thou dost exist, thou art indeed man’s father in heaven, and his judge on earth. My God, my Lord, I have long despised thee!>”

<One!> said the count mysteriously, his eyes fixed on the corpse, disfigured by so awful a death.”

Bertuccio alone turned pale whenever Benedetto’s name was mentioned in his presence, but there was no reason why anyone should notice his doing so.”

the attempted robbery and the murder of the robber by his comrade were almost forgotten in anticipation of the approaching marriage of Mademoiselle Danglars to the Count Andrea Cavalcanti.”

some persons had warned the young man of the circumstances of his future father-in-law, who had of late sustained repeated losses; but with sublime disinterestedness and confidence the young man refused to listen, or to express a single doubt to the baron.”

With an instinctive hatred of matrimony, she suffered Andrea’s attentions in order to get rid of Morcerf; but when Andrea urged his suit, she betrayed an entire dislike to him. The baron might possibly have perceived it, but, attributing it to a caprice, feigned ignorance.”

in this changing age, the faults of a father cannot revert upon his children. Few have passed through this revolutionary period, in the midst of which we were born, without some stain of infamy or blood to soil the uniform of the soldier, or the gown of the magistrate. Now I have these proofs, Albert, and I am in your confidence, no human power can force me to a duel which your own conscience would reproach you with as criminal, but I come to offer you what you can no longer demand of me. Do you wish these proofs, these attestations, which I alone possess, to be destroyed? Do you wish this frightful secret to remain with us?”

he never interrogates, and in my opinion those who ask no questions are the best comforters.”

My papers, thank God, no,—my papers are all in capital order, because I have none”

do you come from the end of the world?” said Monte Cristo; “you, a journalist, the husband of renown? It is the talk of all Paris.”

Silence, purveyor of gossip”

Mademoiselle Eugénie, who appears but little charmed with the thoughts of matrimony, and who, seeing how little I was disposed to persuade her to renounce her dear liberty, retains any affection for me.”

I have told you, where the air is pure, where every sound soothes, where one is sure to be humbled, however proud may be his nature. I love that humiliation, I, who am master of the universe, as was Augustus.”

But where are you really going?”

To sea, viscount; you know I am a sailor. I was rocked when an infant in the arms of old Ocean, and on the bosom of the beautiful Amphitrite” “I love the sea as a mistress, and pine if I do not often see her.”

<Woman is fickle.> said Francis I; <woman is like a wave of the sea,> said Shakespeare; both the great king and the great poet ought to have known woman’s nature well.”

Woman’s, yes; my mother is not woman, but a woman.”

my mother is not quick to give her confidence, but when she does she never changes.”

You are certainly a prodigy; you will soon not only surpass the railway, which would not be very difficult in France, but even the telegraph.”

Precisely,” said the count; “six years since I bought a horse in Hungary remarkable for its swiftness. The 32 that we shall use tonight are its progeny; they are all entirely black, with the exception of a star upon the forehead.”

M. Albert. Tell me, why does a steward rob his master?”

Because, I suppose, it is his nature to do so, for the love of robbing.”

You are mistaken; it is because he has a wife and family, and ambitious desires for himself and them. Also because he is not sure of always retaining his situation, and wishes to provide for the future. Now, M. Bertuccio is alone in the world; he uses my property without accounting for the use he makes of it; he is sure never to leave my service.”

Why?”

Because I should never get a better.”

Probabilities are deceptive.”

But I deal in certainties; he is the best servant over whom one has the power of life and death.”

Do you possess that right over Bertuccio?”

Yes.”

There are words which close a conversation with an iron door; such was the count’s “yes.”

There, as in every spot where Monte Cristo stopped, if but for two days, luxury abounded and life went on with the utmost ease.”

Poor young man,” said Monte Cristo in a low voice; “it is then true that the sin of the father shall fall on the children to the third and fourth generation.”

Five minutes had sufficed to make a complete transformation in his appearance. His voice had become rough and hoarse; his face was furrowed with wrinkles; his eyes burned under the blue-veined lids, and he tottered like a drunken man. <Count,> said he, <I thank you for your hospitality, which I would gladly have enjoyed longer; but I must return to Paris.>

<What has happened?>

<A great misfortune, more important to me than life. Don’t question me, I beg of you, but lend me a horse.>

<My stables are at your command, viscount; but you will kill yourself by riding on horseback. Take a post-chaise or a carriage.>”

The Count of Morcerf was no favorite with his colleagues. Like all upstarts, he had had recourse to a great deal of haughtiness to maintain his position. The true nobility laughed at him, the talented repelled him, and the honorable instinctively despised him. He was, in fact, in the unhappy position of the victim marked for sacrifice; the finger of God once pointed at him, everyone was prepared to raise the hue and cry.”

Moral wounds have this peculiarity,—they may be hidden, but they never close; always painful, always ready to bleed when touched, they remain fresh and open in the heart.”

He thought himself strong enough, for he mistook fever for energy.”

I, El-Kobbir, a slave-merchant, and purveyor of the harem of his highness, acknowledge having received for transmission to the sublime emperor, from the French lord, the Count of Monte Cristo, an emerald valued at 800.000 francs; as the ransom of a young Christian slave of 11 years of age, named Haydée, the acknowledged daughter of the late lord Ali Tepelini, pasha of Yanina, and of Vasiliki, his favorite; she having been sold to me 7 years previously, with her mother, who had died on arriving at Constantinople, by a French colonel in the service of the Vizier Ali Tepelini, named Fernand Mondego. The above-mentioned purchase was made on his highness’s account, whose mandate I had, for the sum of 400.000 francs.

Given at Constantinople, by authority of his highness, in the year 1247 of the Hegira.

Signed El-Kobbir.

I am ignorant of nothing which passes in the world. I learn all in the silence of my apartments,—for instance, I see all the newspapers, every periodical, as well as every new piece of music; and by thus watching the course of the life of others, I learned what had transpired this morning in the House of Peers, and what was to take place this evening; then I wrote.”

Then,” remarked the president, “the Count of Monte Cristo knows nothing of your present proceedings?”—“He is quite unaware of them, and I have but one fear, which is that he should disapprove of what I have done. But it is a glorious day for me,” continued the young girl, raising her ardent gaze to heaven, “that on which I find at last an opportunity of avenging my father!”

Gentlemen,” said the president, when silence was restored, “is the Count of Morcerf convicted of felony, treason, and conduct unbecoming a member of this House?”—“Yes,” replied all the members of the committee of inquiry with a unanimous voice.

leave Paris—all is soon forgotten in this great Babylon of excitement and changing tastes. You will return after 3 or years with a Russian princess for a bride, and no one will think more of what occurred yesterday than if it had happened 16 years ago.”

Yes; M. Danglars is a money-lover, and those who love money, you know, think too much of what they risk to be easily induced to fight a duel. The other is, on the contrary, to all appearance a true nobleman; but do you not fear to find him a bully?”

I only fear one thing; namely, to find a man who will not fight.”

The count had, indeed, just arrived, but he was in his bath, and had forbidden that anyone should be admitted. “But after his bath?” asked Morcerf.

My master will go to dinner.”

And after dinner?”

He will sleep an hour.”

Then?”

He is going to the Opera.”

You know, mother, M. de Monte Cristo is almost an Oriental, and it is customary with the Orientals to secure full liberty for revenge by not eating or drinking in the houses of their enemies.”

Well,” cried he, with that benevolent politeness which distinguished his salutation from the common civilities of the world, “my cavalier has attained his object. Good-evening, M. de Morcerf.” 

Display is not becoming to everyone, M. de Morcerf.”

Wild, almost unconscious, and with eyes inflamed, Albert stepped back, and Morrel closed the door. Monte Cristo took up his glass again as if nothing had happened; his face was like marble, and his heart was like bronze. Morrel whispered, <What have you done to him?>”

listen how adorably Duprez is singing that line,—

<O Mathilde! idole de mon âme!>

I was the first to discover Duprez at Naples, and the first to applaud him. Bravo, bravo!” Morrel saw it was useless to say more, and refrained.

Doubtless you wish to make me appear a very eccentric character. I am, in your opinion, a Lara, a Manfred, a Lord Ruthven; then, just as I am arriving at the climax, you defeat your own end, and seek to make an ordinary man of me. You bring me down to your own level, and demand explanations! Indeed, M. Beauchamp, it is quite laughable.”

the Count of Monte Cristo bows to none but the Count of Monte Cristo himself. Say no more, I entreat you. I do what I please, M. Beauchamp, and it is always well done.”

It is quite immaterial to me,” said Monte Cristo, “and it was very unnecessary to disturb me at the Opera for such a trifle. In France people fight with the sword or pistol, in the colonies with the carbine, in Arabia with the dagger. Tell your client that, although I am the insulted party, in order to carry out my eccentricity, I leave him the choice of arms, and will accept without discussion, without dispute, anything, even combat by drawing lots, which is always stupid, but with me different from other people, as I am sure to gain.”

the music of William Tell¹ is so sweet.”

¹ Herói lendário, ligado à formação da Suíça. Está mais para um Robin Hood que para um Aquiles, no entanto.

Monte Cristo waited, according to his usual custom, until Duprez had sung his famous <Suivez-moi!> then he rose and went out.”

Edmond, you will not kill my son?” The count retreated a step, uttered a slight exclamation, and let fall the pistol he held.

Fernand, do you mean?” replied Monte Cristo, with bitter irony; “since we are recalling names, let us remember them all.”

Listen to me, my son has also guessed who you are,—he attributes his father’s misfortunes to you.”

Madame, you are mistaken, they are not misfortunes,—it is a punishment.”

What are Yanina and its vizier to you, Edmond? What injury has Fernand Mondego done you in betraying Ali Tepelini?”

Ah, sir!” cried the countess, “how terrible a vengeance for a fault which fatality made me commit!—for I am the only culprit, Edmond, and if you owe revenge to anyone, it is to me, who had not fortitude to bear your absence and my solitude.”

But,” exclaimed Monte Cristo, “why was I absent? And why were you alone?”

Because you had been arrested, Edmond, and were a prisoner.”

And why was I arrested? Why was I a prisoner?”

I do not know,” said Mercédès.

You do not, madame; at least, I hope not. But I will tell you. I was arrested and became a prisoner because, under the arbor of La Réserve, the day before I was to marry you, a man named Danglars wrote this letter, which the fisherman Fernand himself posted.”

Monte Cristo went to a secretary desk, opened a drawer by a spring, from which he took a paper which had lost its original color, and the ink of which had become of a rusty hue—this he placed in the hands of Mercédès. It was Danglars’ letter to the king’s attorney, which the Count of Monte Cristo, disguised as a clerk from the house of Thomson & French, had taken from the file against Edmond Dantes, on the day he had paid the two hundred thousand francs to M. de Boville. Mercédès read with terror the following lines:—

The king”s attorney is informed by a friend to the throne and religion that one Edmond Dantes, second in command on board the Pharaon, this day arrived from Smyrna, after having touched at Naples and Porto-Ferrajo, is the bearer of a letter from Murat to the usurper, and of another letter from the usurper to the Bonapartist club in Paris. Ample corroboration of this statement may be obtained by arresting the above-mentioned Edmond Dantès, who either carries the letter for Paris about with him, or has it at his father’s abode. Should it not be found in possession of either father or son, then it will assuredly be discovered in the cabin belonging to the said Dantes on board the Pharaon.”

You well know, madame, was my arrest; but you do not know how long that arrest lasted. You do not know that I remained for fourteen years within a quarter of a league of you, in a dungeon in the Château d’If. You do not know that every day of those fourteen years I renewed the vow of vengeance which I had made the first day; and yet I was not aware that you had married Fernand, my calumniator, and that my father had died of hunger!”

Can it be?” cried Mercédès, shuddering.

That is what I heard on leaving my prison fourteen years after I had entered it; and that is why, on account of the living Mercédès and my deceased father, I have sworn to revenge myself on Fernand, and—I have revenged myself.”

besides, that is not much more odious than that a Frenchman by adoption should pass over to the English; that a Spaniard by birth should have fought against the Spaniards; that a stipendiary of Ali should have betrayed and murdered Ali. Compared with such things, what is the letter you have just read?—a lover’s deception, which the woman who has married that man ought certainly to forgive; but not so the lover who was to have married her.” 

Not crush that accursed race?” murmured he; “abandon my purpose at the moment of its accomplishment? Impossible, madame, impossible!”

Revenge yourself, then, Edmond,” cried the poor mother; “but let your vengeance fall on the culprits,—on him, on me, but not on my son!”

It is written in the good book,” said Monte Cristo, “that the sins of the fathers shall fall upon their children to the third and fourth generation. Since God himself dictated those words to his prophet, why should I seek to make myself better than God?”

Listen; for ten years I dreamed each night the same dream. I had been told that you had endeavored to escape; that you had taken the place of another prisoner; that you had slipped into the winding sheet of a dead body; that you had been thrown alive from the top of the Château d’If, and that the cry you uttered as you dashed upon the rocks first revealed to your jailers that they were your murderers. Well, Edmond, I swear to you, by the head of that son for whom I entreat your pity,—Edmond, for ten years I saw every night every detail of that frightful tragedy, and for ten years I heard every night the cry which awoke me, shuddering and cold.”

What I most loved after you, Mercédès, was myself, my dignity, and that strength which rendered me superior to other men; that strength was my life. With one word you have crushed it, and I die.”

it is melancholy to pass one’s life without having one joy to recall, without preserving a single hope; but that proves that all is not yet over. No, it is not finished; I feel it by what remains in my heart. Oh, I repeat it, Edmond; what you have just done is beautiful—it is grand; it is sublime.”

suppose that when everything was in readiness and the moment had come for God to look upon his work and see that it was good—suppose he had snuffed out the sun and tossed the world back into eternal night—then—even then, Mercédès, you could not imagine what I lose in sacrificing my life at this moment.”

What a fool I was,” said he, “not to tear my heart out on the day when I resolved to avenge myself!”

MOMENT OF HESITATION

what? this edifice which I have been so long preparing, which I have reared with so much care and toil, is to be crushed by a single touch, a word, a breath! Yes, this self, of whom I thought so much, of whom I was so proud, who had appeared so worthless in the dungeons of the Château d’If, and whom I had succeeded in making so great, will be but a lump of clay tomorrow. Alas, it is not the death of the body I regret; for is not the destruction of the vital principle, the repose to which everything is tending, to which every unhappy being aspires,—is not this the repose of matter after which I so long sighed, and which I was seeking to attain by the painful process of starvation when Faria appeared in my dungeon? What is death for me? One step farther” But now is time to set back once again…

It is not God’s will that they should be accomplished.”

Oh, shall I then, again become a fatalist, whom fourteen years of despair and ten of hope had rendered a believer in Providence? And all this—all this, because my heart, which I thought dead, was only sleeping; because it has awakened and has begun to beat again, because I have yielded to the pain of the emotion excited in my breast by a woman’s voice.

yet, it is impossible that so noble-minded a woman should thus through selfishness consent to my death when I am in the prime of life and strength; it is impossible that she can carry to such a point maternal love, or rather delirium. There are virtues which become crimes by exaggeration. No, she must have conceived some pathetic scene; she will come and throw herself between us; and what would be sublime here will there appear ridiculous.”

I ridiculous? No, I would rather die.”

By thus exaggerating to his own mind the anticipated ill-fortune of the next day, to which he had condemned himself by promising Mercédès to spare her son, the count at last exclaimed, “Folly, folly, folly!—to carry generosity so far as to put myself up as a mark for that young man to aim at. He will never believe that my death was suicide; and yet it is important for the honor of my memory,—and this surely is not vanity, but a justifiable pride,—it is important the world should know that I have consented, by my free will, to stop my arm, already raised to strike, and that with the arm which has been so powerful against others I have struck myself. It must be; it shall be.” She remembered that she had a son, said he; and I forgot I had a daughter.

and seeing that sweet pale face, those lovely eyes closed, that beautiful form motionless and to all appearance lifeless, the idea occurred to him for the first time, that perhaps she loved him otherwise than as a daughter loves a father.”

I said to myself that justice must be on your side, or man’s countenance is no longer to be relied on.”

But what has happened, then, since last evening, count?”

The same thing that happened to Brutus the night before the battle of Philippi; I have seen a ghost.”

And that ghost——”

Told me, Morrel, that I had lived long enough.”

Do I regret life? What is it to me, who have passed twenty years between life and death? (…) I know the world is a drawing-room, from which we must retire politely and honestly; that is, with a bow, and our debts of honor paid.”

<I say, and proclaim it publicly, that you were justified in revenging yourself on my father, and I, his son, thank you for not using greater severity.>

Had a thunderbolt fallen in the midst of the spectators of this unexpected scene, it would not have surprised them more than did Albert’s declaration. As for Monte Cristo, his eyes slowly rose towards heaven with an expression of infinite gratitude. He could not understand how Albert’s fiery nature, of which he had seen so much among the Roman bandits, had suddenly stooped to this humiliation.”

Next to the merit of infallibility which you appear to possess, I rank that of candidly acknowledging a fault. But this confession concerns me only. I acted well as a man, but you have acted better than man.”

Providence still,” murmured he; “now only am I fully convinced of being the emissary of God!”

nothing induces serious duels so much as a duel forsworn.”

Mother,” said Albert with firmness. “I cannot make you share the fate I have planned for myself. I must live henceforth without rank and fortune, and to begin this hard apprenticeship I must borrow from a friend the loaf I shall eat until I have earned one. So, my dear mother, I am going at once to ask Franz to lend me the small sum I shall require to supply my present wants.”

I know that from the gulf in which their enemies have plunged them they have risen with so much vigor and glory that in their turn they have ruled their former conquerors, and have punished them.”

You had friends, Albert; break off their acquaintance. But do not despair; you have life before you, my dear Albert, for you are yet scarcely 22 years old; and as a pure heart like yours wants a spotless name, take my father’s—it was Herrera.”

Providence is not willing that the innocent should suffer for the guilty.”

Oh,” said the count, “I only know two things which destroy the appetite,—grief—and as I am happy to see you very cheerful, it is not that—and love.”

Every transport of a daughter finding a father, all the delight of a mistress seeing an adored lover, were felt by Haydée during the first moments of this meeting, which she had so eagerly expected. Doubtless, although less evident, Monte Cristo’s joy was not less intense. Joy to hearts which have suffered long is like the dew on the ground after a long drought; both the heart and the ground absorb that beneficent moisture falling on them, and nothing is outwardly apparent.

Monte Cristo was beginning to think, what he had not for a long time dared to believe, that there were two Mercédès in the world, and he might yet be happy.

We must explain this visit, which although expected by Monte Cristo, is unexpected to our readers.”

you know the guilty do not like to find themselves convicted.”

You call yourself, in Paris, the Count of Monte Cristo; in Italy, Sinbad the Sailor; in Malta, I forget what. But it is your real name I want to know, in the midst of your hundred names, that I may pronounce it when we meet to fight, at the moment when I plunge my sword through your heart.”

he uttered the most dreadful sob which ever escaped from the bosom of a father abandoned at the same time by his wife and son.”

Do you then really suffer?” asked Morrel quickly.

Oh, it must not be called suffering; I feel a general uneasiness, that is all. I have lost my appetite, and my stomach feels as if it were struggling to get accustomed to something.” Noirtier did not lose a word of what Valentine said. “And what treatment do you adopt for this singular complaint?”

A very simple one,” said Valentine. “I swallow every morning a spoonful of the mixture prepared for my grandfather. When I say one spoonful, I began by one—now I take four. Grandpapa says it is a panacea.” Valentine smiled, but it was evident that she suffered.

Maximilian, in his devotedness, gazed silently at her. She was very beautiful, but her usual pallor had increased; her eyes were more brilliant than ever, and her hands, which were generally white like mother-of-pearl, now more resembled wax, to which time was adding a yellowish hue.

Noirtier raised his eyes to heaven, as a gambler does who stakes his all on one stroke.”

since I am to be married whether I will or not, I ought to be thankful to Providence for having released me from my engagement with M. Albert de Morcerf, or I should this day have been the wife of a dishonored man.”

D’Avrigny’s look implied, “I told you it would be so.” Then he slowly uttered these words, “Who is now dying in your house? What new victim is going to accuse you of weakness before God?” A mournful sob burst from Villefort’s heart; he approached the doctor, and seizing his arm,—“Valentine,” said he, “it is Valentine’s turn!”

Your daughter!” cried d’Avrigny with grief and surprise.

a dead father or husband is better than a dishonored one,—blood washes out shame.”

You say an exterminating angel appears to have devoted that house to God’s anger—well, who says your supposition is not reality?”

Conscience, what hast thou to do with me?” as Sterne said.

See,” said he, “my dear friend, how God punishes the most thoughtless and unfeeling men for their indifference, by presenting dreadful scenes to their view. (…) I, who like a wicked angel was laughing at the evil men committed protected by secrecy (a secret is easily kept by the rich and powerful), I am in my turn bitten by the serpent whose tortuous course I was watching, and bitten to the heart!”

What does the angel of light or the angel of darkness say to that mind, at once implacable and generous? God only knows.”

Oh, count, you overwhelm me with that coolness. Have you, then, power against death? Are you superhuman? Are you an angel?”

To the world and to his servants Danglars assumed the character of the good-natured man and the indulgent father. This was one of his parts in the popular comedy he was performing,—a make-up he had adopted and which suited him about as well as the masks worn on the classic stage by paternal actors, who seen from one side, were the image of geniality, and from the other showed lips drawn down in chronic ill-temper. Let us hasten to say that in private the genial side descended to the level of the other, so that generally the indulgent man disappeared to give place to the brutal husband and domineering father.”

Cavalcanti may appear to those who look at men’s faces and figures as a very good specimen of his kind. It is not, either, that my heart is less touched by him than any other; that would be a schoolgirl’s reason, which I consider quite beneath me. I actually love no one, sir; you know it, do you not? I do not then see why, without real necessity, I should encumber my life with a perpetual companion. Has not some sage said, <Nothing too much>? and another, <I carry all my effects with me>? I have been taught these two aphorisms in Latin and in Greek; one is, I believe, from Phædrus, and the other from Bias. (…) life is an eternal shipwreck of our hopes”

The world calls me beautiful. It is something to be well received. I like a favorable reception; it expands the countenance, and those around me do not then appear so ugly. I possess a share of wit, and a certain relative sensibility, which enables me to draw from life in general, for the support of mine, all I meet with that is good, like the monkey who cracks the nut to get at its contents. I am rich, for you have one of the first fortunes in France. I am your only daughter, and you are not so exacting as the fathers of the Porte Saint-Martin and Gaîté, who disinherit their daughters for not giving them grandchildren. Besides, the provident law has deprived you of the power to disinherit me, at least entirely, as it has also of the power to compel me to marry Monsieur This or Monsieur That. And so—being, beautiful, witty, somewhat talented, as the comic operas say, and rich—and that is happiness, sir—why do you call me unhappy?”

Eugénie looked at Danglars, much surprised that one flower of her crown of pride, with which she had so superbly decked herself, should be disputed.”

I do not willingly enter into arithmetical explanations with an artist like you, who fears to enter my study lest she should imbibe disagreeable or anti-poetic impressions and sensations.”

the credit of a banker is his physical and moral life; that credit sustains him as breath animates the body”

as credit sinks, the body becomes a corpse, and this is what must happen very soon to the banker who is proud to own so good a logician as you for his daughter.” But Eugénie, instead of stooping, drew herself up under the blow. “Ruined?” said she.

Yes, ruined! Now it is revealed, this secret so full of horror, as the tragic poet says. Now, my daughter, learn from my lips how you may alleviate this misfortune, so far as it will affect you.””

Oh,” cried Eugénie, “you are a bad physiognomist, if you imagine I deplore on my own account the catastrophe of which you warn me. I ruined? and what will that signify to me? Have I not my talent left? Can I not, like Pasta¹, Malibran², Grisi³, acquire for myself what you would never have given me, whatever might have been your fortune, 100 or 150.000 livres per annum, for which I shall be indebted to no one but myself; and which, instead of being given as you gave me those poor 12.000 francs, with sour looks and reproaches for my prodigality, will be accompanied with acclamations, with bravos, and with flowers? And if I do not possess that talent, which your smiles prove to me you doubt, should I not still have that ardent love of independence, which will be a substitute for wealth, and which in my mind supersedes even the instinct of self-preservation? No, I grieve not on my own account, I shall always find a resource; my books, my pencils, my piano, all the things which cost but little, and which I shall be able to procure, will remain my own.

¹ Giuditta Pasta, soprano italiana do século XIX.

² Maria Malibran, mezzo-soprano espanhola, foi contemporânea de G. Pasta, mas só viveu 28 anos.

³ Outra mezzo-soprano de família abastada e freqüente nas óperas de Rossini. Na verdade, a dúvida é se se trata de Giuditta ou Giulia, a caçula, ambas muito talentosas.

From my earliest recollections, I have been beloved by no one—so much the worse; that has naturally led me to love no one—so much the better—now you have my profession of faith.”

I do not despise bankruptcies, believe me, but they must be those which enrich, not those which ruin.”

Five minutes afterwards the piano resounded to the touch of Mademoiselle d’Armilly’s fingers, and Mademoiselle Danglars was singing Brabantio’s malediction on Desdemona¹.

¹ Ou “Brabanzio”. Trata-se de uma cena do Otelo de Shakespeare.

Without reckoning,” added Monte Cristo, “that he is on the eve of entering into a sort of speculation already in vogue in the United States and in England, but quite novel in France.”

Yes, yes, I know what you mean,—the railway, of which he has obtained the grant, is it not?”

Precisely; it is generally believed he will gain ten millions by that affair.”

Ten millions! Do you think so? It is magnificent!” said Cavalcanti, who was quite confounded at the metallic sound of these golden words.

Well, you must become a diplomatist; diplomacy, you know, is something that is not to be acquired; it is instinctive. Have you lost your heart?”

This calm tone and perfect ease made Andrea feel that he was, for the moment, restrained by a more muscular hand than his own, and that the restraint could not be easily broken through.”

What is it?”

Advice.”

Be careful; advice is worse than a service.”

An Academician would say that the entertainments of the fashionable world are collections of flowers which attract inconstant butterflies, famished bees, and buzzing drones.”

At the moment when the hand of the massive time-piece, representing Endymion asleep, pointed to nine on its golden face, and the hammer, the faithful type of mechanical thought, struck nine times, the name of the Count of Monte Cristo resounded in its turn, and as if by an electric shock all the assembly turned towards the door.”

Having accomplished these three social duties, Monte Cristo stopped, looking around him with that expression peculiar to a certain class, which seems to say, <I have done my duty, now let others do theirs.>”

all were eager to speak to him, as is always the case with those whose words are few and weighty.”

Mademoiselle Danglars’ charms were heightened in the opinion of the young men, and for the moment seemed to outvie the sun in splendor. As for the ladies, it is needless to say that while they coveted the millions, they thought they did not need them for themselves, as they were beautiful enough without them.”

But at the same instant the crowd of guests rushed in alarm into the principal salon as if some frightful monster had entered the apartments, quærens quem devoret [procurando quem devorar]. There was, indeed, reason to retreat, to be alarmed, and to scream. An officer was placing two soldiers at the door of each drawing-room, and was advancing towards Danglars, preceded by a commissary of police, girded with his scarf.”

What is the matter, sir?” asked Monte Cristo, advancing to meet the commissioner.

Which of you gentlemen,” asked the magistrate, without replying to the count, “answers to the name of Andrea Cavalcanti?” A cry of astonishment was heard from all parts of the room. They searched; they questioned. “But who then is Andrea Cavalcanti?” asked Danglars in amazement.

A galley-slave, escaped from confinement at Toulon.”

And what crime has he committed?”

He is accused,” said the commissary with his inflexible voice, “of having assassinated the man named Caderousse, his former companion in prison, at the moment he was making his escape from the house of the Count of Monte Cristo.” Monte Cristo cast a rapid glance around him. Andrea was gone.

Oh, do not confound the two, Eugénie.”

Hold your tongue! The men are all infamous, and I am happy to be able now to do more than detest them—I despise them.”

Oh, I am done with considering! I am tired of hearing only of market reports, of the end of the month, of the rise and fall of Spanish funds, of Haitian bonds. Instead of that, Louise—do you understand?—air, liberty, melody of birds, plains of Lombardy, Venetian canals, Roman palaces, the Bay of Naples. How much have we, Louise?”

that deep sleep which is sure to visit men of twenty years of age, even when they are torn with remorse.”

The honorable functionary had scarcely expressed himself thus, in that intonation which is peculiar to brigadiers of the gendarmerie, when a loud scream, accompanied by the violent ringing of a bell, resounded through the court of the hotel. <Ah, what is that?> cried the brigadier.

<Some traveller seems impatient,> said the host. <What number was it that rang?>

<Number 3.>”

Andrea had very cleverly managed to descend two-thirds of the chimney, but then his foot slipped, and notwithstanding his endeavors, he came into the room with more speed and noise than he intended. It would have signified little had the room been empty, but unfortunately it was occupied. Two ladies, sleeping in one bed, were awakened by the noise, and fixing their eyes upon the spot whence the sound proceeded, they saw a man. One of these ladies, the fair one, uttered those terrible shrieks which resounded through the house, while the other, rushing to the bell-rope, rang with all her strength. Andrea, as we can see, was surrounded by misfortune.

<For pity’s sake,> he cried, pale and bewildered, without seeing whom he was addressing,—<for pity’s sake do not call assistance! Save me!—I will not harm you.>

<Andrea, the murderer!> cried one of the ladies.

<Eugénie! Mademoiselle Danglars!> exclaimed Andrea, stupefied.”

The baroness had looked forward to this marriage as a means of ridding her of a guardianship which, over a girl of Eugénie’s character, could not fail to be rather a troublesome undertaking; for in the tacit relations which maintain the bond of family union, the mother, to maintain her ascendancy over her daughter, must never fail to be a model of wisdom and a type of perfection.”

Sir, I do not deny the justice of your correction, but the more severely you arm yourself against that unfortunate man, the more deeply will you strike our family. Come, forget him for a moment, and instead of pursuing him, let him go.”

Listen; this is his description: <Benedetto, condemned, at the age of 16, for 5 years to the galleys for forgery.> He promised well, as you see—first a runaway, then an assassin.”

And who is this wretch?”

Who can tell?—a vagabond, a Corsican.”

Has no one owned him?”

No one; his parents are unknown.”

But who was the man who brought him from Lucca?”

for heaven’s sake, do not ask pardon of me for a guilty wretch! What am I?—the law. Has the law any eyes to witness your grief? Has the law ears to be melted by your sweet voice? Has the law a memory for all those soft recollections you endeavor to recall?” “Has mankind treated me as a brother? Have men loved me? Have they spared me? Has anyone shown the mercy towards me that you now ask at my hands? No, madame, they struck me, always struck me!”

Alas, alas, alas; all the world is wicked; let us therefore strike at wickedness!”

While working night and day, I sometimes lose all recollection of the past, and then I experience the same sort of happiness I can imagine the dead feel; still, it is better than suffering.”

Valentine, the hand which now threatens you will pursue you everywhere; your servants will be seduced with gold, and death will be offered to you disguised in every shape. You will find it in the water you drink from the spring, in the fruit you pluck from the tree.”

But did you not say that my kind grandfather’s precaution had neutralized the poison?”

Yes, but not against a strong dose; the poison will be changed, and the quantity increased.” He took the glass and raised it to his lips. “It is already done,” he said; “brucine is no longer employed, but a simple narcotic! I can recognize the flavor of the alcohol in which it has been dissolved. If you had taken what Madame de Villefort has poured into your glass, Valentine—Valentine—you would have been doomed!”

But,” exclaimed the young girl, “why am I thus pursued?”

Why?—are you so kind—so good—so unsuspicious of ill, that you cannot understand, Valentine?”

No, I have never injured her.”

But you are rich, Valentine; you have 200.000 livres a year, and you prevent her son from enjoying these 200.000 livres.”

Edward? Poor child! Are all these crimes committed on his account?”

Ah, then you at length understand?”

And is it possible that this frightful combination of crimes has been invented by a woman?”

Valentine, would you rather denounce your stepmother?”

I would rather die a hundred times—oh, yes, die!”

She tried to replace the arm, but it moved with a frightful rigidity which could not deceive a sick-nurse.”

For some temperaments work is a remedy for all afflictions.”

and the Rue du Faubourg Saint-Honoré was filled with a crowd of idlers, equally pleased to witness the festivities or the mourning of the rich, and who rush with the same avidity to a funeral procession as to the marriage of a duchess.”

but the article is not mine; indeed, I doubt if it will please M. Villefort, for it says that if four successive deaths had happened anywhere else than in the house of the king’s attorney, he would have interested himself somewhat more about it.”

Do you know, count, that persons of our time of life—not that you belong to the class, you are still a young man,—but as I was saying, persons of our time of life have been very unfortunate this year. For example, look at the puritanical procureur, who has just lost his daughter, and in fact nearly all his family, in so singular a manner; Morcerf dishonored and dead; and then myself covered with ridicule through the villany of Benedetto; besides——”

Oh, how happy you must be in not having either wife or children!”

Do you think so?”

Indeed I do.”

Philosophers may well say, and practical men will always support the opinion, that money mitigates many trials; and if you admit the efficacy of this sovereign balm, you ought to be very easily consoled—you, the king of finance, the focus of immeasurable power.”

<So rich, dear sir, that your fortune resembles the pyramids; if you wished to demolish them you could not, and if it were possible, you would not dare!> Danglars smiled at the good-natured pleasantry of the count.”

It is a fine thing to have such credit; really, it is only in France these things are done. Five millions on five little scraps of paper!—it must be seen to be believed.”

If a thunderbolt had fallen at the banker’s feet, he could not have experienced greater terror.”

<I never joke with bankers,> said Monte Cristo in a freezing manner”

Ah, true, I was writing. I do sometimes, soldier though I am.”

Why do you mention my father?” stammered he; “why do you mingle a recollection of him with the affairs of today?”

Because I am he who saved your father’s life when he wished to destroy himself, as you do today—because I am the man who sent the purse to your young sister, and the Pharaon to old Morrel—because I am the Edmond Dantes who nursed you, a child, on my knees.” Morrel made another step back, staggering, breathless, crushed; then all his strength give way, and he fell prostrate at the feet of Monte Cristo. Then his admirable nature underwent a complete and sudden revulsion; he arose, rushed out of the room and to the stairs, exclaiming energetically, “Julie, Julie—Emmanuel, Emmanuel!”

<Live—the day will come when you will be happy, and will bless life!>—no matter whose voice had spoken, we should have heard him with the smile of doubt, or the anguish of incredulity,—and yet how many times has your father blessed life while embracing you—how often have I myself——”

Ah,” exclaimed Morrel, interrupting the count, “you had only lost your liberty, my father had only lost his fortune, but I have lost Valentine.”

in grief, as in life, there is always something to look forward to beyond (…) one day you will thank me for having preserved your life.”

Come—do you know of what the Count of Monte Cristo is capable? do you know that he holds terrestrial beings under his control?”

I do not know whether you remember that this is the 5th of September; it is 10 years today since I saved your father’s life, who wished to die.”

Asmodeus—that diabolical personage, who would have been created by every fertile imagination if Le Sage had not acquired the priority in his great masterpiece—would have enjoyed a singular spectacle, if he had lifted up the roof of the little house in the Rue Saint-Germain-des-Prés, while Debray was casting up his figures.”

Amongst the Catalans, Mercédès wished for a thousand things, but still she never really wanted any. So long as the nets were good, they caught fish; and so long as they sold their fish, they were able to buy twine for new nets.”

Now I think we are rich, since instead of the 114 francs we require for the journey we find ourselves in possession of 250.”

Silence,—be silent!” said Andrea, who knew the delicate sense of hearing possessed by the walls; “for heaven’s sake, do not speak so loud!”

But I have always observed that poisoners were cowards. Can you be a coward,—you who have had the courage to witness the death of two old men and a young girl murdered by you?”

What I require is, that justice be done. I am on the earth to punish, madame,” he added, with a flaming glance; “any other woman, were it the queen herself, I would send to the executioner; but to you I shall be merciful. To you I will say, <Have you not, madame, put aside some of the surest, deadliest, most speedy poison?>”

Oh, pardon me, sir; let me live!”

She is cowardly,” said Villefort.

and one of the softest and most brilliant days of September shone forth in all its splendor.”

Well, do you know why they die so multitudinously at M. de Villefort’s?”

<Multitudinously> is good,” said Château-Renaud.

My good fellow, you’ll find the word in Saint-Simon.”

But the thing itself is at M. de Villefort’s; but let’s get back to the subject.”

Talking of that,” said Debray, “Madame was making inquiries about that house, which for the last three months has been hung with black.”

Who is Madame?” asked Château-Renaud.

The minister’s wife, pardieu!

No, my dear fellow, it is not at all incredible. You saw the child pass through the Rue Richelieu last year, who amused himself with killing his brothers and sisters by sticking pins in their ears while they slept. The generation who follow us are very precocious.”

I am 21 years old, or rather I shall be in a few days, as I was born the night of the 27th of September, 1817.” M. de Villefort, who was busy taking down some notes, raised his head at the mention of this date.

<At Auteuil, near Paris.>” M. de Villefort a second time raised his head, looked at Benedetto as if he had been gazing at the head of Medusa, and became livid. As for Benedetto, he gracefully wiped his lips with a fine cambric pocket-handkerchief.”

This is, indeed, the reason why I begged you to alter the order of the questions.” The public astonishment had reached its height. There was no longer any deceit or bravado in the manner of the accused. The audience felt that a startling revelation was to follow this ominous prelude.

Well,” said the president; “your name?”

I cannot tell you my name, since I do not know it; but I know my father’s, and can tell it to you.”

A painful giddiness overwhelmed Villefort; great drops of acrid sweat fell from his face upon the papers which he held in his convulsed hand.

Repeat your father’s name,” said the president. Not a whisper, not a breath, was heard in that vast assembly; everyone waited anxiously.

My father is king’s attorney,’ replied Andrea calmly.

King’s attorney?” said the president, stupefied, and without noticing the agitation which spread over the face of M. de Villefort; ‘king’s attorney?”

Yes; and if you wish to know his name, I will tell it,—he is named Villefort.” The explosion, which had been so long restrained from a feeling of respect to the court of justice, now burst forth like thunder from the breasts of all present; the court itself did not seek to restrain the feelings of the audience. The exclamations, the insults addressed to Benedetto, who remained perfectly unconcerned, the energetic gestures, the movement of the gendarmes, the sneers of the scum of the crowd always sure to rise to the surface in case of any disturbance—all this lasted five minutes, before the door-keepers and magistrates were able to restore silence.

the procureur, who sat as motionless as though a thunderbolt had changed him into a corpse.”

I was born in No. 28, Rue de la Fontaine, in a room hung with red damask; my father took me in his arms, telling my mother I was dead, wrapped me in a napkin marked with an H and an N, and carried me into a garden, where he buried me alive.”

A shudder ran through the assembly when they saw that the confidence of the prisoner increased in proportion to the terror of M. de Villefort. “But how have you become acquainted with all these details?” asked the president.

The man carried me to the foundling asylum, where I was registered under the number 37. Three months afterwards, a woman travelled from Rogliano to Paris to fetch me, and having claimed me as her son, carried me away. Thus, you see, though born in Paris, I was brought up in Corsica.” “my perverse disposition prevailed over the virtues which my adopted mother endeavored to instil into my heart. I increased in wickedness till I committed crime.”

<Do not blaspheme, unhappy child, the crime is that of your father, not yours,—of your father, who consigned you to hell if you died, and to misery if a miracle preserved you alive.> After that I ceased to blaspheme, but I cursed my father. That is why I have uttered the words for which you blame me; that is why I have filled this whole assembly with horror. If I have committed an additional crime, punish me, but if you will allow that ever since the day of my birth my fate has been sad, bitter, and lamentable, then pity me.”

<My mother thought me dead; she is not guilty. I did not even wish to know her name, nor do I know it.>” Just then a piercing cry, ending in a sob, burst from the centre of the crowd, who encircled the lady who had before fainted, and who now fell into a violent fit of hysterics. She was carried out of the hall, the thick veil which concealed her face dropped off, and Madame Danglars was recognized.”

Well, then, look at M. de Villefort, and then ask me for proofs.”

Everyone turned towards the procureur, who, unable to bear the universal gaze now riveted on him alone, advanced staggering into the midst of the tribunal, with his hair dishevelled and his face indented with the mark of his nails. The whole assembly uttered a long murmur of astonishment.

Father,” said Benedetto, “I am asked for proofs, do you wish me to give them?”

No, no, it is useless,” stammered M. de Villefort in a hoarse voice; “no, it is useless!”

How useless?” cried the president, “what do you mean?”

I mean that I feel it impossible to struggle against this deadly weight which crushes me. Gentlemen, I know I am in the hands of an avenging God! We need no proofs; everything relating to this young man is true.”

A dull, gloomy silence, like that which precedes some awful phenomenon of nature, pervaded the assembly, who shuddered in dismay.

What, M. de Villefort,” cried the president, “do you yield to an hallucination? What, are you no longer in possession of your senses? This strange, unexpected, terrible accusation has disordered your reason. Come, recover.”

The procureur dropped his head; his teeth chattered like those of a man under a violent attack of fever, and yet he was deadly pale.

I am in possession of all my senses, sir,” he said; “my body alone suffers, as you may suppose. I acknowledge myself guilty of all the young man has brought against me, and from this hour hold myself under the authority of the procureur who will succeed me.”

And as he spoke these words with a hoarse, choking voice, he staggered towards the door, which was mechanically opened by a door-keeper.

Well,” said Beauchamp, “let them now say that drama is unnatural!”

Ma foi!” said Château-Renaud, “I would rather end my career like M. de Morcerf; a pistol-shot seems quite delightful compared with this catastrophe.”

And moreover, it kills,” said Beauchamp.

And to think that I had an idea of marrying his daughter,” said Debray. “She did well to die, poor girl!”

Many people have been assassinated in a tumult, but even criminals have rarely been insulted during trial.”

Those who hear the bitter cry are as much impressed as if they listened to an entire poem, and when the sufferer is sincere they are right in regarding his outburst as sublime.

It would be difficult to describe the state of stupor in which Villefort left the Palais. Every pulse beat with feverish excitement, every nerve was strained, every vein swollen, and every part of his body seemed to suffer distinctly from the rest, thus multiplying his agony a thousand-fold.”

The weight of his fallen fortunes seemed suddenly to crush him; he could not foresee the consequences; he could not contemplate the future with the indifference of the hardened criminal who merely faces a contingency already familiar.

God was still in his heart. <God,> he murmured, not knowing what he said,—<God—God!> Behind the event that had overwhelmed him he saw the hand of God.”

During the last hour his own crime had alone been presented to his mind; now another object, not less terrible, suddenly presented itself. His wife! He had just acted the inexorable judge with her, he had condemned her to death, and she, crushed by remorse, struck with terror, covered with the shame inspired by the eloquence of his irreproachable virtue,—she, a poor, weak woman, without help or the power of defending herself against his absolute and supreme will,—she might at that very moment, perhaps, be preparing to die!” “Ah,” he exclaimed, “that woman became criminal only from associating with me! I carried the infection of crime with me, and she has caught it as she would the typhus fever, the cholera, the plague! And yet I have punished her—I have dared to tell her—I have—<Repent and die!> But no, she must not die; she shall live, and with me. We will flee from Paris and go as far as the earth reaches. I told her of the scaffold; oh, heavens, I forgot that it awaits me also! How could I pronounce that word? Yes, we will fly (…) Oh, what an alliance—the tiger and the serpent; worthy wife of such as I am!” “She loves him; it was for his sake she has committed these crimes. We ought never to despair of softening the heart of a mother who loves her child.” “she will live and may yet be happy, since her child, in whom all her love is centred, will be with her. I shall have performed a good action, and my heart will be lighter.”

anxiety carried him on further.”

Héloïse!” he cried. He fancied he heard the sound of a piece of furniture being removed. “Héloïse!” he repeated.

It is done, monsieur,” she said with a rattling noise which seemed to tear her throat. “What more do you want?” and she fell full length on the floor.

Villefort ran to her and seized her hand, which convulsively clasped a crystal bottle with a golden stopper. Madame de Villefort was dead. Villefort, maddened with horror, stepped back to the threshhold of the door, fixing his eyes on the corpse: “My son!” he exclaimed suddenly, “where is my son?—Edward, Edward!” and he rushed out of the room, still crying, “Edward, Edward!”

his thoughts flew about madly in his brain like the wheels of a disordered watch.”

The unhappy man uttered an exclamation of joy; a ray of light seemed to penetrate the abyss of despair and darkness. He had only to step over the corpse, enter the boudoir, take the child in his arms, and flee far, far away.

Villefort was no longer the civilized man; he was a tiger hurt unto death, gnashing his teeth in his wound. He no longer feared realities, but phantoms. He leaped over the corpse as if it had been a burning brazier. He took the child in his arms, embraced him, shook him, called him, but the child made no response. He pressed his burning lips to the cheeks, but they were icy cold and pale; he felt the stiffened limbs; he pressed his hand upon the heart, but it no longer beat,—the child was dead.

A folded paper fell from Edward’s breast. Villefort, thunderstruck, fell upon his knees; the child dropped from his arms, and rolled on the floor by the side of its mother. He picked up the paper, and, recognizing his wife’s writing, ran his eyes rapidly over its contents; it ran as follows:—

You know that I was a good mother, since it was for my son’s sake I became criminal. A good mother cannot depart without her son.”

Villefort could not believe his eyes,—he could not believe his reason; he dragged himself towards the child’s body, and examined it as a lioness contemplates its dead cub. Then a piercing cry escaped from his breast, and he cried,

Still the hand of God.”

The presence of the two victims alarmed him; he could not bear solitude shared only by two corpses. Until then he had been sustained by rage, by his strength of mind, by despair, by the supreme agony which led the Titans to scale the heavens, and Ajax to defy the gods. He now arose, his head bowed beneath the weight of grief, and, shaking his damp, dishevelled hair, he who had never felt compassion for anyone determined to seek his father, that he might have someone to whom he could relate his misfortunes,—some one by whose side he might weep.

He descended the little staircase with which we are acquainted, and entered Noirtier’s room. The old man appeared to be listening attentively and as affectionately as his infirmities would allow to the Abbé Busoni, who looked cold and calm, as usual. Villefort, perceiving the abbé, passed his hand across his brow.

He recollected the call he had made upon him after the dinner at Auteuil, and then the visit the abbé had himself paid to his house on the day of Valentine’s death. “You here, sir!” he exclaimed; “do you, then, never appear but to act as an escort to death?”

Busoni turned around, and, perceiving the excitement depicted on the magistrate’s face, the savage lustre of his eyes, he understood that the revelation had been made at the assizes; but beyond this he was ignorant.

I came to pray over the body of your daughter.”

And now why are you here?”

I come to tell you that you have sufficiently repaid your debt, and that from this moment I will pray to God to forgive you, as I do.”

Good heavens!” exclaimed Villefort, stepping back fearfully, “surely that is not the voice of the Abbé Busoni!”

No!” The abbé threw off his wig, shook his head, and his hair, no longer confined, fell in black masses around his manly face.

It is the face of the Count of Monte Cristo!” exclaimed the procureur, with a haggard expression.

You are not exactly right, M. Procureur; you must go farther back.”

That voice, that voice!—where did I first hear it?”

You heard it for the first time at Marseilles, 23 years ago, the day of your marriage with Mademoiselle de Saint-Méran. Refer to your papers.”

You are not Busoni?—you are not Monte Cristo? Oh, heavens—you are, then, some secret, implacable, and mortal enemy! I must have wronged you in some way at Marseilles. Oh, woe to me!”

Yes; you are now on the right path,” said the count, crossing his arms over his broad chest; “search—search!”

But what have I done to you?” exclaimed Villefort, whose mind was balancing between reason and insanity, in that cloud which is neither a dream nor reality; “what have I done to you? Tell me, then! Speak!”

You condemned me to a horrible, tedious death; you killed my father; you deprived me of liberty, of love, and happiness.”

Who are you, then? Who are you?”

I am the spectre of a wretch you buried in the dungeons of the Château d’If. God gave that spectre the form of the Count of Monte Cristo when he at length issued from his tomb, enriched him with gold and diamonds, and led him to you!”

Ah, I recognize you—I recognize you!” exclaimed the king’s attorney; “you are——”

Monte Cristo became pale at this horrible sight; he felt that he had passed beyond the bounds of vengeance, and that he could no longer say, “God is for and with me.” With an expression of indescribable anguish he threw himself upon the body of the child, reopened its eyes, felt its pulse, and then rushed with him into Valentine’s room, of which he double-locked the door. “My child,” cried Villefort, “he carries away the body of my child! Oh, curses, woe, death to you!”

In his arms he held the child, whom no skill had been able to recall to life. Bending on one knee, he placed it reverently by the side of its mother, with its head upon her breast.” 

you may pretend he is not here, but I will find him, though I dig forever!” Monte Cristo drew back in horror.

Oh,” he said, “he is mad!” And as though he feared that the walls of the accursed house would crumble around him, he rushed into the street, for the first time doubting whether he had the right to do as he had done. “Oh, enough of this,—enough of this,” he cried; “let me save the last.”

Indeed,” said Julie, “might we not almost fancy, Emmanuel, that those people, so rich, so happy but yesterday, had forgotten in their prosperity that an evil genius—like the wicked fairies in Perrault’s stories who present themselves unbidden at a wedding or baptism—hovered over them, and appeared all at once to revenge himself for their fatal neglect?”

If the Supreme Being has directed the fatal blow,” said Emmanuel, “it must be that he in his great goodness has perceived nothing in the past lives of these people to merit mitigation of their awful punishment.”

Do you not form a very rash judgment, Emmanuel?” said Julie.

When he had fixed his piercing look on this modern Babylon, which equally engages the contemplation of the religious enthusiast, the materialist, and the scoffer,—

Great city,” murmured he, inclining his head, and joining his hands as if in prayer, “less than 6 months have elapsed since first I entered thy gates. I believe that the Spirit of God led my steps to thee and that he also enables me to quit thee in triumph; the secret cause of my presence within thy walls I have confided alone to him who only has had the power to read my heart. God only knows that I retire from thee without pride or hatred, but not without many regrets; he only knows that the power confided to me has never been made subservient to my personal good or to any useless cause. Oh, great city, it is in thy palpitating bosom that I have found that which I sought; like a patient miner, I have dug deep into thy very entrails to root out evil thence. Now my work is accomplished, my mission is terminated, now thou canst neither afford me pain nor pleasure. Adieu, Paris, adieu!”

Maximilian,” said the count, “the friends that we have lost do not repose in the bosom of the earth, but are buried deep in our hearts, and it has been thus ordained that we may always be accompanied by them. I have two friends, who in this way never depart from me; the one who gave me being, and the other who conferred knowledge and intelligence on me.” 

It is the way of weakened minds to see everything through a black cloud. The soul forms its own horizons; your soul is darkened, and consequently the sky of the future appears stormy and unpromising.”

Morrel was not insensible to that sensation of delight which is generally experienced in passing rapidly through the air, and the wind which occasionally raised the hair from his forehead seemed on the point of dispelling momentarily the clouds collected there.

As the distance increased between the travellers and Paris, almost superhuman serenity appeared to surround the count; he might have been taken for an exile about to revisit his native land.—Marseilles, white, fervid, full of life and energy,—Marseilles, the younger sister of Tyre and Carthage, the successor to them in the empire of the Mediterranean,—Marseilles, old, yet always young.

Oh, heavens!” exclaimed Morrel, “I do not deceive myself—that young man who is waving his hat, that youth in the uniform of a lieutenant, is Albert de Morcerf!”

Yes,” said Monte Cristo, “I recognized him.”

How so?—you were looking the other way.”

The Count smiled, as he was in the habit of doing when he did not want to make any reply, and he again turned towards the veiled woman, who soon disappeared at the corner of the street. Turning to his friend,—“Dear Maximilian,” said the count, “have you nothing to do in this land?”

See” (and she exposed her face completely to view)—“see, misfortune has silvered my hair, my eyes have shed so many tears that they are encircled by a rim of purple, and my brow is wrinkled. You, Edmond, on the contrary,—you are still young, handsome, dignified; it is because you have had faith; because you have had strength, because you have had trust in God, and God has sustained you.” “It often happens,” continued she, “that a first fault destroys the prospects of a whole life.” 

Why, having recognized you, and I the only one to do so—why was I able to save my son alone? Ought I not also to have rescued the man that I had accepted for a husband, guilty though he were? Yet I let him die! What do I say? Oh, merciful heavens, was I not accessory to his death by my supine insensibility, by my contempt for him, not remembering, or not willing to remember, that it was for my sake he had become a traitor and a perjurer? (…) like all renegades I am of evil omen to those who surround me!”

God needed me, and I lived. Examine the past and the present, and endeavor to dive into futurity, and then say whether I am not a divine instrument. The most dreadful misfortunes, the most frightful sufferings, the abandonment of all those who loved me, the persecution of those who did not know me, formed the trials of my youth; when suddenly, from captivity, solitude, misery, I was restored to light and liberty, and became the possessor of a fortune so brilliant, so unbounded, so unheard-of, that I must have been blind not to be conscious that God had endowed me with it to work out his own great designs.  (…) Not a thought was given to a life which you once, Mercédès, had the power to render blissful; not one hour of peaceful calm was mine; but I felt myself driven on like an exterminating angel.

I collected every means of attack and defence; I inured my body to the most violent exercises, my soul to the bitterest trials; I taught my arm to slay, my eyes to behold excruciating sufferings, and my mouth to smile at the most horrid spectacles. Good-natured, confiding, and forgiving as I had been, I became revengeful, cunning, and wicked, or rather, immovable as fate.”

Like the gulf between me and the past, there is an abyss between you, Edmond, and the rest of mankind; and I tell you freely that the comparison I draw between you and other men will ever be one of my greatest tortures. No, there is nothing in the world to resemble you in worth and goodness!”

Before I leave you, Mercédès, have you no request to make?” said the count.

I desire but one thing in this world, Edmond,—the happiness of my son.”

I approve of the deed, but I must pray for the dead.”

I have no will, unless it be the will never to decide.”

A man of the count’s temperament could not long indulge in that melancholy which can exist in common minds, but which destroys superior ones. He thought he must have made an error in his calculations if he now found cause to blame himself.”

can I have been following a false path?—can the end which I proposed be a mistaken end?—can one hour have sufficed to prove to an architect that the work upon which he founded all his hopes was an impossible, if not a sacrilegious, undertaking? I cannot reconcile myself to this idea—it would madden me. The reason why I am now dissatisfied is that I have not a clear appreciation of the past. The past, like the country through which we walk, becomes indistinct as we advance. My position is like that of a person wounded in a dream”

There had been no prisoners confined in the Château d’If since the revolution of July; it was only inhabited by a guard, kept there for the prevention of smuggling [tráfico]. A concierge waited at the door to exhibit to visitors this monument of curiosity, once a scene of terror. The count inquired whether any of the ancient jailers were still there; but they had all been pensioned, or had passed on to some other employment. The concierge who attended him had only been there since 1830. He visited his own dungeon. He again beheld the dull light vainly endeavoring to penetrate the narrow opening. His eyes rested upon the spot where had stood his bed, since then removed, and behind the bed the new stones indicated where the breach made by the Abbé Faria had been. Monte Cristo felt his limbs tremble; he seated himself upon a log of wood.

<Are there any stories connected with this prison besides the one relating to the poisoning of Mirabeau?> asked the count; <are there any traditions respecting these dismal abodes,—in which it is difficult to believe men can ever have imprisoned their fellow-creatures?>

<Yes, sir; indeed, the jailer Antoine told me one connected with this very dungeon.>

Monte Cristo shuddered; Antoine had been his jailer. He had almost forgotten his name and face, but at the mention of the name he recalled his person as he used to see it, the face encircled by a beard, wearing the brown jacket, the bunch of keys, the jingling of which he still seemed to hear.”

he felt afraid of hearing his own history.”

And which of them made this passage?”

Oh, it must have been the young man, certainly, for he was strong and industrious, while the abbé was aged and weak; besides, his mind was too vacillating to allow him to carry out an idea.”

Blind fools!” murmured the count.

However, be that as it may, the young man made a tunnel, how or by what means no one knows; but he made it, and there is the evidence yet remaining of his work. Do you see it?”

The result was that the two men communicated with one another; how long they did so, nobody knows. One day the old man fell ill and died. Now guess what the young one did?”

Tell me.”

Now this was his project. He fancied that they buried the dead at the Château d’If, and imagining they would not expend much labor on the grave of a prisoner, he calculated on raising the earth with his shoulders, but unfortunately their arrangements at the Château frustrated his projects. They never buried the dead; they merely attached a heavy cannon-ball to the feet, and then threw them into the sea. This is what was done. The young man was thrown from the top of the rock; the corpse was found on the bed next day, and the whole truth was guessed, for the men who performed the office then mentioned what they had not dared to speak of before, that at the moment the corpse was thrown into the deep, they heard a shriek, which was almost immediately stifled by the water in which it disappeared.” The count breathed with difficulty; the cold drops ran down his forehead, and his heart was full of anguish.

No,” he muttered, “the doubt I felt was but the commencement of forgetfulness; but here the wound reopens, and the heart again thirsts for vengeance. And the prisoner,” he continued aloud, “was he ever heard of afterwards?”

Oh, no; of course not.

Then you pity him?” said the count.

Ma foi, yes; though he was in his own element.”

What do you mean?”

The report was that he had been a naval officer, who had been confined for plotting with the Bonapartists.”

Great is truth,” muttered the count, “fire cannot burn, nor water drown it! Thus the poor sailor lives in the recollection of those who narrate his history; his terrible story is recited in the chimney-corner, and a shudder is felt at the description of his transit through the air to be swallowed by the deep.” Then, the count added aloud, “Was his name ever known?”

Oh, yes; but only as No. 34.” #SugestãodeTítulodeLivro

Oh, Villefort, Villefort,” murmured the count, “this scene must often have haunted thy sleepless hours!”

Ah—No. 27.”

Yes; No. 27.” repeated the count, who seemed to hear the voice of the abbé answering him in those very words through the wall when asked his name.

Come, sir.”

I will leave you the torch, sir.”

No, take it away; I can see in the dark.”

Why, you are like No. 34. They said he was so accustomed to darkness that he could see a pin in the darkest corner of his dungeon.”

He spent 14 years to arrive at that,” muttered the count.

The guide carried away the torch.

O God! he read, preserve my memory!

Oh, yes,” he cried, “that was my only prayer at last; I no longer begged for liberty, but memory; I dreaded to become mad and forgetful. O God, thou hast preserved my memory; I thank thee, I thank thee!” 

Listen,” said the guide; “I said to myself, <Something is always left in a cell inhabited by one prisoner for 15 years,> so I began to sound the wall.”

Ah,” cried Monte Cristo, remembering the abbé’s 2 hiding-places.

After some search, I found that the floor gave a hollow sound near the head of the bed, and at the hearth.”

Yes,” said the count, “yes.”

I raised the stones, and found——”

A rope-ladder and some tools?”

How do you know that?” asked the guide in astonishment.

I do not know—I only guess it, because that sort of thing is generally found in prisoners’ cells.”

Yes, sir, a rope-ladder and tools.”

And have you them yet?”

No, sir; I sold them to visitors, who considered them great curiosities; but I have still something left.”

What is it?” asked the count, impatiently.

A sort of book, written upon strips of cloth.”

Go and fetch it, my good fellow; and if it be what I hope, you will do well.”

I will run for it, sir;” and the guide went out. Then the count knelt down by the side of the bed, which death had converted into an altar. “Oh, second father,” he exclaimed, “thou who hast given me liberty, knowledge, riches; thou who, like beings of a superior order to ourselves, couldst understand the science of good and evil”

Remove from me the remains of doubt, which, if it change not to conviction, must become remorse!” The count bowed his head, and clasped his hands together.

The manuscript was the great work by the Abbé Faria upon the kingdoms of Italy. The count seized it hastily, his eyes immediately fell upon the epigraph, and he read, <Thou shalt tear out the dragons’ teeth, and shall trample the lions under foot, saith the Lord.>

Ah,” he exclaimed, “here is my answer. Thanks, father, thanks.”

The name he pronounced, in a voice of tenderness, amounting almost to love, was that of Haydée.”

Alas,” said Monte Cristo, “it is the infirmity of our nature always to believe ourselves much more unhappy than those who groan by our sides!”

I knew a man who like you had fixed all his hopes of happiness upon a woman. He was young, he had an old father whom he loved, a betrothed bride whom he adored. He was about to marry her, when one of the caprices of fate,—which would almost make us doubt the goodness of Providence, if that Providence did not afterwards reveal itself by proving that all is but a means of conducting to an end,—one of those caprices deprived him of his mistress, of the future of which he had dreamed (for in his blindness he forgot he could only read the present), and cast him into a dungeon.”

Fourteen years!” he muttered—“Fourteen years!” repeated the count. “During that time he had many moments of despair. He also, Morrel, like you, considered himself the unhappiest of men.”

She was dead?”

Worse than that, she was faithless, and had married one of the persecutors of her betrothed. You see, then, Morrel, that he was a more unhappy lover than you.”

And has he found consolation?”

He has at least found peace.”

And does he ever expect to be happy?”

He hopes so, Maximilian.” The young man’s head fell on his breast.

Another proof that he was a native of the universal country was apparent in the fact of his knowing no other Italian words than the terms used in music, and which like the <goddam> of Figaro, served all possible linguistic requirements. <Allegro!> he called out to the postilions at every ascent. <Moderato!> he cried as they descended. And heaven knows there are hills enough between Rome and Florence by the way of Aquapendente! These two words greatly amused the men to whom they were addressed.

What subject of meditation could present itself to the banker, so fortunately become bankrupt?

Danglars thought for ten minutes about his wife in Paris; another ten minutes about his daughter travelling with Mademoiselle d’Armilly; the same period was given to his creditors, and the manner in which he intended spending their money; and then, having no subject left for contemplation, he shut his eyes, and fell asleep.”

where are we going?”

Dentro la testa! answered a solemn and imperious voice, accompanied by a menacing gesture. Danglars thought dentro la testa meant, “Put in your head!” He was making rapid progress in Italian. He obeyed, not without some uneasiness, which, momentarily increasing, caused his mind, instead of being as unoccupied as it was when he began his journey, to fill with ideas which were very likely to keep a traveller awake, more especially one in such a situation as Danglars. His eyes acquired that quality which in the first moment of strong emotion enables them to see distinctly, and which afterwards fails from being too much taxed. Before we are alarmed, we see correctly; when we are alarmed, we see double; and when we have been alarmed, we see nothing but trouble.

His hair stood on end. He remembered those interesting stories, so little believed in Paris, respecting Roman bandits; he remembered the adventures that Albert de Morcerf had related when it was intended that he should marry Mademoiselle Eugénie.”

Is this the man?” asked the captain, who was attentively reading Plutarch’s Life of Alexander.

Himself, captain—himself.”

The man is tired,” said the captain, “conduct him to his bed.”

Oh,” murmured Danglars, “that bed is probably one of the coffins hollowed in the wall, and the sleep I shall enjoy will be death from one of the poniards I see glistening in the darkness.”

From their beds of dried leaves or wolf-skins at the back of the chamber now arose the companions of the man who had been found by Albert de Morcerf reading Cæsar’s Commentaries, and by Danglars studying the Life of Alexander. The banker uttered a groan and followed his guide; he neither supplicated nor exclaimed. He no longer possessed strength, will, power, or feeling; he followed where they led him. At length he found himself at the foot of a staircase, and he mechanically lifted his foot five or six times. Then a low door was opened before him, and bending his head to avoid striking his forehead he entered a small room cut out of the rock. The cell was clean, though empty, and dry, though situated at an immeasurable distance under the earth.

Oh, God be praised,” he said; “it is a real bed!”

Ecco! said the guide, and pushing Danglars into the cell, he closed the door upon him. A bolt grated and Danglars was a prisoner. If there had been no bolt, it would have been impossible for him to pass through the midst of the garrison who held the catacombs of St. Sebastian, encamped round a master whom our readers must have recognized as the famous Luigi Vampa.

Since the bandits had not despatched him at once, he felt that they would not kill him at all. They had arrested him for the purpose of robbery, and as he had only a few louis about him, he doubted not he would be ransomed. He remembered that Morcerf had been taxed at 4.000 crowns, and as he considered himself of much greater importance than Morcerf he fixed his own price at 8.000 crowns. Eight thousand crowns amounted to 48.000 livres; he would then have about 5.050.000 francs left. With this sum he could manage to keep out of difficulties.”

His first idea was to breathe, that he might know whether he was wounded. He borrowed this from Don Quixote, the only book he had ever read, but which he still slightly remembered.”

Two millions?—three?—four? Come, four? I will give them to you on condition that you let me go.”

Why do you offer me 4.000.000 for what is worth 5.000.000? This is a kind of usury, banker, that I do not understand.”

Take all, then—take all, I tell you, and kill me!”

Come, come, calm yourself. You will excite your blood, and that would produce an appetite it would require a million a day to satisfy. Be more economical.”

(…)

But you say you do not wish to kill me?”

No.”

And yet you will let me perish with hunger?”

Ah, that is a different thing.”

For the first time in his life, Danglars contemplated death with a mixture of dread and desire; the time had come when the implacable spectre, which exists in the mind of every human creature, arrested his attention and called out with every pulsation of his heart, <Thou shalt die!>”

he who had just abandoned 5.000.000 endeavored to save the 50.000 francs he had left, and sooner than give them up he resolved to enter again upon a life of privation—he was deluded by the hopefulness that is a premonition of madness. He who for so long a time had forgotten God, began to think that miracles were possible—that the accursed cavern might be discovered by the officers of the Papal States, who would release him; that then he would have 50.000 remaining, which would be sufficient to save him from starvation; and finally he prayed that this sum might be preserved to him, and as he prayed he wept.”

Are you not a Christian?” he said, falling on his knees. “Do you wish to assassinate a man who, in the eyes of heaven, is a brother? Oh, my former friends, my former friends!” he murmured, and fell with his face to the ground. Then rising in despair, he exclaimed, “The chief, the chief!”

Still, there have been men who suffered more than you.”

I do not think so.”

Yes; those who have died of hunger.”

Danglars thought of the old man whom, in his hours of delirium, he had seen groaning on his bed. He struck his forehead on the ground and groaned. “Yes,” he said, “there have been some who have suffered more than I have, but then they must have been martyrs at least.”

Yes; you see I am as exact as you are. But you are dripping, my dear fellow; you must change your clothes, as Calypso said to Telemachus. Come, I have a habitation prepared for you in which you will soon forget fatigue and cold.”

I have made an agreement with the navy, that the access to my island shall be free of all charge. I have made a bargain.”

Morrel looked at the count with surprise. “Count,” he said, “you are not the same here as in Paris.”

You are wrong, Morrel; I was really happy.”

Then you forget me, so much the better.”

How so?”

Yes; for as the gladiator said to the emperor, when he entered the arena, <He who is about to die salutes you.>

Why should we not spend the last three hours remaining to us of life, like those ancient Romans, who when condemned by Nero, their emperor and heir, sat down at a table covered with flowers, and gently glided into death, amid the perfume of heliotropes and roses?”

Count,” said Morrel, “you are the epitome of all human knowledge, and you seem like a being descended from a wiser and more advanced world than ours.”

There is something true in what you say,” said the count, with that smile which made him so handsome; “I have descended from a planet called grief.”

I believe all you tell me without questioning its meaning; for instance, you told me to live, and I did live; you told me to hope, and I almost did so. I am almost inclined to ask you, as though you had experienced death, <is it painful to die?>

Monte Cristo looked upon Morrel with indescribable tenderness. “Yes,” he said, “yes, doubtless it is painful, if you violently break the outer covering which obstinately begs for life. If you plunge a dagger into your flesh, if you insinuate a bullet into your brain, which the least shock disorders,—then certainly, you will suffer pain, and you will repent quitting a life for a repose you have bought at so dear a price.”

Yes; I know that there is a secret of luxury and pain in death, as well as in life; the only thing is to understand it.”

You have spoken truly, Maximilian; according to the care we bestow upon it, death is either a friend who rocks us gently as a nurse, or an enemy who violently drags the soul from the body. Some day, when the world is much older, and when mankind will be masters of all the destructive powers in nature, to serve for the general good of humanity; when mankind, as you were just saying, have discovered the secrets of death, then that death will become as sweet and voluptuous as a slumber in the arms of your beloved.”

I am endeavoring,” he thought, “to make this man happy; I look upon this restitution as a weight thrown into the scale to balance the evil I have wrought. Now, supposing I am deceived, supposing this man has not been unhappy enough to merit happiness. Alas, what would become of me who can only atone for evil by doing good?

Then he saw a woman of marvellous beauty appear on the threshold of the door separating the two rooms. Pale, and sweetly smiling, she looked like an angel of mercy conjuring the angel of vengeance.

Is it heaven that opens before me?” thought the dying man; “that angel resembles the one I have lost.”

Monte Cristo pointed out Morrel to the young woman, who advanced towards him with clasped hands and a smile upon her lips.

Valentine, Valentine!” he mentally ejaculated; but his lips uttered no sound, and as though all his strength were centred in that internal emotion, he sighed and closed his eyes. Valentine rushed towards him; his lips again moved.

Without me, you would both have died. May God accept my atonement in the preservation of these two existences!” “Oh, thank me again!” said the count; “tell me till you are weary, that I have restored you to happiness; you do not know how much I require this assurance.”

Because tomorrow, Haydée, you will be free; you will then assume your proper position in society, for I will not allow my destiny to overshadow yours. Daughter of a prince, I restore to you the riches and name of your father.”

do you not see how pale she is? Do you not see how she suffers?”

Oh, yes,” she cried, “I do love you! I love you as one loves a father, brother, husband! I love you as my life, for you are the best, the noblest of created beings!”

Let it be, then, as you wish, sweet angel; God has sustained me in my struggle with my enemies, and has given me this reward; he will not let me end my triumph in suffering; I wished to punish myself, but he has pardoned me. Love me then, Haydée! Who knows? perhaps your love will make me forget all that I do not wish to remember.”

What do you mean, my lord?”

I mean that one word from you has enlightened me more than 20 years of slow experience; I have but you in the world, Haydée; through you I again take hold on life, through you I shall suffer, through you rejoice.”

Novas famílias curam das antigas!

“There is neither happiness nor misery in the world; there is only the comparison of one state with another, nothing more. He who has felt the deepest grief is best able to experience supreme happiness. We must have felt what it is to die, Morrel, that we may appreciate the enjoyments of living.” Indeed Zupamann!

Live, then, and be happy, beloved children of my heart, and never forget that until the day when God shall deign to reveal the future to man, all human wisdom is summed up in these two words,—<Wait and hope.> (Fac et spera)!—Your friend,

<Edmond Dantes, Count of Monte Cristo.>

A CONDIÇÃO HUMANA

Hannah Arendt – revisão e apresentação de Adriano Correia, tradução de Roberto Raposo

DIC:

moulin: engenho

predicament/Verlegenheit: constrangimento

O alemão Arbeit se aplicava originalmente apenas ao trabalho agrícola executado por servos, e não à obra do artesão, que era chamada Werk. O francês travailler substituiu o mais antigo labourer e deriva de tripalium, uma espécie de tortura. (cf. Grimm e Lucien Fèbre)” “o verbo werken é pouco utilizado, enquanto o substantivo Werk ainda é usual no vocabulário alemão corrente”

Para a presente tradução foram consultadas com freqüência as traduções alemã (Vita activa – oder Vom tätigen Leben, Piper, 2007), francesa (Condition de l’homme moderne, trad. Georges Fradier, Calmann-Lévy, 2007) e espanhola (La condición humana, trad. Ramón Gil Novales, Paidós, 2005).”

Nas últimas páginas da primeira edição de As origens do totalitarismo, Arendt faz uma referência peculiar ao conceito kantiano de <mal radical>, que teria surgido <em conexão com um sistema no qual todos os homens se tornaram igualmente supérfluos>.” “o mal absoluto contido na possibilidade de erradicação da pluralidade da face da Terra”

Na última frase do livro, ela observa que <as soluções totalitárias podem bem sobreviver à queda dos regimes totalitários na forma de fortes tentações que surgirão sempre que parecer impossível aliviar a miséria política, social ou econômica de um modo digno do homem>.”

julga que o totalitarismo é uma nova forma de dominação que representa a destruição do político

o desamparo organizado é consideravelmente mais perigoso que a impotência desorganizada de todos aqueles que são governados pela vontade tirânica e arbitrária de um único homem.”

o início, antes de se tornar um evento histórico, é a suprema capacidade do homem (…) Initium ut esset homo creatus est <para que houvesse um início o homem foi criado>, disse Agostinho (A cidade de Deus, Livro 12, cap. 20).” “Se Kant tivesse conhecido a filosofia da natalidade de Agostinho, provavelmente teria concordado que a liberdade da espontaneidade relativamente absoluta não é mais embaraçosa para a razão humana do que o fato de os homens nascerem – continuamente recém-chegados a um mundo que os precede no tempo.” “Os homens, como entes do mundo, são politicamente não seres para a morte, mas permanentes afirmadores da singularidade que o nascimento inaugura.”

no plano teórico, ao conceber o trabalho como criador de todos os valores e glorificar a atividade tradicionalmente mais desprezada, Karl Marx teria apenas radicalizado as posições de Adam Smith, para quem o trabalho era o criador de toda riqueza, e de John Locke, para quem o trabalho era a fonte do direito de propriedade.”

O trabalho, entretanto, é uma <atividade na qual o homem não está junto ao mundo nem convive com os outros, mas está sozinho com seu corpo ante a pura necessidade de manter-se vivo>, e justamente por isso é radicalmente antipolítica.”

Para Arendt, <a mais séria lacuna em As origens do totalitarismo é a ausência de uma análise conceitual e histórica adequada do pano de fundo ideológico do bolchevismo. Essa omissão foi deliberada. (…) O racismo e o imperialismo, o nacionalismo tribal dos pan-movimentos e o antissemitismo não mantinham relação com as grandes tradições filosóficas e políticas do Ocidente. A aterradora originalidade do totalitarismo (…) é facilmente negligenciada se se enfatiza demasiadamente o único elemento que tem atrás de si uma tradição respeitável e cuja discussão crítica requer a crítica de alguns dos mais importantes preceitos da filosofia política ocidental: o Marxismo>, apud Jerome Kohn” “Arendt afirma em Entre o passado e o futuro, que <a tradição de nosso pensamento político teve seu início definido nos ensinamentos de Platão e Aristóteles. Creio que ela chegou a um fim não menos definido nas teorias de Karl Marx>, que manifestavam a intenção de abjurar a filosofia e buscar realizá-la na política.” “a ruptura de Marx com a tradição da filosofia, partindo da theoria ou contemplação em direção à práxis, não foi tão profunda, uma vez que não se traduziu em uma recusa da compreensão da práxis como poiesis; da ação como fabricação, nem redundou no reconhecimento da dignidade própria ao domínio político.”

Elizabeth Young-Bruehl, na sua ainda definitiva biografia sobre Arendt” “Conferir ainda a carta a Martin Heidegger, de 8 de maio de 1954 (Hannah Arendt/Martin Heidegger – correspondência: 1925-1975, Relume-Dumará, 2001).” Curiosidade supérflua: a correspondência entre H.A. e M.H. abrange, como se pode ver, 50 anos. A correspondência entre H.A. e Karl Jaspers abrange 43 anos.

Arendt distingue o mundo moderno, que teria começado politicamente com as explosões atômicas, da era moderna, que começou cientificamente no século XVII e terminou no limiar do século XX.”

Enredada no ciclo de esgotamento e regeneração que preside os processos corporais, a atividade do trabalho experimenta o tempo como um contínuo devir de processos circulares. (…) Esses produtos não demoram no mundo tempo suficiente para formarem parte dele nem desfrutam da durabilidade necessária para transcender o tempo de vida de seus produtores – o trabalho jamais transcende a vida.”

a redenção da vida, sustentada pelo trabalho, é a mundanidade, sustentada pela fabricação.”

A despeito de conceber seus produtos no isolamento, ou na companhia de poucos ajudantes ou aprendizes, o homo faber, na medida em que também visa a exibir e trocar seus produtos, acaba por instaurar como lugar de reunião um mercado de trocas, externo ao espaço de produção e à atividade da fabricação (…), mas ainda assim uma extensão sua. (…) <ao contrário do animal laborans, cuja vida social é sem mundo e gregária, e que, portanto, é incapaz de construir ou habitar domínio público, mundano, o homo faber é perfeitamente capaz de ter um domínio público próprio, embora não possa ser um domínio político propriamente dito>. O homo faber, como fabricante de coisas e produtor do mundo, relaciona-se com os outros como homo faber apenas no mercado de trocas no qual exibe seus produtos. [Facebook, Twitter, WordPress e Recanto das Letras!] (…) Arendt assinala que já entre os antigos gregos e romanos os artífices constituíam uma comunidade a ocupar o limiar em que os produtos privados têm de ser exibidos em público e o espaço público é ocupado de um modo a-político” “O utilitarismo sistemático, que Hannah Arendt julga ser, por excelência, a filosofia do homo faber, engendra como seu inelutável efeito colateral a completa ausência de significado.”

<vemos agora surgir, de várias maneiras, a cultura de uma sociedade em que o comércio é a alma, assim como a peleja individual para os antigos gregos, e a guerra, a vitória e o direito para os romanos.> Nietzsche, Aurora (aforismo 175)

No final de Sobre a revolução, ela menciona o trecho de Édipo em Colono, no qual se traduz a sabedoria de Sileno, o sátiro companheiro de Dioniso: <não ter nascido se sobrepõe a todo significado revelado em palavras; de longe, a segunda melhor coisa para a vida, uma vez que ela tenha aparecido, é retornar o mais rapidamente possível para o lugar de onde veio.>”

A vida só começa aos -273º

se a soberania e a liberdade fossem realmente a mesma coisa, nenhum homem poderia ser livre, pois a soberania, o ideal da inflexível autossuficiência e autodomínio, contradiz a própria condição da pluralidade.”

Essa ocorrência simultânea de liberdade com não soberania parece indicar que a existência humana é mesmo absurda e que Platão teria razão ao recomendar que não levássemos muito a sério o domínio dos assuntos humanos, pois aí operamos como marionetes de algum deus.”

quanto temos de transformar as vidas privadas dos pobres?”

homem – diz ela – é a-político. A política surge no entre-os-homens: portanto, totalmente fora dos homens. Por conseguinte, não existe nenhuma substância política original.”

Agamben – L’aperto: l’uomo e l’animale

Homo sacer – o poder soberano e a vida nua

o animal laborans jamais poderia dizer, como Maquiavel o fez mais de uma vez: <amo mais Florença que minha vida ou a salvação da minha alma>

* * *

Esse homem futuro, que os cientistas nos dizem que produzirão em menos de um século, parece imbuído por uma rebelião contra a existência humana tal como ela tem sido dada – um dom gratuito vindo de lugar nenhum (secularmente falando) que ele deseja trocar, por assim dizer, por algo produzido por ele mesmo. Não há razão para duvidar de que sejamos capazes de realizar tal troca, assim como não há motivo para duvidar de nossa atual capacidade de destruir toda vida orgânica na Terra. A questão é apenas se desejamos usar nessa direção nosso novo conhecimento científico e técnico, e essa questão não pode ser decidida por meios científicos; é uma questão política de primeira grandeza, cuja decisão, portanto, não pode ser deixada a cientistas profissionais ou a políticos profissionais.” (1957)

Se for comprovado o divórcio entre o conhecimento (no sentido moderno de conhecimento técnico [know-how]) e o pensamento, então passaríamos a ser, sem dúvida, escravos indefesos, não tanto de nossas máquinas quanto de nosso conhecimento técnico, criaturas desprovidas de pensamento à mercê de qualquer engenhoca tecnicamente possível, por mais mortífera que seja.”

atualmente as ciências são forçadas a adotar uma <linguagem> de símbolos matemáticos que, embora originariamente concebida apenas como uma abreviação de afirmações enunciadas, contém agora afirmações que de modo algum podem ser retraduzidas em discurso.”

É uma sociedade de trabalhadores a que está para ser liberada dos grilhões do trabalho, uma sociedade que já não conhece aquelas outras atividades superiores e mais significativas em vista das quais essa liberdade mereceria ser conquistada.” “Até presidentes, reis e primeiros-ministros concebem seus cargos como um emprego necessário à vida da sociedade, e, entre os intelectuais, restam somente indivíduos solitários que consideram o que fazem como uma obra, e não como meio de ganhar o próprio sustento.”

Não houve um Adão nem uma Eva no reino animal.

A pluralidade é a condição da ação humana porque somos todos iguais, isto é, humanos, de um modo tal que ninguém jamais é igual a qualquer outro que viveu, vive ou viverá.”

PONTADA NO “MARIDO TRANSATLÂNTICO”: “Além disso, como a ação é a atividade política por excelência, a natalidade, e não a mortalidade, pode ser a categoria central do pensamento político, em contraposição ao pensamento metafísico.”

Tudo o que adentra o mundo humano por si próprio, ou para ele é trazido pelo esforço humano, torna-se parte da condição humana. (…) por ser uma existência condicionada, a existência humana seria impossível sem coisas, e estas seriam um amontoado de artigos desconectados, um não-mundo, se não fossem os condicionantes da existência humana.” “A mudança mais radical da condição humana que podemos imaginar seria uma emigração dos homens da Terra para algum outro planeta. (…) O trabalho, a obra, a ação e, na verdade, mesmo o pensamento, como o conhecemos, deixariam de ter sentido. No entanto, até esses hipotéticos viajores da Terra ainda seriam humanos; mas a única afirmativa que poderíamos fazer quanto à sua <natureza> é que são ainda seres condicionados, embora sua condição seja agora, em grande parte, produzida por eles mesmos.”

a quaestio mihi factus sum (<a questão que me tornei para mim mesmo> de Agostinho” “Ag., geralmente considerado o primeiro a levantar a chamada questão antropológica na filosofia” “tu, quis es? [Confissões, x. 6]” “<O que sou então, meu Deus? Qual é a minha natureza?> – Quid ergo sum, Deus meus? Quae natura sum? [x. 17]. Pois no <grande mistério>, no grande profundum [iv. 14], há <algo do homem [aliquid hominis] que o espírito do homem que nele está não sabe. Mas tu, Senhor, que o fizeste [fecisti eum], tudo sabes a seu respeito [eius omnia]> [x. 5]” “A questão da natureza do homem é uma questão teológica tanto quanto a questão da natureza de Deus; ambas só podem ser resolvidas dentro da estrutura de uma resposta divinamente revelada.” “as tentativas de definir natureza humana resultam quase invariavelmente na construção de alguma deidade, isto é, no deus dos filósofos que, desde Platão, revela-se, em um exame mais acurado, como uma espécie de idéia platônica do homem. Naturalmente, desmascarar tais conceitos filosóficos do divino como conceitualizações das capacidades e qualidades humanas não é uma demonstração da não-existência de Deus, e nem mesmo constitui argumento nesse sentido”

RESUMO DA TESE DO LIVRO: “as condições da existência humana – a vida, a natalidade e a mortalidade, a mundanidade, a pluralidade e a Terra – jamais podem <explicar> o que somos ou responder à pergunta sobre quem somos, pela simples razão de que jamais nos condicionam de modo absoluto. Essa sempre foi a opinião da filosofia em contraposição às ciências (antropologia, psicologia, biologia, etc.) que também se ocupam do homem. Mas hoje podemos quase dizer que já demonstramos, mesmo cientificamente, que, embora vivamos sob condições terrenas, e provavelmente viveremos sempre, não somos meras criaturas terrenas. A moderna ciência natural deve os seus maiores triunfos ao fato de ter considerado e tratado a natureza terrena de um ponto de vista verdadeiramente universal, isto é, de um ponto de vista arquimediano escolhido, voluntária e explicitamente, fora da Terra.”

o artesão, ao fazer um contrato de trabalho, abria mão de 2 dos 4 elementos de seu status de homem livre (a saber, liberdade de atividade econômica e direito de movimentação irrestrista), mas por vontade própria e temporariamente”

Westermann

o modo de vida do déspota, pelo fato de ser <meramente> uma necessidade, não podia ser considerado livre e nada tinha a ver com o bios politikos.”

Com o desaparecimento da antiga cidade-Estado, o bios theoretikos, traduzido como vita contemplativa, era agora o único modo de vida realmente livre.

Contudo, a enorme superioridade da contemplação sobre qualquer outro tipo de atividade, inclusive a ação, não é de origem cristã.” “a posterior pretensão dos cristãos de serem livres de envolvimento em assuntos mundanos, de todos os negócios deste mundo, foi precedida pela apolitia filosófica da Antiguidade tardia, e dela se originou.”

A palavra grega skhole, como a latina ocium, significa basicamente isenção de atividade política e não simplesmente lazer, embora ambas sejam também usadas para indicar isenção do trabalho e das necessidades da vida. De qualquer modo, indicam sempre uma condição de liberação de preocupações e cuidados.”

Fustel de Coulanges – A cidade antiga

Todo movimento, os movimentos do corpo e da alma, bem como do discurso e do raciocínio devem cessar diante da verdade. Esta, seja a antiga verdade do Ser ou a verdade cristã do Deus vivo, só pode revelar-se em meio à completa tranqüilidade humana. Tomás de Aquino ressalta a tranqüilidade da alma, e recomenda a vida activa porque ela extenua e, portanto, <aquieta as paixões interiores> e prepara para a contemplação (Suma teológica, ii. 2. 182. 3).”

Até o início da era moderna, a expressão vita activa jamais perdeu sua conotação negativa de <in-quietude>, nec-octium, a-skholia.”

nenhuma obra de mãos humanas pode igualar em beleza e verdade o kosmos físico, que revolve em torno de si mesmo, em imutável eternidade, sem qualquer interferência ou assistência externa” “Do ponto de vista da contemplação, não importa o que perturba a necessária quietude, mas que ela seja perturbada. § Tradicionalmente, portanto, a expressão vita activa recebe seu significado da vita contemplativa

der Bedürftigkeit eins lebendigen Köpers, an den die Kontemplation gebunden bleibt – à necessidade de um corpo vivo, ao qual a contemplação permanece vinculada”

Agostinho fala do dever da caridade, que seria insuportável sem a <doçura> (suavitas) e o <deleite da verdade> obtido na contemplação (A cidade de Deus, xix. 19).”

títulos de livro: O ÔNUS DO ÓCIO

MÁSCARA DO MASCARADO

O consagrado ressentimento do filósofo contra a condição humana de possuir um corpo não é a mesma coisa que o antigo desprezo pelas necessidades da vida; a sujeição à necessidade era apenas um dos aspectos da existência corpórea, e uma vez libertado dessa necessidade o corpo era capaz daquela aparência pura que os gregos chamavam de beleza.”

se o uso da expressão vita activa, como aqui o proponho, está em manifesta contradição com a tradição, é que duvido não da validade da experiência subjacente à distinção, mas antes da ordem hierárquica inerente a ela desde o início.” “o enorme valor da contemplação na hierarquia tradicional embaçou as diferenças e articulações no âmbito da própria vita activa (…) a despeito das aparências, essa condição não foi essencialmente alterada pelo moderno rompimento com a tradição nem pela inversão final da sua ordem hierárquica, em Marx e Nietzsche. A estrutura conceitual permaneceu mais ou menos intacta, e isso se deve à própria natureza do ato de <virar de cabeça para baixo> os sistemas filosóficos ou os valores atualmente aceitos, isto é, à natureza da própria operação.” Agora, dá a mão a Heidegger.

o sábio estóico deixou de ser um cidadão do seu país e passou a ser um cidadão do universo.”

Ao discutir formas asiáticas de adoração e as crenças em um Deus invisível, Heródoto menciona explicitamente que, em comparação com esse Deus transcendente (como diríamos hoje), situado além do tempo, da vida e do universo, os deuses gregos eram antropophyeis, i.e., tinham a mesma natureza e não apenas a mesma forma do homem.” “Os homens são <os mortais>, as únicas coisas mortais que existem, porque, ao contrário dos animais, não existem apenas como membros de uma espécie cuja vida imortal é garantida pela procriação.” “Essa vida individual difere de todas as outras coisas pelo curso retilíneo do seu movimento, que, por assim dizer, trespassa o movimento circular da vida biológica.”

Homero ainda não conhece a palavra pragmata, que em Platão (ta ton anthropon pragmata) é mais bem traduzida como <negócios humanos> e tem a conotação de inquietação e futilidade.”

só os melhores (os aristoi), que constantemente provam serem os melhores (aristeuein, verbo que não tem equivalente em nenhuma outra língua) e que <preferem a fama imortal às coisas mortais>, são realmente humanos” “Essa era ainda a opinião de Heráclito, opinião da qual dificilmente se encontra equivalente em qualquer filósofo depois de Sócrates.” “é somente em Platão que a preocupação com o eterno e a vida do filósofo são vistas como inerentemente contraditórias e em conflito com a luta pela imortalidade, que é o modo de vida do cidadão, o bios politikos.”

nunc stans (<aquilo que é agora>)”

Politicamente falando, se morrer é o mesmo que <deixar de estar entre os homens>, a experiência do eterno é uma espécie de morte, e a única coisa que a separa da morte real é que ela não é definitiva, porque nenhuma criatura viva pode suportá-la durante muito tempo.”

A queda do Império Romano demonstrou claramente que nenhuma obra de mãos mortais pode ser imortal”

nem mesmo a ascendência do secular na era moderna e a concomitante inversão da hierarquia tradicional entre ação e contemplação foram suficientes para resgatar do oblívio a procura da imortalidade”

nem um animal nem um deus é capaz de ação: o bardo canta feitos de deuses e homens, não histórias de deuses e histórias de homens. De modo análogo, a Teogonia de Hesíodo trata não dos feitos dos deuses, mas da gênese do mundo (116)”

Essa reação especial entre e ação e estar junto parece justificar plenamente a antiga tradução zoon politikon de Aristóteles como animal socialis, que já encontramos em Sêneca e depois, com Tomás de Aquino, tornou-se a tradução consagrada: homo est naturaliter politicus, id est, socialis. Melhor que qualquer teoria elaborada, essa substituição inconsciente do político pelo social revela até que ponto havia sido perdida a original compreensão grega da política. É significativo, mas não decisivo, que a palavra <social> seja de origem romana e não tenha equivalente na língua ou no pensamento gregos.” “somente com o ulterior conceito de uma societas generis humani, uma <sociedade da espécie humana>, é que o termo <social> começa adquirir o sentido geral de condição humana fundamental.”

Ou a cidade desagregava a família, com o tempo, ou não poderia perdurar” Fustel de Coulanges “Não só o abismo entre o lar e a cidade era muito mais profundo na Grécia do que em Roma, mas somente na Grécia a religião olímpica, que era a religião de Homero e da cidade-Estado, era separada da religião mais antiga da família e do lar, e superior a esta. Enquanto Vesta, a deusa da lareira, passou a ser a protetora de uma <lareira da cidade> e tornou-se parte do culto político oficial após a unificação e segunda fundação de Roma, sua equivalente grega”

A tradução literal das últimas linhas de Antígona (1350-54) é a seguinte: <Mas as grandes palavras, neutralizando (ou revidando) os grandes golpes dos soberbos, ensinam a compreensão na velhice.> O conteúdo dessas linhas é tão enigmático para a compreensão moderna que raramente se encontra um tradutor que ouse dar a elas seu sentido estrito. Uma exceção é a tradução de Hölderlin: <Grosse Blicke aber, / Grosse Streiche der hohen Schultern / Vergeltend, / Sie haben im Alter gelehrt, zu denken.> Uma anedota contada por Plutarco ilustra, em nível muito menos elevado, a ligação entre agir e falar. Certa vez, um homem aproximou-se de Demóstenes e disse o quanto foi violentamente espancado. <Mas>, disse Demóstenes, <não sofreste nada do que estás me dizendo>. O outro levantou a voz em seguida e exclamou: <Eu não sofri nada?><Agora>, disse Demóstenes, <escuto a voz de quem foi ofendido e sofreu> (Vidas, <Demóstenes>). Um último vestígio dessa antiga conexão entre o discurso e o pensamento, ausente em nossa noção de exprimir o pensamento por meio de palavras, pode ser encontrado na popular frase de Cícero: ratio et oratio.”

a maioria das ações políticas, na medida em que permanecem fora da esfera da violência, são realmente realizadas por meio de palavras; mais fundamentalmente, o ato de encontrar as palavras certas no momento certo, independentemente da informação ou comunicação que transmitem, constitui uma ação.” “Na pólis, a ação e o discurso separaram-se e tornaram-se atividades cada vez mais independentes. (…) Característico desse desdobramento é o fato de que todo político era chamado de <rétor> e que a retórica, a arte de falar em público, em oposição à dialética, que era a arte do discurso filosófico, era definida por Aristóteles como a arte da persuasão (cf. Retórica, 1354a12ss., 1355b26ss.). (A distinção, aliás, vem de Platão, Górgias, 448.) É nesse sentido que devemos compreender a opinião grega acerca do declínio de Tebas, atribuído ao fato de terem os tebanos abandonado a retórica em favor do exercício militar (veja-se Jacob Burckhardt, Griechische Kulturgeschichte, ed. Kroener, III, 190).”

Ser político, viver em uma pólis, significava que tudo era decidido mediante palavras e persuasão, e não força e violência. Para os gregos, forçar pessoas mediante violência, ordenar ao invés de persuadir, eram modos pré-políticos de lidar com as pessoas típicos da vida fora da pólis, característicos do lar e da vida em família, em que o chefe da casa imperava com poderes incontestes e despóticos, ou da vida nos impérios bárbaros da Ásia, cujo despotismo era freqüentemente comparado à organização doméstica.” rePOLInização familiar

A antiga liberdade do cidadão romano desapareceu quando os imperadores romanos adotaram o título de dominus, <ce nom qu’Auguste et que Tibère encore repoussaient comme une malédiction et une injure> (H. Wallon, Histoire de l’esclavage dans l’antiquité (1847), III, 21).”

O pensamento político que corresponde a esse desdobramento já não é a ciência política, e sim a <economia nacional> ou a <economia social>” “Assim, é-nos difícil compreender que, segundo o pensamento dos antigos sobre esses assuntos, o próprio termo <economia política> teria sido contraditório: pois o que fosse <econômico>, relacionado com a vida do indivíduo e a sobrevivência da espécie, não era assunto político, mas doméstico por definição.”

Não pretendemos negar com isso que o Estado-nação e sua sociedade surgiram do reino feudal e do feudalismo, em cuja estrutura a família e a casa têm importância jamais igualada na Antiguidade Clássica. A <nação> medieval era um conglomerado de famílias”

Coulanges vê na lei ateniense que tornou dever filial sustentar os pais a prova da perda do poder paterno. Contudo, o poder paterno só era limitado quando entrava em conflito com os interesses da cidade, e nunca em benefício do membro da família como indivíduo. Assim, a prática de vender crianças e enjeitar [deserdar] filhos pequenos foi exercida durante toda a Antiguidade (cf. R.H. Barrow, Slavery in the Roman Empire (1928))”

O que impediu a pólis de violar as vidas privadas dos seus cidadãos, e a fez ver como sagrados os limites que cercavam cada propriedade, não foi o respeito pela propriedade privada como a conhecemos, mas o fato de que, sem possuir uma casa, um homem não podia participar dos assuntos do mundo porque não tinha nele lugar algum que fosse propriamente seu. Até Platão, cujos planos políticos previam a abolição da propriedade privada e a expansão da esfera pública ao ponto de aniquilar completamente a vida privada, ainda falava com grande reverência de Zeus Herkeios, o protetor das fronteiras, e chamava de divinos os horoi, os limites entre os Estados, sem nisso ver qualquer contradição. É interessante notar que havia cidades gregas onde os cidadãos eram obrigados por lei a dividir entre si suas colheitas e consumi-las em comum, embora cada um deles tivesse propriedade absoluta e inconteste do seu pedaço de terra.”

a violência é o ato pré-político de liberar-se da necessidade da vida para conquistar a liberdade no mundo.” “ser um escravo significava estar sujeito, também, à violência praticada pelo homem. Essa <infelicidade> dupla e redobrada da escravidão é inteiramente independente do efetivo bem-estar subjetivo do escravo. Assim, um homem livre e pobre preferia a insegurança de um mercado de trabalho que mudasse diariamente a uma ocupação regular e garantida; esta última, por lhe restringir a liberdade de fazer o que desejasse a cada dia, já era considerada servidão (douleia), e até o trabalho árduo e penoso era preferível à vida tranqüila de muitos escravos domésticos. (…) vd. Xenofonte – Memorabilia (ii.8)

Ser livre significava nem governar nem ser governado. Segundo Coulanges, todas as palavras gregas e latinas que exprimem algum tipo de governo de um homem sobre os outros, como rex, pater, anax, basileus, referiam-se originariamente a relações domésticas e eram nomes que os escravos davam a seus senhores.”

A igualdade, portanto, longe de estar ligada à justiça, como nos tempos modernos, era a própria essência da liberdade” Finalmente um lugar para aplicar o lema francês.

Em alemão, a palavra Volkswirtschaftslehre sugere que existe um sujeito coletivo da atividade econômica”

O que continua a ser surpreendente é que tenha sido Maquiavel o único teórico político pós-clássico que, em um extraordinário esforço para restaurar a antiga dignidade da política, percebeu o abismo e compreendeu até certo ponto a coragem necessária para transpô-lo, que o descreveu na elevação <do Condottiere de uma baixa posição para um alto posto> vd. Discursos, Livro II, Cap. 13.”

<Já no tempo de Sólon, a escravidão era considerada pior que a morte> (Robert Schlafer, <Greek theories of slavery from Homer to Aristotle>, Harvard studies in classical philology (1936), 47.)” “convém lembrar que a maioria dos escravos era de inimigos derrotados. E os escravos gregos eram geralmente da mesma nacionalidade que os seus senhores; haviam demonstrado sua natureza escrava por não terem cometido suicídio e, como a coragem era a virtude política par excellence, haviam demonstrado com isso sua indignidade <natural>. A atitude em relação aos escravos mudou no Império Romano, não só devido à influência do estoicismo, mas porque uma proporção muito maior da população escrava era escrava de nascimento.”

Era <[vida] boa> exatamente porque, tendo dominado as necessidades do mero viver, tendo se libertado do trabalho e da obra e superado o anseio inato de sobrevivência comum a todas as criaturas vivas, deixava de ser limitada ao processo biológico da vida.” !!!

O primeiro eloqüente explorador da intimidade e, até certo ponto, o seu teórico foi Jean-Jacques Rousseau, que, de modo bastante característico, é o único grande autor ainda citado freqüentemente pelo primeiro nome.” “A intimidade do coração, ao contrário do lar privado, não tem lugar objetivo e tangível no mundo, e a sociedade contra a qual ela protesta e se afirma não pode ser localizada com a mesma certeza que o espaço público.”

A observação de Sêneca, que, ao discutir a utilidade de ter escravos altamente instruídos (que sabem de cor todos os clássicos) para um senhor supostamente um tanto ignorante, comenta: <O que a casa sabe, o senhor sabe> (Ep. 27:6, citado por Barrow).”

o domínio público era reservado à individualidade; era o único lugar em que os homens podiam mostrar quem realmente eram e o quanto eram insubstituíveis.”

É o mesmo conformismo, a suposição de que os homens se comportam ao invés de agir em relação aos demais, que está na base da moderna ciência da economia, cujo nascimento coincidiu com surgimento da sociedade e que, juntamente com seu principal instrumento técnico, a estatística, se tornou a ciência social por excelência.” “A economia clássica pressupunha que o homem, na medida em que é um ser ativo, age exclusivamente por interesse próprio e é movido por um único desejo, o desejo de aquisição. A introdução, por Adam Smith, de uma <mão invisível para promover um fim que não fazia parte da intenção (de ninguém)> demonstra que mesmo esse mínimo de ação, com a sua motivação uniforme, contém ainda demasiada iniciativa imprevisível para o estabelecimento de uma ciência. Marx desenvolveu a economia clássica mais ainda ao substituir os interesses individuais e pessoais por interesses de grupo ou de classe, e ao reduzir esses interesses de classe a duas classes principais, de capitalistas e operários, de sorte que só lhe restou um conflito em que a economia clássica enxergava uma multidão de conflitos contraditórios. O motivo pelo qual o sistema econômico de Marx é mais consistente e coerente, e, portanto, aparentemente muito mais <científico> que os de seus predecessores, reside primordialmente na construção do <homem socializado>, que é um ser ainda menos ativo que o <homem econômico> da economia liberal.”

Aplicar à política ou à história a lei dos grandes números e dos longos períodos equivale a obliterar voluntariamente o próprio objeto dessas duas” “Politicamente, isso significa que, quanto maior é a população de qualquer corpo político, maior é a probabilidade de que o social, e não o político, constitua o domínio público. Os gregos, cuja cidade-Estado foi o corpo político mais individualista e menos conformista que conhecemos, tinham plena consciência do fato de que a pólis, com a sua ênfase na ação e no discurso, só poderia sobreviver se o número de cidadãos permanecesse restrito. Grandes números de pessoas amontoadas desenvolvem uma inclinação quase irresistível na direção do despotismo, seja o despotismo de uma pessoa ou o do governo da maioria” Imagine só 9 bilhões de Aloísios…

Estatisticamente, isso resulta em um declínio da flutuação. (…) A uniformidade estatística não é de modo algum um ideal científico inócuo; é sim o ideal político, não mais secreto, de uma sociedade que, inteiramente submersa na rotina da vida cotidiana, aceita pacificamente a concepção científica inerente à sua própria existência.”

Não Karl Marx, mas os próprios economistas liberais tiveram de introduzir a <ficção comunista>, i.e., supor a existência de um único interesse da sociedade como um todo, que com <uma mão invisível> guia o comportamento dos homens e produz a harmonia de seus interesses conflitantes.”

Myrdal – The political element in the development of economic theory

O que Marx não compreendeu – e em seu tempo seria impossível compreender – é que os germes da sociedade comunista estavam presentes na realidade de um lar nacional, e o que atravancava o completo desenvolvimento dela não era qualquer interesse de classe como tal, mas somente a já obsoleta estrutura monárquica do Estado-nação.”

O que tradicionalmente chamamos de Estado e de governo cede lugar aqui à mera administração – um estado de coisas que Marx previu corretamente como o <definhamento do Estado>, embora estivesse errado ao presumir que somente uma revolução pudesse provocá-lo, e mais errado ainda quando acreditou que essa completa vitória da sociedade significaria o eventual surgimento do <reino da liberdade>.”

a economia, que altera padrões de comportamento somente nesse campo bastante limitado da atividade humana, foi finalmente sucedida pela pretensão oniabrangente das ciências sociais, que, como <ciências do comportamento>, visam a reduzir o homem como um todo, em todas as suas atividades, ao nível de um animal comportado e condicionado. Se a economia é a ciência da sociedade em suas primeiras fases, quando suas regras de comportamento podiam ser impostas somente a determinados setores da população e a uma parcela de suas atividades, o surgimento das <ciências do comportamento> indica claramente o estágio final desse desdobramento, quando a sociedade de massas já devorou todas as camadas da nação e o <comportamento social> converteu-se em modelo de todas as áreas da vida.”

Todas as palavras européias para <trabalho> – o latim e o inglês labor, o grego ponos, o francês travail, o alemão Arbeit – significam dor e esforço e são usadas também para as dores do parto. Labor tem a mesma raiz etimológica que labare (<cambalear sob uma carga>); ponos e Arbeit têm as mesmas raízes etimológicas que <pobreza> (penia em grego e Armut em alemão). Mesmo Hesíodo, tido como um dos poucos defensores do trabalho na Antiguidade, via ponon alginoenta (<o trabalho penoso>) como o primeiro dos males que atormentavam os homens (Teogonia, 226). Quanto ao uso grego, conferir G. Herzog-Hauser, Ponos, em Pauly-Wissowa. As palavras alemãs Arbeit e arm derivam ambas do germânico arbma-, que significava solitário e desprezado, abandonado. Veja-se Kluge & Götze, Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1951). No alemão medieval, usam-se essas palavras para traduzir labor, tribulatio, persecutio, adversitas, malum (cf. Klara Vontobel, Das Arbeitsethos des deutschen Protestantismus (Dissertation, Berna, 1946)).”

A tão citada observação de Homero – de que Zeus retira metade da excelência (areté) de um homem no dia em que ele sucumbe à escravidão (Odisséia, 17:320ss.) – é colocada na boca de Eumeu, ele mesmo um escravo, significando uma mera afirmação objetiva, e não uma crítica ou um julgamento moral. O escravo perde a excelência porque perde a admissão ao domínio público, onde a excelência pode se revelar.”

Embora nos tenhamos tornado excelentes na atividade do trabalho que realizamos em público, a nossa capacidade de ação e de discurso perdeu muito de seu antigo caráter desde que a ascendência do domínio social baniu estes últimos para a esfera do íntimo e do privado. Essa curiosa discrepância não passou despercebida do público, que geralmente a atribui a uma suposta defasagem entre nossas capacidades técnicas e nosso desenvolvimento humanístico em geral, ou entre as ciências físicas, que alteram e controlam a natureza, e as ciências sociais, que ainda não sabem como alterar e controlar a sociedade.”

Para nós, a aparência – aquilo que é visto e ouvido pelos outros e por nós mesmos – constitui a realidade. Em comparação com a realidade que decorre do ser visto e ouvido, mesmo as maiores forças da vida íntima – as paixões do coração, os pensamentos do espírito, os deleites dos sentidos – levam uma espécie de existência incerta e obscura, a não ser que, e até que, sejam transformadas, desprivatizadas e desindividualizadas, por assim dizer, de modo que assumam um aspecto adequado à aparição pública. Esse é também o motivo pelo qual é impossível <traçar o perfil de qualquer escravo que viveu […]. Até alcançarem a liberdade e a notoriedade, todos os escravos são tipos obscuros, mais que pessoas> (Barrow, Slavery in the Roman Empire, p. 156).”

Goethe observou certa vez que envelhecer é <retirar-se gradualmente da aparência> (stufenweises Zurücktretenaus der Erscheinung); a verdade dessa observação, bem como o aspecto real desse processo de desaparecimento, tornam-se bastante tangíveis nos autorretratos dos grandes mestres quando velhos – Rembrandt, Leonardo, etc. –, nos quais a intensidade dos olhos parece iluminar e presidir uma carne que fenece.”

Dada a sua inerente não-mundanidade (worldlessness), o amor só pode ser falsificado e pervertido quando utilizado para fins políticos, como a transformação ou a salvação do mundo.”

O moderno encantamento com <pequenas coisas>, embora pregado pela poesia do início do século XX em quase todas as línguas européias, encontrou sua apresentação clássica no petit bonheur do povo francês. Desde o declínio de seu outrora vasto e glorioso domínio público, os franceses tornaram-se mestres na arte de serem felizes entre <pequenas coisas>, no espaço de suas quatro paredes, entre a cômoda e a cama, a mesa e a cadeira, entre o cachorro, o gato e o vaso de flores, estendendo a essas coisas um cuidado e uma ternura que, em um mundo onde a industrialização rápida extermina constantemente as coisas de ontem para produzir os objetos de hoje, podem até parecer o último recanto puramente humano do mundo.”

Encontrar um vínculo entre as pessoas suficientemente forte para substituir o mundo foi a principal tarefa política da primeira filosofia cristã; e foi Agostinho quem propôs edificar sobre a caridade não apenas a <fraternidade> cristã, mas todas as relações humanas. Essa caridade, porém, muito embora a sua desmundanidade (worldlessness) corresponda claramente à experiência humana geral do amor, é ao mesmo tempo nitidamente diferente dele por ser algo que, como o mundo, está entre os homens”

A não mundanidade como um fenômeno político só é possível com a premissa de que o mundo não durará; mas, com tal premissa, é quase inevitável que a não mundanidade venha, de uma forma ou de outra, a dominar a cena política. Foi o que sucedeu após a queda do Império Romano e parece estar ocorrendo novamente em nosso tempo – embora por motivos diferentes e de forma muito diversa, e talvez bem mais desalentadora.”

Se o mundo deve conter um espaço público, não pode ser construído apenas para uma geração e planejado somente para os que estão vivos, mas tem de transcender a duração da vida de homens mortais.”

nas condições modernas, é tão improvável que alguém aspire sinceramente à imortalidade terrena que possivelmente temos razão de ver nela apenas a vaidade.”

o que importa não é que haja falta de admiração pública pela poesia e pela filosofia no mundo moderno, mas sim que essa admiração não constitui um espaço no qual as coisas são salvas da destruição pelo tempo.”

Verlassenheit

embora a condição dos escravos fosse provavelmente um pouco melhor em Roma que em Atenas, é bastante característico que um escritor romano, Plínio, o Moço, tenha acreditado que, para os escravos, a casa do senhor era o mesmo que a res publica para os cidadãos.” “Essa atitude <liberal>, que podia, em certas circunstâncias, originar escravos muito prósperos e altamente educados, significou apenas que o fato de ser próspero não tinha qualquer realidade na pólis grega, e que ser filósofo não tinha muita importância na república romana.” “Os escravos romanos desempenharam um papel muito maior na cultura romana que o dos escravos gregos na Grécia, onde, por outro lado, o papel destes últimos na vida econômica foi muito mais importante (cf. Westermann, em Pauly-Wissova, p. 984).”

Coulanges (A cidade antiga, Anchor, 1956) afirma: <O verdadeiro significado de familia é propriedade: designa o campo, a casa, dinheiro e escravos> (p. 107). Mas essa <propriedade> não é vista como vinculada à família; pelo contrário, <a família é vinculada ao lar, o lar é ligado ao solo> (p. 62). O importante é que <a fortuna é imóvel como o lar e o túmulo aos quais está vinculada. O homem é que se vai> (p. 74).”

O peculium (as <posses privadas de um escravo>) podia representar somas consideráveis e mesmo incluir escravos próprios (vicarii). Barrow fala da <propriedade que mesmo o mais humilde de sua classe possuía> (Slavery in the Roman Empire, p. 122. Esta obra constitui a melhor descrição do papel do peculium).”

Coulanges menciona uma observação de Aristóteles de que, nos tempos antigos, o filho não podia ser cidadão enquanto o pai estivesse vivo; quando este morria, somente o filho mais velho gozava de direitos políticos.”

todos podiam participar dos mistérios, mas a ninguém era lícito falar deles.” Karl Kerenyi, Die Geburt der Helena (1943-45)

a idéia de que a atividade política é fundamentalmente o ato de legislar, embora de origem romana, é essencialmente moderna e encontrou sua mais alta expressão na filosofia política de Kant”

A palavra pólis tinha originariamente a conotação de algo como <muro-circundante> (ring-wall) e, ao que parece, o latim urbs exprimia também a noção de um <círculo> e derivava da mesma raiz de orbis. Encontramos a mesma relação na palavra inglesa <town>, que, originariamente, como o alemão Zaun, significava cerca (cf. R.B. Onians, The origins of European thought (1954), p. 444, n. 1).”

Os <Livros dos Costumes> ingleses ainda traziam uma <nítida distinção entre o artífice e o cidadão livre, o franke homme da cidade. (…) Se um artífice se tornasse tão rico que desejasse vir a ser um homem livre, devia renegar a sua arte e desfazer-se de todos os seus instrumentos> (W.J. Ashley)”

Caso o dono de uma propriedade preferisse ampliá-la ao invés de utilizá-la para viver uma vida política, era como se ele sacrificasse prontamente a sua liberdade e voluntariamente se tornasse aquilo que o escravo era contra sua vontade, ou seja, um servo da necessidade. Essa me parece ser a solução do <conhecido enigma com que se depara no estudo da história econômica do mundo antigo, o fato de ter a indústria se desenvolvido até certo ponto, mas tenha estancado inesperadamente de realizar o progresso que se podia esperar […], (considerando-se o fato de que) os romanos demonstravam eficiência e capacidade de organização em larga escala em outros setores, nos serviços públicos e no exército> (Barrow, op. cit., p. 109-110). Esperar a mesma capacidade de organização em questões privadas como em <serviços públicos> parece ser um preconceito devido às condições modernas. Max Weber, em seu notável ensaio (<Agrarverhältnisse im Altertum>, Gesammelte Aufsätze zur Sozial und Wirtschaftsgeschichte (1924)), já havia insistido sobre o fato de que as cidades antigas eram mais <centros de consumo que de produção>, e que o antigo proprietário de escravos era um <rentier e não um capitalista (Unternehmer)> (p. 13, 22 ss. e 144). A indiferença dos autores antigos no tocante a questões econômicas, aliada à falta de documentos a esse respeito, aumenta o peso do argumento de Weber.”

Todas as histórias da classe operária, isto é, uma classe de pessoas completamente destituídas de propriedade e que vivem somente da obra de suas mãos, comportam o mesmo ingênuo pressuposto de que sempre existiu tal classe. Contudo, como vimos, nem mesmo os escravos eram destituídos de propriedade na Antiguidade, e geralmente se verifica que os chamados trabalhadores livres da Antiguidade não passavam de <vendeiros, negociantes e artífices livres> (Barrow, p. 126). M.E. Park (The plebs urbana in Cicero’s day (1921)) conclui, portanto, que não existiam trabalhadores livres, visto que o homem livre parecia ser sempre algum tipo de proprietário. W.J. Ashley resume a situação na Idade Média até o século XV: <Não existia ainda uma grande classe de assalariados, uma ‘classe operária’ no sentido moderno da expressão. Chamamos hoje de ‘operários’ a um grupo de homens entre os quais alguns indivíduos podem, realmente, ser promovidos a mestres, mas cuja maioria jamais pode esperar galgar uma posição mais alta. No século XIV, porém, trabalhar alguns anos como diarista era apenas um estágio pelo qual os homens mais pobres tinham que passar, enquanto a maioria provavelmente se estabelecia como mestre-artífice assim que terminava o aprendizado> (An introduction to English economic history and theory, p. 93-94).”

Conferir o engenhoso comentário sobre a frase <a propriedade é um roubo> que ocorre na Théorie de la propriété, p. 209-210, de Proudhon, publicada postumamente, na qual ele apresenta a propriedade em sua <natureza egoísta e satânica> como o <meio mais eficaz de resistir ao despotismo sem derrubar o Estado>.”

Logo que ingressou no domínio público, a sociedade assumiu o disfarce de uma organização de proprietários (property-owners), que, ao invés de requererem o acesso ao domínio público em virtude de sua riqueza, exigiram dele proteção para o acúmulo de mais riqueza.”

Devo confessar que não vejo em que se baseiam os economistas liberais da sociedade atual (que hoje se chamam de conservadores) para justificar seu otimismo, quando afirmam que a apropriação privada de riqueza será bastante para proteger as liberdades individuais – ou seja, que desempenhará o mesmo papel da propriedade privada. Em uma sociedade de detentores de empregos, essas liberdades só estão seguras na medida em que são garantidas pelo Estado, e ainda hoje são constantemente ameaçadas, não pelo Estado, mas pela sociedade, que distribui os empregos e determina a parcela de apropriação individual.”

É verdade que a riqueza pode ser acumulada a tal ponto que nenhuma vida individual será capaz de consumi-la, de sorte que a família, mais que o indivíduo, vem a ser sua proprietária. No entanto, a riqueza não deixa de ser algo destinado ao uso e ao consumo, não importa quantas vidas individuais ela possa sustentar. Somente quando a riqueza se transformou em capital, cuja função principal era gerar mais capital, é que a propriedade privada igualou ou avizinhou a permanência inerente ao mundo partilhado em comum.”

CABEÇALISMO: “Quanto à história da palavra <capital> como derivada do latim caput, que, na legislação romana, era empregada para designar o principal de uma dívida, veja-se W. J. Ashley, An introduction to English economic history and theory, p. 429 e 433, n. 183. Somente no século XVIII os autores passaram a empregar essa palavra no sentido moderno de <riqueza investida de forma a trazer proveito>.”

A contradição óbvia desse moderno conceito de governo, em que a única coisa que as pessoas têm em comum são os seus interesses privados, já não deve nos incomodar como ainda incomodava Marx, pois sabemos que a contradição entre o privado e o público, típica dos estágios iniciais da era moderna, foi um fenômeno temporário que trouxe a completa extinção da diferença entre os domínios privado e público, a submersão de ambos na esfera do social.”

A teoria econômica medieval ainda não concebia o dinheiro como denominador comum e como padrão, mas considerava-o como um dos consumptibiles.”

a propriedade moderna perdeu seu caráter mundano e passou a situar-se na própria pessoa, isto é, naquilo que o indivíduo somente podia perder juntamente com a vida. Historicamente, a premissa de Locke, de que o trabalho do corpo de uma pessoa é a origem da propriedade, é mais que duvidosa: no entanto, dado o fato de que já vivemos em condições nas quais a única propriedade em que podemos confiar é o nosso talento e a nossa força de trabalho, é mais do que provável que ela venha a se tornar verdadeira.”

A necessidade e a vida são tão intimamente aparentadas e conectadas que a própria vida é ameaçada quando se elimina totalmente a necessidade. (…) (As modernas discussões sobre a liberdade, nas quais esta última nunca é vista como um estado objetivo da existência humana, mas constitui um insolúvel problema de subjetividade, de uma vontade inteiramente indeterminada ou determinada, ou resulta da necessidade, evidenciam o fato de que já não se percebe uma diferença objetiva e tangível entre ser livre e ser forçado pela necessidade.) [Sartre]”

a <socialização do homem> (Marx) é mais eficazmente realizada por meio da expropriação, mas esta não é a única maneira. Nesse, como em outros aspectos, as medidas revolucionárias do socialismo ou do comunismo podem muito bem ser substituídas por uma <decadência>, mais lenta, porém não menos certa, do domínio privado em geral e da propriedade privada em particular.” [!]

Pierre Brizon, Histoire du travail et des travailleurs (4. ed., 1926), p. 184, quanto às condições de trabalho em uma fábrica do século XVII.”

nec ulla magis res aliena quam publica”

no instante em que uma boa obra se torna pública e conhecida, perde o seu caráter específico de bondade” “<Não dês tuas esmolas perante os homens, para seres visto por eles.> A bondade só pode existir quando não é percebida, nem mesmo por aquele que a faz; quem quer que se veja a si mesmo no ato de fazer uma boa obra deixa de ser bom (…) <Que a tua mão esquerda não saiba o que faz a tua mão direita.>

Talvez seja essa curiosa qualidade negativa da bondade, a ausência de manifestação fenomênica exterior, o que torna o aparecimento de Jesus de Nazaré na história um evento tão profundamente paradoxal; certamente parece ser por isso que ele pensava e ensinava que nenhum homem pode ser bom: <Por que me chamais de bom? Ninguém é bom a não ser um, isto é, Deus.> A mesma convicção se expressa no relato talmúdico dos 36 homens justos, em atenção aos quais Deus salva o mundo (…) Isso nos lembra a grande percepção de Sócrates de que nenhum homem pode ser sábio, da qual nasceu o amor à sabedoria, ou filo-sofia”

Sempre houve tentativas de dar vida ao que jamais pode sobreviver ao momento fugaz do ato, e todas elas sempre levaram ao absurdo. Os filósofos da Antiguidade tardia, que exigiam de si mesmo serem sábios, eram absurdos ao afirmar serem felizes quando queimados vivos dentro do famoso Touro de Falera. E não menos absurda é a exigência cristã de ser bom e oferecer a outra face, quando não é tomada como metáfora, mas tentada como um autêntico modo de vida.” Abraão e o milagre inaudito

Mesmo quando o filósofo decide, com Platão, deixar a <caverna> dos assuntos humanos, não precisa esconder-se de si mesmo” “O filósofo sempre pode contar com a companhia dos pensamentos, ao passo que as boas ações não podem ser companhia para ninguém” “Além disso, os pensamentos podem ser transformados em objetos tangíveis que, como a página escrita ou o livro impresso, se tornam parte do artifício humano.”

a bondade e o desamparo têm muito mais relevância para a política que a sabedoria e a solitude; mas somente a solitude pode constituir um autêntico modo de vida, na figura do filósofo, ao passo que a experiência muito mais geral do desamparo está em tal contradição com a condição humana da pluralidade que simplesmente não pode ser suportada durante muito tempo: requer a companhia de Deus, a única testemunha imaginável das boas obras, para que não venha a aniquilar inteiramente a existência humana.”

as <novas ordens> que, por <salvar a religião de sua destruição por conta da licenciosidade dos prelados e dos chefes da Igreja>, ensinam as pessoas a serem boas e a não <resistir ao mal> -, em decorrência do que <os governantes perversos podem fazer todo o mal que quiserem>.” Maquiavel – Discursos, Livro III, Capítulo I.

No capítulo seguinte, Karl Marx será criticado. Isso é lamentável em uma época em que tantos escritores que outrora ganharam a vida pela apropriação, tácita ou explícita, da grande riqueza de idéias e intuições marxianas, decidiram tornar-se antimarxistas profissionais; no decurso de tal processo, um deles até descobriu que o próprio Karl Marx era incapaz de se sustentar [to make a living], esquecendo-se por um instante das gerações de autores que ele <sustentou> [supported].”

a declaração feita por Benjamin Constant, quando se sentiu compelido a atacar Rousseau: <J’éviterai certes de me joindre aux détracteurs d’un grand homme. Quand le hasard fait qu’en apparence je me rencontre avec eux sur un seul point, je suis en défiance de moi-même; et pour me consoler de paraître un instant de leur avis […] j’ai besoin de désavouer [repudiar] et de flétrir [conservar distantes de mim], autant qu’il est en moi, ces prétendus auxiliaires.> [Cours de politique constitutionelle]

Mais uma vez, encontramos aqui completa unanimidade: a palavra <trabalho> [labor], compreendida como um substantivo, jamais designa o produto final, o resultado da ação de trabalhar, mas permanece como um substantivo verbal classificado com o gerúndio, enquanto o nome do próprio produto é invariavelmente derivado da palavra para obra (…) a forma verbal da palavra <obra> se tornou um tanto antiquada. Em ambas as línguas, alemão e francês, diferentemente do uso corrente do inglês labor, as palavras travailler e arbeiten quase perderam seu significado original de dor e atribulação (…) Grimm (Wörterbuch): <Währendin älterer Sprache die Bedeutung von molestia und schwerer Arbeit vorherrschte, die von opus, opera, zurücktrat, tritt umgekehrt in der heutigen diese vor und jene erscheint seltener.> É interessante também o fato de que os substantivos work, oeuvre, Werk apresentam uma tendência crescente de serem usados em relação a obras de arte nas três línguas.”

J-P. Vernant: <Le terme (dêmiourgoi), chez Homère et Hésiode, ne qualifie pas à l’origine l’artisan en tant que tel, comme ‘ouvrier’: il définit toutes les activités qui s’exercent en dehors du cadre de l’oikos, en faveur d’un public, dêmos: les artisans – charpentiers et forgerons – mais non moins qu’eux les devins, les héraults, les aèdes.>

Burckhardt menciona que não se conhece nenhum tratado sobre escultura. Em vista dos muitos ensaios sobre música e poesia, é provável que não se trate de acidente da tradição, como não é acidental o fato de conhecermos tantos relatos acerca do grande sentimento de superioridade e até da arrogância de famosos pintores, dos quais não existem correspondentes quando se trata de escultores. Essa valoração dos pintores e dos escultores sobreviveu muitos séculos. Encontramo-la ainda na Renascença, quando a escultura era classificada entre as artes servis, enquanto a pintura tinha uma posição intermediária entre as artes liberais e as servis (veja-se Otto Neurath…)”

Aristóteles, Política 1256a30ss.: <Há grandes diferenças nos modos de vida humanos. Os mais preguiçosos são os pastores, pois conseguem alimento sem trabalho (ponos) a partir de animais domésticos, e gozam de tempo livre (skholazousin)>” “O leitor moderno em geral tem de estar ciente de que aergia (preguiça) e skholê não são a mesma coisa. A preguiça tinha as mesmas conotações que tem para nós, e uma vida de skholê não era considerada uma vida indolente. Não obstante, o equacionamento de skholê com a inatividade é característico de uma evolução ocorrida dentro da pólis. Assim, Xenofonte nos conta que Sócrates fôra acusado de haver citado um verso de Hesíodo: <A obra não é uma desgraça, mas sim a preguiça.> A acusação era que Sócrates havia instilado em seus discípulos um espírito escravo (Memorabilia 1:2:56). Historicamente, é importante ter em mente a diferença entre o desprezo com que, nas cidades-Estados gregas, eram vistas todas as ocupações não-políticas, resultante da enorme demanda de tempo e de energia dos cidadãos, e o desprezo anterior, mais original e mais geral, pelas atividades que serviam apenas para sustentar a vida – ad vitae sustentatione, como são definidas as opera servilia ainda no século XVIII. No mundo de Homero, Páris e Odisseu ajudam na construção de suas casas e a própria Nausicaa lava as roupas dos irmãos etc. Tudo isso faz parte da autossuficiência do herói homérico, de sua independência e da supremacia autônoma de sua pessoa. Nenhuma obra é sórdida quando significa maior independência; a mesma atividade pode ser sinal de servilismo se o que estiver em jogo não for a independência pessoal, e sim a mera sobrevivência, se não for uma expressão de soberania, mas de sujeição à necessidade.”

A opinião de que o trabalho e a obra eram desdenhados na Antiguidade pelo fato de que somente escravos os exerciam é um preconceito dos historiadores modernos.”

Não é surpreendente que a distinção entre trabalho e obra tenha sido ignorada na Antiguidade Clássica.”

O motivo da promoção do trabalho na era moderna foi a sua <produtividade>; e a noção aparentemente blasfema de Marx de que o trabalho (e não Deus) criou o homem, ou de que o trabalho (e não a razão) distingue o homem dos outros animais, era apenas a formulação mais radical e consistente de algo com que toda a era moderna concordava.” “Parece que foi Hume, e não Marx, o primeiro a insistir em que o trabalho distingue o homem do animal (Adriano Tilgher, Homo Faber (1929); ed. inglesa: Work: what it has meant to men through the ages (1930)); Como o trabalho não desempenha qualquer papel importante na filosofia de Hume, esse fato tem interesse apenas histórico; para ele, essa característica não tornava a vida humana mais produtiva, mas somente mais árdua e mais dolorosa que a vida animal.” “Eine unmittelbare [imediata] Konsequenz davon, dass der Mensch dem Produkt seiner Arbeit, seiner Lebenstätigkeit [condição vital], seinem Gattungswesen [condição natural, neologismo especificamente marxiano] entfremdet [alienada] ist, ist die Entfremdung des Menschen vom dem Menschen” Jugendschriften, p. 89 “dass der Arbeiter zum Produkt seiner Arbeit als einem fremden Gegenstand sich verhält [se comporta como]” Jugends., p. 83

Se o trabalho não deixa atrás de si vestígio permanente, o pensamento não deixa absolutamente coisa alguma de tangível. Por si mesmo, o pensamento jamais se materializa em objetos. Sempre que o operário [worker] intelectual deseja manifestar seus pensamentos, tem de usar as mãos e adquirir qualificação manual como qualquer outro que realiza uma obra.” Eis o nosso botar a mão na massa!

a lembrança prepara o intangível e o fútil para sua materialização final”

Cícero – De officiis

A classificação da agricultura entre as artes liberais é, naturalmente, especificamente romana. Não se deve a alguma <utilidade> especial da lavoura, como suporíamos, mas antes tem a ver com a idéia romana de patria, segundo a qual o ager Romanus, e não só a cidade de Roma, é o lugar ocupado pelo domínio público.”

em toda a história antiga, os serviços <intelectuais> dos escribas, quer atendessem a necessidades do domínio público quer a do domínio privado, eram realizadas por escravos e classificados consoante a condição deles. Somente a burocratização do Império Romano e a concomitante ascensão política e social dos imperadores levaram a uma reavaliação dos serviços <intelectuais>. Antes desse enaltecimento dos serviços públicos, os escribas eram classificados na mesma categoria dos vigias de edifícios públicos ou mesmo daqueles que conduziam os gladiadores à arena” “ele se assemelha mais ao <criado doméstico> de Adam Smith que a qualquer outro, ainda que a sua função seja menos manter intacto o processo da vida e proporcionar sua regeneração que cuidar da manutenção das várias máquinas burocráticas gigantescas, cujos processos consomem os seus serviços e devoram os seus produtos tão rápida e impiedosamente quanto o processo biológico da vida. <O trabalho de algumas das mais respeitáveis categorias da sociedade não produz, como no caso dos criados domésticos, valor algum>, diz Adam Smith, incluindo entre elas <todo o exército e a marinha>, <os funcionários públicos> e as profissões liberais, tais como as dos <clérigos, advogados, médicos, homens de letras de toda espécie>. A obra dessas pessoas, <como a declamação dos atores, a arenga do orador ou a canção do músico […] perece no próprio instante de sua produção> (A riqueza das nações, Livro I, p. 295-296, Ed. Everyman). É óbvio que Smith não encontraria dificuldade alguma para classificar os nossos <funcionários de escritório>.

É duvidoso que qualquer pintura fosse jamais tão admirada quanto a estátua do Zeus de Fídias em Olímpia, cujo poder mágico, segundo se dizia, fazia qualquer um esquecer suas aflições e penas; quem não a tinha visto vivera em vão, etc.”

zeus.png

O que os bens de consumo são para a vida humana, os objetos de uso são para o mundo humano.”

Sem a lembrança e sem a reificação de que a lembrança necessita para sua realização – e que realmente a tornam, como afirmavam os gregos, a mãe de todas as artes –, as atividades vivas da ação, do discurso e do pensamento perderiam sua realidade ao fim de cada processo e desapareceriam como se nunca houvessem existido.”

Sem um mundo no qual os homens nascem e do qual se vão com a morte, haveria apenas um imutável eterno retorno, a perenidade imortal da espécie humana como a de todas as outras espécies animais. Uma filosofia da vida que não chegue, como Nietzsche, à afirmação do <eterno retorno> (eiwige Wiederkehr) como o princípio supremo de todo ente simplesmente não sabe do que está falando.” “Somente quando ingressam no mundo feito pelo homem os processos da natureza podem ser descritos como crescimento e declínio”

Trabalho é a eterna necessidade natural de efetuar o metabolismo entre o homem e a natureza.” Das Kapital, v. I, Parte 1, Cap. 1, Seção 2 / Parte 3, Cap. 5.

A despeito de hesitações ocasionais, Marx permaneceu convencido de que <Milton produziu o Paraíso Perdido pela mesma razão pela qual o bicho-da-seda produz seda> (Theories of surplus value, Londres, 1951, p. 186).”

Do ponto de vista da natureza, é a obra que é destrutiva, mais que o trabalho, uma vez que o processo da obra subtrai a matéria das mãos da natureza sem a devolver a esta no curso rápido do metabolismo natural do corpo vivo.”

Hércules, entre cujos 12 <trabalhos> heróicos constava o de limpar os estábulos de Augias. (…) Mas a luta que o corpo humano trava diariamente para manter limpo o mundo e evitar-lhe o declínio tem pouca semelhança com feitos heróicos; a persistência que ela requer, para que se repare novamente a cada dia o esgotamento de ontem, não é coragem, e o que torna o esforço tão doloroso não é o perigo, mas a implacável repetição.”

O indício duradouro do trabalho produtivo é o seu produto material – geralmente um artigo de consumo. Essa curiosa formulação ocorre em Thorstein Veblen, The Theory of the leisure class [em breve no Seclusão], 1917, p. 44.”

reificação (Vergegenständlichung)” “mundo objetivo de coisas (gegenständlichen Welt)” “O termo vergegenständlichen não ocorre muito freqüentemente em Marx, mas, quando ocorre, é sempre em um contexto crucial. Cf. Jugends., p. 88: <Das praktische Erzeugen einer gegenständlichen Welt, die Bearbeitung der unorganischen Natur ist die Bewährung [prova] des Menschen als eines bewussten Gattungswesens (…) (Das Tier [máquina]) produziert unter der Herrschaft [linha de produção, cadeia de comando] des unmittelbaren Bedürfnisses [necessidades imediatas], während der Mensch selbst frei vom physischen Bedürfnis produziert und erst wahrhaft produziert in der Freiheit von demselben.>” (…) Das Kapital (v. I, Parte 3, Cap. 5): <(Die Arbeit) ist vergegenständlicht und der Gegenstand ist verarbeiter [processado, digerido]>. O jogo de palavras em torno de Gegenstand torna obscuro o que de fato sucede no processo: por meio da reificação, uma coisa nova é produzida, mas o <objeto> que esse processo transformou em coisa é, do ponto de vista do processo, apenas matéria-prima, e não uma coisa. (A tradução inglesa editada pela Modern Library, p. 201, deixa escapar o significado do texto alemão e, assim, esquiva-se do equívoco.)” “<Des Prozess erlischt [se extingue, termina, subsume] im Produkt> op. cit. Quando Marx insiste que <o processo de trabalho termina no produto>, esquece sua própria definição desse processoo como o <metabolismo entre o homem e a natureza>, no qual o produto é imediatamente <incorporado>, consumido e destruído pelo processo vital do corpo.” “As <boas coisas> destinadas ao consumo jamais perdem completamente seu caráter natural, e o grão de trigo jamais desaparece totalmente no pão como a árvore desapareceu na mesa.”

L’être et le travail (1949), de Jules Vuillemin, é um bom exemplo do que acontece quando se tenta resolver as contradições e equívocos do pensamento de Marx. Isso só é possível se se abandona inteiramente a evidência fenomênica e se começa a tratar os conceitos de Marx como se constituíssem, por si mesmos, um complicado quebra-cabeça de abstrações.” “Kautsky perguntou a Marx em 1881 se ele não pretendia editar suas obras completas, ao que Marx respondeu: <Primeiro, é preciso escrever essas obras> (Kautsky, Aus der Frühzeit des Marxismus, 1935, p. 53).”

Contradições fundamentais e flagrantes como essas raramente ocorrem em escritores de segunda categoria; no caso dos grandes autores, conduzem ao cerne de sua obra. No caso de Marx, cuja lealdade e integridade na descrição dos fenômenos, tal como estes se apresentavam aos seus olhos, são indubitáveis, as discrepâncias importantes, observadas por todos os estudiosos de sua obra, não podem ser atribuídas à diferença <entre o ponto de vista científico do historiador e o ponto de vista moral do profeta> (Edmund Wilson), nem a um movimento dialético que exigisse o negativo, ou o mal, para produzir o positivo, ou o bem. O fato é que, em todos os estágios de sua obra, ele define o homem como um animal laborans, e então o conduz para uma sociedade na qual essa força, a maior e mais humana de todas, já não é necessária. Ficamos com a alternativa muito angustiante entre a escravidão produtiva e a liberdade improdutiva.

A mais grosseira superstição da era moderna – de que <dinheiro produz dinheiro> – e sua mais aguda intuição política – de que poder gera poder – devem sua plausibilidade à metáfora subjacente da fertilidade natural da vida. De todas as atividades humanas somente o trabalho, e não a ação nem a obra, é interminável, prosseguindo automaticamente em consonância com a vida, fora do escopo das decisões voluntárias ou dos propósitos humanamente significativos.”

<A bênção ou a alegria> do trabalho é o modo humano de experimentar a pura satisfação de estar vivo que temos em comum com todas as criaturas vivas; e é ainda o único modo de os homens também poderem permanecer e voltear com contento no círculo prescrito pela natureza, labutando e descansando, trabalhando e consumindo, com a mesma regularidade feliz e sem propósito com a qual o dia e a noite, a vida e a morte sucedem um ao outro. A recompensa das fadigas e penas repousa na fertilidade da natureza, na confiança serena de que aquele que, nas fadigas e penas, fez sua parte, permanece uma parte da natureza, no futuro de seus filhos e nos filhos de seus filhos. (…) Segundo Gêneses, o homem (adam) fôra criado para cuidar e zelar pelo solo (adamah), como o seu próprio nome, que é a forma masculina de <solo>, indica (Gn 2:5, 2:7, 2:15). <Nem havia ainda Adam para cultivar adamah (…) Formou, pois, o Senhor Deus a Adam do pó de adamah (…). E Ele, Deus, tomou a Adam e pô-lo no jardim do Éden, para ele o cultivar e guardar> (utilizo aqui a tradução de Martin Buber e Franz Rosenzweig, Die Schrift (Berlim, n.d.)). A palavra <cultivar>, leawod, que mais tarde se tornou a palavra para trabalhar em hebraico, tem a conotação de <servir>. A maldição (3:17-19) [maldita é a terra; devorarás a ti mesmo sem cessar] não menciona essa palavra, mas o significado é claro: o serviço para o qual o homem havia sido criado tornava-se agora servidão. O corrente mal-entendido popular da maldição se deve a uma interpretação inconsciente do Antigo Testamento à luz do pensamento grego. Esse mal-entendido é geralmente evitado pelos autores católicos. Conferir, por exemplo, Jacques Leclerc, Leçons de droit naturel, v. IV, Parte 2, <Travail, proprieté>, 1946, p. 31: <La peine du travail est le résultat du péché original […] L’homme non déchu eût travaillé dans la joie, mais il eût travaillé>; ou J. Chr. Nattermann, Die moderne Arbeit, soziologisch und theologisch betrachtet [O trabalho moderno, analisado sociológica e teologicamente], 1953, p. 9. É interessante, nesse contexto, comparar a maldição do Ant. Test. com a explicação aparentemente semelhante da aspereza do trabalho em Hesíodo. Diz o poeta que os deuses, para punir o homem, esconderam dele a vida, de sorte que ele tinha de procurá-la, ao passo que aparentemente tudo o que precisava fazer antes era colher os frutos da terra nos campos e nas árvores. Aqui, a maldição consiste não apenas na aspereza do trabalho, mas no próprio trabalho.”

Não existe felicidade duradoura fora do ciclo prescrito de exaustão dolorosa e regeneração prazerosa; e tudo o que desequilibra esse ciclo – a pobreza e a miséria nos quais a exaustão é seguida pela penúria ao invés da regeneração, ou grande riqueza e uma vida inteiramente isenta de esforço na qual o tédio toma o lugar da exaustão e os moinhos da necessidade, do consumo e da digestão trituram até a morte, impiedosa e esterilmente, um corpo humano impotente – arruína a felicidade elementar que advém de se estar vivo.”

Como nenhuma teoria política anterior ao socialismo e ao comunismo propusera estabelecer uma sociedade inteiramente destituída de propriedade, e como nenhum governo, antes do século XX, demonstrara séria inclinação para expropriar seus cidadãos, o conteúdo da nova teoria não podia ser inspirado pela necessidade de proteger os direitos de propriedade contra uma possível intrusão da administração governamental. O fato é que, naquela época, ao contrário de agora, quando todas as teorias da propriedade encontram-se obviamente na defensiva, os economistas não estavam absolutamente na defensiva; ao contrário, eram abertamente hostis a toda a esfera do governo que, na melhor das hipóteses, era tido como um <mal necessário>, um <reflexo da natureza humana>, e, na pior, como parasita da vida da sociedade que sem ele seria sadia.”

O homem pobre não é senhor de si mesmo (pênes ôn kai heautou mê kratôn) (Sétima Carta, 351A). Nenhum dos autores clássicos jamais pensou no trabalho como uma possível fonte de riqueza. Segundo Cícero, a propriedade é adquirida por antiga conquista, vitória ou divisão legal (aut vetere occupatione aut victoria aut lege) (De officiis, 1:21).”

O que Marx tinha ainda em comum com Locke era a pretensão de ver o processo de crescimento da riqueza como um processo natural, seguindo automaticamente suas leis, fora dos intuitos e decisões voluntárias. Se alguma atividade humana haveria de estar, de alguma forma, envolvida em tal processo, só podia ser uma <atividade> corporal cujo funcionamento natural não pudesse ser interrompido, mesmo se se desejasse.” Curiosa coincidência entre “liberais”.

LOCKE O MORIBUNDO: “o corpo realmente passa a ser a quintessência de toda propriedade, uma vez que é a única coisa que não se pode compartilhar, ainda que se desejasse. Nada, de fato, é menos comum e menos comunicável – e, portanto, mais seguramente protegido contra a visibilidade e a audibilidade do domínio público – que o que se passa dentro do nosso corpo, seus prazeres e suas dores, seu trabalho e seu consumo. (…) nada expele o indivíduo mais radicalmente do mundo que a concentração exclusiva na vida corporal, concentração à qual o homem é compelido pela escravidão ou pelo extremo da dor insuportável. Quem, por algum motivo, desejar tornar inteiramente <privada> a existência humana, independente do mundo e consciente apenas de seu próprio estar vivo, deve basear seus argumentos nessas experiências (…) a experiência <natural> subjacente à independência estóica e epicurista em relação ao mundo não é o trabalho nem a escravidão, mas a dor. A felicidade alcançada no isolamento do mundo e desfrutada dentro das fronteiras da existência privada do indivíduo jamais pode ser outra coisa senão a famosa <ausência de dor>, uma definição com a qual qualquer variante consistente do sensualismo tem de concordar. O hedonismo, a doutrina que afirma que somente as sensações corporais são reais, é apenas a forma mais radical de um modo de vida não-político, totalmente privado, a verdadeira realização do lathe biôsas kai mê politeuesthai de Epicuro (<viver oculto e não se importar com o mundo>).

Normalmente, a ausência de dor é a condição corporal suficiente para a experiência do mundo; somente se o corpo não está irritado, e, por meio da irritação, lançado para dentro de si mesmo, nossos sentidos corporais podem funcionar normalmente e receber o que lhes é oferecido.”

Parece-me que certos tipos de vícios em drogas, moderados e um tanto freqüentes, geralmente atribuídos a propriedades formadoras de hábito dessas drogas, talvez se devam ao desejo de repetir o prazer alguma vez experimentado com o alívio da dor, acompanhado por sua intensa sensação de euforia. O próprio fenômeno era bem conhecido na Antiguidade, ao passo que na literatura moderna encontro o único apoio para minha suposição em Isak Dinesen [pseudônimo de Karen Blixen], <Converse at night in Copenhagen> (Last tales, 1957, p. 388ss.), em que ela considera <a cessação da dor> um dos <três tipos de felicidade perfeita>. Platão já se opunha àqueles que, <ao deixarem de sentir dor, acreditam firmemente ter atingido a meta do […] prazer> (Rep., 585A), mas admite que esses <prazeres misturados> que se seguem à dor ou à privação são mais intensos que os prazeres puros, como o de cheirar um aroma agradável ou o de contemplar figuras geométricas. Curiosamente, foram os hedonistas que tornaram o assunto confuso e não quiseram admitir que o prazer da cessação da dor fosse mais intenso que o <prazer puro>, para não falar da mera ausência da dor. Assim é que Cícero acusava Epicuro de ter confundido a mera ausência de dor com o prazer do alijamento da dor (cf. V. Brochard, Études de philosophie ancienne et de philosophie moderne, 1912, p. 252ss.).”

Realmente, a dor causada por uma espada ou a cócega provocada por uma pluma nada me diz da qualidade ou sequer da existência mundana da espada ou da pluma. É característico de todas as teorias que argumentam contra a capacidade dos sentidos de nos fornecer o mundo que retirem a visão de sua posição como o mais alto e mais nobre dos sentidos, e substituam-na pelo tato ou o gosto que, na verdade, são os sentidos mais privados, ou seja, aqueles nos quais o corpo, ao perceber um objeto, sente primeiramente a si mesmo. Todos os pensadores que negam a realidade do mundo exterior teriam concordado com Lucrécio, que disse: <Pois o tato e nada mais que o tato (por tudo o que homens chamam sagrado) é a essência de todas as nossas sensações corporais> (The nature of the universe, p. 72). Isso, porém, não é suficiente: o tato ou o gosto em um corpo não-irritado ainda transmite demais a realidade do mundo: quando como um prato de morangos, sinto o gosto dos morangos e não o próprio gosto; ou, para usar um exemplo de Galileu, quando <passo a mão, primeiro sobre uma estátua de mármore, depois sobre um homem vivo>, percebo o mármore e o corpo vivo, e não primeiramente a minha mão a tocá-los. Assim, ao tentar demonstrar que as qualidades secundárias, como cores, gostos, cheiros, <não passam de meros nomes (que) residem unicamente no corpo sensível>, Galileu é forçado a desistir do seu próprio exemplo e a introduzir a sensação de ser titilado por uma pluma, com o que conclui: <Acredito que as várias qualidades atribuídas aos corpos naturais, tais como gostos, cheiros, cores e outras, possuem precisamente existência semelhante e não maior (Il Saggiatore, em Opere, IV, p. 333ss.; tradução citada por E.A. Burtt, Metaphysical foundations of modern science, 1932).” “Seguindo linha semelhante de raciocínio, Descartes diz: <O mero movimento de uma espada que corta parte de nossa pele causa-nos dor, mas nem por isso nos faz perceber o movimento ou a forma da espada. E é certo que essa sensação de dor não é menos diferente do movimento que a provoca […] do que são as sensações que temos de cores, sons, cheiros ou sabores (Principles, Parte 4; trad. por Haldane e Ross, Philosophical works, 1911).”

dupla dor: o doloroso esforço envolvido na reprodução da própria vida e na vida da espécie.”

Em uma sociedade de proprietários, em contraposição a uma sociedade de trabalhadores ou de assalariados, é ainda o mundo, e não a abundância natural nem a mera necessidade da vida, que está no centro do cuidado e da preocupação humanos.”

Somente se a vida da sociedade como um todo, ao invés da vida limitada dos indivíduos, é considerada como sujeito gigantesco do processo de acumulação, pode esse processo seguir totalmente livre e em plena velocidade, isento dos limites impostos pela duração da vida individual e pela propriedade possuída individualmente.”

O que todas essas teorias [filosofia do trabalho, evolução natural, desenvolvimento histórico] têm em comum, nas várias ciências – economia, história, biologia, geologia –, é o conceito de processo, virtualmente desconhecido antes da era moderna.”

Se, na virada do século (com Nie. e Bergson), a vida, e não o trabalho, foi proclamada <criadora de todos os valores>, essa glorificação do mero dinamismo do processo vital aboliu aquele mínimo de iniciativa presente até mesmo em atividades que, como o trabalho e a procriação, são impostas ao homem pela necessidade.”

Marx predisse corretamente, embora com injustificado júbilo, o <definhamento> do domínio público nas condições de um desenvolvimento desenfreado das <forças produtivas da sociedade>; e estava igualmente certo, isto é, consistente com a sua concepção do homem como um animal laborans, quando previu que os <homens socializados> gozariam sua liberação do trabalho naquelas atividades estritamente privadas e essencialmente sem-mundo que hoje chamamos de <passatempos> (hobbies). Na sociedade comunista ou socialista, todas as profissões se tornariam, por assim dizer, passatempos (hobbies): não haveria pintores, mas apenas pessoas que, entre outras coisas, gastariam seu tempo também com a pintura; ou seja, pessoas que <hoje fazem uma coisa, amanhã fazem outra, que caçam pela manhã, pescam à tarde, criam gado ao anoitecer, são críticos após o jantar, conforme julgarem conveniente, sem por isso jamais chegarem a ser caçadores, pescadores, pastores ou críticos> (Deutsche Ideologie, p. 22 e 373).”

Os produtos do trabalho, produtos do metabolismo do homem com a natureza, não permanecem no mundo tempo suficiente para se tornarem parte dele, e a própria atividade do trabalho, concentrada exclusivamente na vida e em sua manutenção, esquece-se do mundo até o extremo da não-mundanidade.” Majin Boo e a eterna “coisidade”

O fato de que a escravidão e o banimento no lar constituíam, de modo geral, a condição social de todos os trabalhadores antes da era moderna deve-se basicamente à própria condição humana; a vida, que para todas as outras espécies animais é a própria essência do seu ser, torna-se um ônus para o homem em virtude de sua inata <repugnância à futilidade>.”

Omnis vita servitium est.” Sêneca, Da tranqüilidade da alma

A condição humana é tal que a dor e o esforço não são meros sintomas que podem ser eliminados sem que se transforme a própria vida”

Se alguém soubesse que o mundo acabaria quando ele morresse, ou logo depois, esse mundo perderia toda a sua realidade, como perdeu entre os primeiros cristãos, na medida em que estavam convencidos de que as suas expectativas escatológicas seriam imediatamente realizadas. A confiança na realidade da vida, ao contrário, depende quase exclusivamente da intensidade com que a vida é experimentada, do impacto com que ela se faz sentir.”

Já se observou muitas vezes que aquilo que a vida dos ricos perde em vitalidade, em proximidade com as <boas coisas> da natureza, ganha em refinamento, em sensibilidade às coisas belas do mundo. O fato é que a capacidade humana de vida no mundo implica sempre uma capacidade de transcender e alienar-se dos processos da vida, enquanto a vitalidade e a vivacidade só podem ser conservadas na medida em que os homens se disponham a arcar com o ônus, as fadigas e as penas da vida.”

instrumentos humanos dotados de fala (o instrumentum vocale, como eram chamados os escravos no lar, entre os antigos)”

o duplo trabalho da vida: manutenção e geração

a vida de um escravo testemunhava diariamente o fato de que a <vida é escravidão> (…) O perigo aqui é óbvio. (…) sua liberdade é sempre conquistada mediante tentativas, nunca inteiramente bem-sucedidas, de libertar-se da necessidade. (…) é ainda provável que as enormes mudanças da revolução industrial, no passado, e as mudanças ainda maiores da revolução atômica, no futuro, permaneçam como mudanças do mundo, e não mudanças da condição básica da vida humana na Terra.

As ferramentas e instrumentos, que podem suavizar consideravelmente o esforço do trabalho, não são produtos do trabalho, mas da obra; não pertencem ao processo do consumo, mas são parte integrante do mundo de objetos de uso. (…) Nenhuma obra pode ser reproduzida sem ferramentas, e o nascimento do homo faber e o surgimento de um mundo de coisas feito pelo homem são, na verdade, contemporâneos da descoberta de ferramentas e de instrumentos.”

os serviços de um único criado jamais podem ser inteiramente substituídos por uma centena de aparelhos na cozinha ou por meia dúzia de robôs no subsolo (…) Um testemunho curioso e inesperado desse fato é que ele pôde ser previsto milhares de anos antes de se dar o fabuloso desenvolvimento moderno de instrumentos e de máquinas. Em tom meio fantasioso e meio irônico, Aristóteles imaginou, certa vez, aquilo que se tornou realidade tempos depois, ou seja, que <cada ferramenta fosse capaz de executar sua própria obra quando se lha ordenasse […] como as estátuas de Dédalo ou as trípodes de Hefesto que, segundo diz o poeta, ‘ingressaram por conta própria na assembléia dos deuses’>. Assim, a <lançadeira teceria e o plectro tocaria a lira sem que uma mão os guiasse>. E prossegue afirmando que isso significaria realmente que o artífice já não necessitaria de assistentes humanos, mas não que os escravos domésticos pudessem ser dispensados.”

o processo vital que exige o trabalho é uma atividade interminável, e o único <instrumento> à sua altura teria de ser um perpetuum mobile, isto é, o instrumentum vocale, tão vivo e ativo quanto o organismo a que serve.” Arednt não conheceu a “mulher do Google” ou “do Avast”

enquanto a especialização da obra é essencialmente guiada pelo próprio produto acabado, cuja natureza é exigir diferentes habilidades que são então reunidas e organizadas em um conjunto, a divisão do trabalho, pelo contrário, pressupõe a equivalência qualitativa de todas as atividades singulares para as quais nenhuma habilidade especial é necessária.” “como se fosse um só (…) o oposto da cooperação”

Não importa o que façamos, supostamente o faremos com vistas a <prover nosso próprio sustento>; é esse o veredicto da sociedade, e vem diminuindo rapidamente o número de pessoas capazes de desafiá-lo, especialmente nas profissões que poderiam fazê-lo. A única exceção que a sociedade está disposta a admitir é o artista, que, propriamente falando, é o único <operário> (worker) que restou em uma sociedade de trabalhadores (laboring society).”

não resta nem mesmo a <obra> do artista: ela foi dissolvida no divertir-se (…) Compreende-se que o divertimento do artista desempenha a mesma função que o jogo de tênis no processo vital do trabalho da sociedade ou a que a manutenção de um passatempo desempenha na vida de um indivíduo.”

em toda a Antiguidade Ocidental, a tortura, <a necessidade que nenhum homem pode suportar>, só podia ser aplicada a escravos, que, de qualquer forma, já estavam sujeitos à necessidade. <On croyait recueillir la voix même de la nature dans le cris de la douleur. Plus la douleur pénétrait avant, plus intime et plus vrai sembla être ce témoignage de la chair et du sang> Wallon. A psicologia dos antigos era muito mais cônscia do que nós do elemento de liberdade, de invenção livre, que existe na mentira. Foram as artes da violência, da guerra, da pirataria, e, finalmente, do governo absoluto, que colocaram os vencidos a serviço dos vencedores, e com isso mantiveram a necessidade em suspenso durante o mais longo período de que se tem registro na história”

Wallon demonstra, de modo brilhante, como a posterior generalização estóica de que todos os homens são escravos baseava-se nos desdobramentos do Império Romano, no qual a antiga liberdade foi gradualmente abolida pelo governo imperial, até que finalmente ninguém era livre e todos tinham seu senhor. O momento decisivo ocorreu quando primeiro Calígula e depois Trajano consentiram em ser chamados dominus, palavra usada antes somente para designar o chefe de uma casa. A chamada moralidade escrava da Antiguidade tardia e sua premissa de que não havia diferença real entre a vida do escravo e a vida do homem livre tinham um pano de fundo muito realista.

Talvez não seja exagero dizer que La condition ouvrière (1951), de Simone Weil, é o único livro na imensa literatura sobe a questão do trabalho que lida com o problema sem preconceitos e sem sentimentalismo.”

O perigo da futura automação não é tanto a tão deplorada mecanização e a artificialização da vida natural, quanto o fato de que, a despeito de sua artificialidade, toda a produtividade humana seria sugada por um processo vital enormemente intensificado e seguiria automaticamente, sem dor e sem esforço, o seu ciclo natural sempre-recorrente.”

Calcula-se que, durante a Idade Média, as pessoas raramente trabalhavam mais que a metade dos dias do ano. Havia 141 feriados oficiais (cf. Levasseur).” “superestima-se o progresso alcançado em nosso tempo, uma vez que este é medido em comparação com uma <era sombria>. É possível que a expectativa de vida na maioria dos países altamente civilizados hoje corresponda apenas à de certos séculos da Antiguidade. Não o sabemos, naturalmente, mas somos levados a essa suspeita quando refletimos sobre a idade em que morreram muitas pessoas famosas.”

na ilusão de uma filosofia mecanicista que supõe que a força de trabalho, como qualquer outra energia, não pode ser perdida, de modo que, se não for gasta e exaurida na labuta da vida, nutrirá automaticamente outras atividades <superiores>.” “Cem anos depois de Marx conhecemos a falácia desse raciocínio: o tempo excedente do animal laborans jamais é empregado em algo que não seja o consumo, e quanto maior é o tempo de que ele dispõe, mais ávidos e ardentes são os seus apetites.”

O resultado é aquilo que eufemisticamente é chamado de cultura de massas; e o seu arraigado problema é uma infelicidade universal” “A universal demanda de felicidade e a infelicidade extensamente disseminada em nossa sociedade são alguns dos mais persuasivos sintomas de que já começamos a viver em uma sociedade de trabalho que não tem suficiente trabalho para mantê-la contente.”

<se opor> [staind against]: Isso está implicado no verbo latino obicere, do qual nossa palavra <objeto> é uma derivação tardia, e na palavra alemã Gegenstand, objeto. <Objeto> significa literalmente <algo lançado> ou <posto contra>.”

os homens, a despeito de sua natureza sempre cambiante, podem recobrar sua mesmidade [sameness]”

Somente nós, que erigimos a objetividade de um mundo nosso a partir do que a natureza nos oferece, que o construímos dentro do ambiente natural para assim nos proteger dele, podemos observar a natureza como algo <objetivo>. Sem um mundo interposto entre os homens e a natureza, há eterno movimento, mas não objetividade.”

O uso contém, realmente, certo elemento de consumo, na medida em que o processo de desgaste [wearing-out process] ocorre por meio do contato do objeto de uso com o organismo consumidor vivo, e quanto mais estreito for o contato entre o corpo e a coisa usada, mais plausível parecerá o equacionamento dos dois.”

o homo faber, criador do artifício humano, sempre foi um destruidor da natureza. O animal laborans, que com o próprio corpo e a ajuda de animais domésticos nutre o processo da vida, pode ser o amo e o senhor de todas as criaturas vivas, mas permanece ainda o servo da natureza e da Terra; só o homo faber se porta como amo e senhor de toda a Terra.”

É interessante notar que Lutero, rejeitando conscientemente o compromisso escolástico com a Antiguidade grega e latina, procura eliminar da obra e do trabalho humanos todo e qualquer elemento de produção e fabricação. O trabalho humano, segundo ele, apenas <encontra> os tesouros que Deus colocou na Terra.” “Sage an, wer legt das Silber und Gold in die Berge, dass man es findet? Wer legt in die Äcker [campos] solch grosses Gut als heraus wächst…? Tut das Menschen Arbeit? Ja wohl, Arbeit findet es wohl; aber Gott muss es dahin legen, soll es die Arbeit finden… So finden wir denn, dass alle unsere Arbeit nichts ist denn Gottes Güter finden und aufheben, nichts aber möge machen und erhalten (Luther, Werke, Ed. Walch, V, 1873).

Le travailler travaille pour son oeuvre plutôt que pour lui-même: loi de générosité métaphysique, qui définit l’activité laborieuse”

Chenu

Essa qualidade da permanência do modelo ou da imagem, o fato de existir antes que a fabricação comece e de permanecer depois que esta termina, sobrevivendo a todos os possíveis objetos de uso que continua ajudando fazer existir, exerceu uma forte influência na doutrina das idéias eternas de Platão. Na medida em que os seus ensinamentos foram inspirados pela palavra idea ou eidos (<aspecto> ou <forma>), que ele foi o primeiro a usar em um contexto filosófico, eles baseavam-se em experiências de poiêsis, de fabricação (fabrication), e embora Platão empregasse a sua teoria para exprimir experiências muito diferentes e talvez muito mais <filosóficas>, nunca deixou de buscar seus exemplos no campo da produção (making) quando desejava demonstrar a plausibilidade do que dizia. [Interpretações em Platão: o texto mais importante do “casal”] O testemunho de Aristóteles de que foi Pl. quem introduziu o termo idea na terminologia filosófica ocorre no 1º livro de sua Metafísica (987b8). Excelente relato do uso anterior da palavra e do ensinamento de Pl. encontra-se em Gerard F. Else, <The terminology of ideas>, Harvard studies in classical philology, v. XLVII (1936). (…) As palavras eidos e idea referem-se, sem dúvida, a formas e aspectos visíveis, especialmente de criaturas vivas; assim, é improvável que Platão concebesse a doutrina sob a influência de formas geométricas. A tese de Francis M. Cornford (Plato and Parmenides, Ed. Liberal Arts, p. 69-110), de que a doutrina é provavelmente de origem socrática, uma vez que Sócrates procurava definir a justiça em si ou a bondade em si, que não podem ser percebidas pelos sentidos, bem como pitagórica, uma vez que a doutrina da existência (chõrismos) das idéias eternas e separadas de todas as coisas perecíveis implica <a existência separada de uma alma consciente e conhecedora, à parte do corpo e dos sentidos>, parece-me muito convincente. Minha apresentação, porém, deixa em suspenso todos esses pressupostos. Ela se refere simplesmente ao Livro X da República, no qual o próprio Pl. explica sua doutrina tomando <o caso comum> de um artífice que faz camas e mesas <de acordo com a idéia <dessas camas e mesas> (…) Não é preciso dizer que nenhuma dessas explicações vai ao fundo da questão, que é a experiência especificamente filosófica subjacente ao conceito de idéia”

O homo faber é realmente amo e senhor, não apenas porque é o senhor ou se estabeleceu como senhor de toda a natureza, mas porque é senhor de si mesmo e de seus atos.Isso não se aplica ao animal laborans, sujeito às necessidades de sua própria vida, nem ao homem de ação, que depende de seus semelhantes.”

O trabalho, mas não a obra, requer, para obter melhores resultados, uma execução ritmicamente ordenada e, na medida em que muitos operários se aglomeram, exige uma coordenação rítmica de todos os movimentos individuais. A conhecida compilação feita por Karl Bücher, em 1897, de canções rítmicas de trabalho (Arbeit und Rhythmus (6. ed.; 1924)), foi seguida de volumosa literatura de caráter mais científico. Um dos melhores desses estudos (Joseph Schopp, Das deutsche Arbeitslied (1935)) ressalta o fato de que não existem canções da obra, mas somente canções de trabalho. As canções dos artífices são sociais e cantadas após o trabalho. O fato é, naturalmente, que não existe ritmo <natural> algum para a obra. Nota-se às vezes a surpreendente semelhança entre o ritmo <natural> inerente a toda operação de trabalho e o ritmo das máquinas, sem contar as repetidas queixas de que as máquinas impõem ao trabalhador um ritmo <artificial>. (…) Bücher, que acreditava que o <trabalho rítmico é um trabalho espiritual> (vergeistigt), já dizia: <Aufreibend werden nur solchen einförmigen Arbeiten, die sich nicht rhythmisch gestalten lassen> op. cit. p. 443. (…) Hendrik de Man: <diese von Bücher […] gepriesene Welt weniger die des […] handwerkmässig schöpferischen Gewerbes als die der einfachen schieren […] Arbeitsfron (ist)> (Der Kampf und die Arbeitsfreud, p. 244). (…) os próprios operários apresentam razão inteiramente diferente para sua preferência pelo trabalho repetitivo. Preferem-no porque é mecânico e não requer atenção, de sorte que, ao executá-lo, podem pensar em outra coisa. (Podem <geistig wegtreten>, nas palavras de operários berlinenses. Cf. der Rationalisierung (1954), p. 35ss…) Essa explicação é bastante digna de nota, uma vez que coincide com as muito antigas recomendações cristãs quanto aos méritos do trabalho manual, que, por exigir menor atenção, tende a interferir menos na contemplação que as outras ocupações e profissões (cf. Étienne Delaruelle, <Le travail dans les règles monastiques occidentales du 4e au 9e siècle>, Journal de psychologie normale et pathologique, v. XLI, n. 1 (1948)).”

o homem <ajustou-se> a um ambiente de máquinas desde o instante em que as concebeu. Sem dúvida, as máquinas tornaram-se condição tão inalienável de nossa existência como os utensílios e ferramentas o foram em todas as eras anteriores. (…) Nunca houve dúvida de que o homem se ajustava ou precisava de ajuste especial às ferramentas que utilizava, da mesma forma como uma pessoa se ajusta às próprias mãos. (…) enquanto dura a obra nas máquinas, o processo mecânico substitui o ritmo do corpo humano. Mesmo a mais sofisticada ferramenta permanece como serva, incapaz de guiar ou de substituir a mão. Mesmo a mais primitiva máquina guia o trabalho do nosso corpo até finalmente substituí-lo por completo.”

Uma das importantes condições da Rev. Industrial foi a extinção das florestas e a descoberta do carvão mineral como substituto de madeira. (…) Barrow (…) sustenta que o único fator que <impediu a aplicação das máquinas à indústria […] (foi) a inexistência de combustível bom e barato […]”

é somente ao mundo da eletricidade que as categorias do homo faber, para quem todo instrumento é um meio de atingir um fim prescrito, já não se aplicam. Pois agora já não usamos o material como a natureza nos fornece, matando processos naturais, interrompendo-os ou imitando-os. Em todos esses casos, alteramos e desnaturalizamos a natureza para nossos próprios fins mundanos, de sorte que o mundo ou o artifício humano, de um lado, e a natureza, de outro, permanecem como duas entidades nitidamente separadas.”

Diebold: a linha de montagem é o resultado <do conceito da manufatura como um processo contínuo>, e se poderia acrescentar que a automação é o resultado da maquinização (machinization) da linha de montagem.”

Günther Anders, em um interessante ensaio sobre a bomba atômica (Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen (1956)), sustenta de modo convincente, que a palavra <experimento> já não se aplica aos experimentos nucleares envolvendo explosões das novas bombas. Pois era característico dos experimentos o fato de que o espaço no qual ocorriam era estritamente limitado e isolado do meio ambiente. Os efeitos das bombas são tão gigantescos que <seu laboratório tornou-se coextensivo com o globo> (p. 260).”

nossa palavra <natureza>, quer a derivemos da raiz latina nasci, nascer, quer a remetamos à sua origem grega, physis, que vem de phyein, surgir de, aparecer por si mesmo.”

Chamamos de automático todo movimento autopropulsado e, portanto, fora do alcance da interferência voluntária ou intencional. (…) As categorias do homo faber e do seu mundo não se aplicam aqui, como jamais poderiam aplicar-se à natureza e ao universo natural.”

a questão não é tanto se somos senhores ou escravos de nossas máquinas, mas se estas ainda servem ao mundo e às coisas do mundo ou se, pelo contrário, elas e o movimento automático de seus processos passaram a dominar e mesmo a destruir o mundo e as coisas.”

Em seu contínuo processo de operação, este mundo de máquinas está perdendo inclusive aquele caráter mundano independente que as ferramentas e utensílios e a primeira maquinaria da era moderna possuíam em tão alto grau. Os processos naturais de que se alimenta o relacionam cada vez mais com o próprio processo biológico, de sorte que os aparelhos, que outrora manejávamos livremente, começam a mostrar-se como se fossem <carapaças integrantes do corpo humano tanto quanto a carapaça é parte integrante do corpo da tartaruga>.”

a madeira justifica matar a árvore e a mesa justifica destruir a madeira.”

todo fim pode novamente servir como meio em algum outro contexto. Em outras palavras, em um mundo estritamente utilitário, todos os fins são constrangidos a serem de curta duração e a transformarem-se em meios para alcançar outros fins. Quanto à interminabilidade da cadeia de meios e fins (o Zweck-progressus in infinitum) e à destruição do significado que lhe é inerente, comparar com Nietzsche, Afor. 666, em Wille zur Macht.” Não entendo que edição é essa que possui mais de 583/594 aforismos! (*)

O ideal de utilidade, como os ideais de outras sociedades, já não pode ser concebido como algo necessário a fim de se obter alguma outra coisa; esse ideal simplesmente impugna o questionamento sobre seu próprio uso. É óbvio que não há resposta à pergunta que Lessing, certa vez, dirigiu aos filósofos utilitaristas do seu tempo: <E qual o uso do uso?> A perplexidade do utilitarismo é que ele é capturado pela cadeia interminável de meios e fins sem jamais chegar a algum princípio que possa justificar a categoria de meios e fim (…) O <a fim de> torna-se o conteúdo do <em razão de>; em outras palavras, a utilidade instituída como significado gera a ausência de significado. “Só em um mundo estritamente antropocêntrico, onde o usuário, i.e., o próprio homem, torna-se o fim último que põe termo à cadeia infindável de meios e fins, pode a utilidade como tal adquirir a dignidade da significação. A tragédia, porém, é que, no instante em que o homo faber parece ter se realizado nos termos de sua própria atividade, ele passa a degradar o mundo das coisas, que é o fim e o produto final de sua mente e de suas mãos. Se o homem como usuário é o mais alto de todos os fins, <a medida de todas as coisas>, então não somente a natureza, tratada pelo homo faber como o <material quase sem valor> sobre o qual ele opera, mas as próprias coisas <valiosas> tornam-se simples meios e, com isso, perdem o seu próprio <valor> intrínseco.

O utilitarismo antropocêntrico do homo faber encontrou sua mais alta expressão na fórmula de Kant: nenhum homem pode jamais tornar-se um meio para um fim, todo ser humano é um fim em si mesmo. Embora encontremos antes de Kant uma percepção das funestas conseqüências que um desobstruído e desorientado pensamento em termos de meios e fins invariavelmente tem para o domínio político (p.ex., na insistência de Locke em que não se deve permitir que um homem seja dono do corpo de outro ou use a força do seu corpo), é somente em Kant que a filosofia das primeiras fases da era moderna liberta-se inteiramente das trivialidades do bom senso, encontradas sempre onde o homo faber dita os padrões da sociedade. Naturalmente, o motivo disso é que Kant não pretendia formular ou conceitualizar os princípios do utilitarismo do seu tempo, mas, ao contrário, desejava antes de tudo pôr em seu devido lugar a categoria de meios-e-fim e evitar que fosse empregada no campo da ação política. Não obstante, sua fórmula não pode renegar sua origem no pensamento utilitário, como é o caso de sua outra famosa e também inerentemente paradoxal interpretação da atitude do homem em relação aos únicos objetos que não são <para o uso>, a saber, as obras de arte, com as quais ele disse que experimentamos um <prazer sem qualquer interesse>. A expressão de K. é <ein Wohlgefallen ohne alles Interesse> (Kritik der Unteilskraft, ed. Casssirer, V, 272). Pois a mesma operação que faz do homem o <fim supremo> permite-lhe <sujeitar, se puder, toda a natureza a esse fim>, isto é, degradar a natureza e o mundo a simples meios, privado-os de sua dignidade independente. Nem mesmo Kant foi capaz de resolver o dilema ou iluminar a cegueira do homo faber no tocante ao problema do significado sem voltar ao paradoxal <fim em si mesmo>, e essa perplexidade reside no fato de que, embora somente a fabricação, com sua instrumentalidade, seja capaz de construir um mundo, esse mesmo mundo torna-se tão sem valor quanto o material empregado, simples meios para outros fins, quando se permite que os padrões que presidiram o seu surgimento prevaleçam depois que ele foi estabelecido.”


(*) Tudo é uma questão de edição!

I AM AN END (THE SUPREME GOOD, A PRETEXT):

666.

For ages we have always ascribed the value of an action, of a character, of an existence, to the intention, to the purpose for which it was done, acted, or lived: this primeval idiosyncrasy of taste ultimately takes a dangerous turn—provided the lack of intention and purpose in all phenomena comes ever more to the front in consciousness. With it a general depreciation of all values seems to be preparing: <All is without sense.> —This melancholy phrase means: <All sense lies in the intention, and if the intention is absolutely lacking, then sense must be lacking too.> In conformity with this valuation, people were forced to place the value of life in a <life after death,> or in the progressive development of ideas, or of mankind, or of the people, or of man to superman; but in this way the progressus in infinitum of purpose had been reached: it was ultimately necessary to find one’s self a place in the process of the world (perhaps with the disdaemonistic outlook [perspectiva irracional], it was a process which led to nonentity).

In regard to this point, <purpose> needs a somewhat more severe criticism: it ought to be recognised that an action is never caused by a purpose; that an object and the means thereto are interpretations, by means of which certain points in a phenomena are selected and accentuated, at the cost of other, more numerous, points; that every time something is done for a purpose, something fundamentally different, and yet other things happen; that in regard to the action done with a purpose, the case is the same as with the so-called purposefulness of the heat [Moira] which is radiated from the sun: the greater part of the total sum is squandered [desperdiçada]; a portion of it, which is scarcely worth reckoning, has a <purpose,> has <sense>; that an <end> with its <means> is an absurdly indefinite description, which indeed may be able to command as a precept, as <will,> but presupposes a system of obedient and trained instruments, which, in the place of the indefinite, puts forward a host of determined entities (i.e. we imagine a system of clever but narrow intellects who postulate end and means, in order to be able to grant our only known <end,> the rôle of the <cause of an action,>—a proceeding to which we have no right: it is tantamount to solving a problem by placing its solution in an inaccessible world which we cannot observe).

Finally, why could not an <end> be merely an accompanying feature in the series of changes among the active forces which bring about the action—a pale stenographic symbol stretched in consciousness beforehand, and which serves as a guide to what happens, even as a symbol of what happens, not as its cause?—But in this way we criticise will itself: is it not an illusion to regard that which enters consciousness as will-power, as a cause? Are not all conscious phenomena only final phenomena—the lost links in a chain, but apparently conditioning one another in their sequence within the plane of consciousness? This might be an illusion.


<a Terra em geral e todas as forças da natureza> perdem seu <valor porque não apresentam a reificação resultante da obra> (<Der Wasserfall, wie die Erde überhaupt, wie alle Naturkraft hat keinen Wert, weil er keine in ihm vergegenständlichte Arbeit darstellt>) (Das Kapital, III, 698). Não foi por outro motivo senão essa atitude do homo faber em relação ao mundo que os gregos, em seu período clássico, declararam que todo o campo das artes e ofícios, no qual os homens operavam com instrumentos e faziam algo não pela satisfação de fazê-lo, mas para produzir outra coisa, era banáustico, palavra talvez mais bem-traduzida como <filisteu>, conotando a vulgaridade de pensar e agir em termos de conveniência.”

A instrumentalização de todo o mundo e de toda a Terra, essa ilimitada desvalorização de tudo o que é dado, esse processo de crescente ausência de significado no qual todo fim é transformado em um meio e que só pode ser interrompido quando se faz do próprio homem o amo e senhor de todas as coisas, não provém diretamente do processo de fabricação; pois, do ponto de vista da fabricação, o produto acabado é um fim em si mesmo, uma entidade independente e durável, dotada de existência própria, tal como o homem é um fim em si mesmo na filosofia política de Kant.” “É bastante óbvio que os gregos temiam essa desvalorização do mundo e da natureza, assim como seu inerente antropocentrismo – a opinião <absurda> de que o homem é o ente mais elevado e de que tudo o mais está sujeito às exigências da vida humana (Arist.) (…) Talvez o melhor exemplo do quanto eles estavam conscientes das conseqüências de se considerar o homo faber como a mais elevada possibilidade humana seja o famoso argumento de Platão contra Protágoras e sua declaração aparentemente auto-evidente de que <o homem é a medida de todas as coisas de uso (chrmata), da existência das que existem e da inexistência das que não existem> (Teeteto, 152 & Crátilo, 385E). (Evidentemente, Protágoras não disse que <o homem é a medida de todas as coisas>, como a tradição e as traduções consagradas o fizeram dizer. O suposto dito de Protágoras – <o homem é a medida de todas as coisas> – seria, em grego, anthrôpos metron pantôn, correspondendo, p.ex., à frase de Heráclito: polemos patêr pantón, <o conflito é o pai de todas as coisas>.) O que importa nesse assunto é que Platão percebeu imediatamente que, quando se faz do homem a medida de todas as coisas de uso, é ao homem como usuário e instrumentalizador a quem se relaciona o mundo, e não ao homem como orador, homem de ação ou pensador.” “Nessa interpretação platônica, Protágoras se afigura, realmente, como o primeiro precursor de Kant, pois se o homem é a medida de todas as coisas, então o homem é a única coisa que escapa à relação de meios-e-fim, o único fim em si mesmo, capaz de usar tudo o mais como meio.”

Se se permitir que os critérios do homo faber governem o mundo depois de construído, como devem necessariamente presidir o nascimento desse mundo, então o homo faber finalmente se servirá de tudo e considerará tudo o que existe como simples meios à sua disposição. Julgará cada coisa como se ela pertencesse à categoria de chrêmata ou de objetos de uso, de sorte que, seguindo o ex. de Platão, o vento deixará de ser concebido como força natural, existente por si mesmo, para ser considerado exclusivamente consoante as necessidades humanas de calor e refrigério – e isso, naturalmente, significaria que o vento, como algo objetivamente dado, seria eliminado da experiência humana. Por conta de tais conseqüências, Platão, que no fim da vida lembra mais uma vez n’As Leis (716D) o dito de Protágoras, responde com uma fórmula quase paradoxal: não o homem – que, em virtude de suas necessidades e talentos, quer usar tudo e, portanto, termina por privar todas as coisas de seu valor intrínseco –, mas <o deus é a medida até dos simples objetos de uso>.”

Marx – em um dos muitos apartes que testificam seu eminente senso histórico – observou certa vez que a definição do homem por Benjamin Franklin como um fazedor de instrumentos é tão típica do <ianquismo>, i.e., da era moderna, quanto a definição do homem como um animal político o era da Antiguidade. (DK, p. 358, n. 3)”

No alemão medieval, a palavra Störer [artífice] equivale exatamente à palavra grega dêmiourgos. <Der griechische dêmiourgos heisst ‘Störer’, er geht beim Volk arbeiten, er geht auf die Stör.> Stör significa dêmos (<povo>). (Cf. Jost Trier…1950).”

os tiranos nutriam a ambição, sempre frustrada, de dissuadir os cidadãos da preocupação com os assuntos políticos” Já hoje os Boechats neocons estimulam a participação desenfreada.

O domínio público do homo faber é o mercado de trocas, no qual ele pode exibir os produtos de sua mão e receber a estima que merece. Essa inclinação para a habilidade na exibição pública (showmanship) é intimamente conectada com a <propensão de barganhar, permutar e trocar uma coisa por outra>, que, segundo Adam Smith, distingue os homens dos animais, e possivelmente não menos arraigada que ela. E ele acrescenta, com ênfase: <Ninguém jamais viu um cão fazer uma troca eqüitativa e deliberada de um osso por outro com outro cão> (Wealth of nations, ed. Everyman’s, I, 12).”

A privatividade exigida nos primórdios da era moderna como direito supremo de cada membro da sociedade era efetivamente a garantia de isolamento, sem a qual nenhuma obra pode ser produzida. (…) Esse isolamento em relação aos outros é a condição de vida necessária a toda maestria, que consiste em estar a sós com a <idéia>, a imagem mental da coisa que irá existir. (…) e as palavras <operário> e <mestre> – ouvrier e maître – eram originalmente empregadas como sinônimos. (Levasseur e Pierre Brizon)” “a diferença entre a qualificação do mestre e a ajuda não-qualificada é temporária, como a diferença entre adultos e crianças.”

Sewall – The theory of value before Adam Smith (1901) in: “Publications of the American Economic Association”

O valor é aquela qualidade que nenhuma coisa pode ter na privatividade, mas que adquire automaticamente assim que aparece em público.”

a primeira coisa sobre a qual insistem os professores medievais é que o valor não é determinado pela excelência intrínseca à própria coisa, pois, se fosse assim, uma mosca seria mais valiosa que uma pérola, uma vez que é intrinsecamente mais excelente” George O’Brien – An essay on medieval economic teaching, 1920

Weisskopf – The psychology of economics (1955)

A palavra mais antiga para <valia> (worth), que ainda encontramos em Locke, foi suplantada pela expressão <valor de uso> (use value), aparentemente mais científica.” “a perda de toda valia intrínseca começa com a sua transformação em valores (values) ou mercadorias” “A relatividade universal, o fato de que uma coisa só existe em relação a outras, e a perda do valor intrínseco, o fato de que tudo deixa de possuir valor <objetivo>, independente da avaliação mutável da oferta e da procura, são inerentes ao próprio conceito de valor.” “preço justo”

Mas a resposta de Platão – de que não o homem, mas um <deus é a medida de todas as coisas> – seria um gesto moralizante vazio se realmente fosse verdadeiro que, como presumia a era moderna, a instrumentalidade, disfarçada em utilidade, governa o âmbito do mundo acabado tão exclusivamente quanto governa a atividade por meio da qual o mundo e todas as coisas nele contidas passaram a existir.”

Ainda que a origem histórica da arte tivesse caráter exclusivamente religioso ou mitológico, o fato é que a arte sobreviveu magnificamente à sua separação da religião, da magia e do mito.” Anti-Benjamin

certo pressentimento de imortalidade – não a imortalidade da alma ou da vida, mas de algo imortal alcançado por mãos mortais” Anti-Unamuno

O pensar relaciona-se com o sentimento e transforma seu desalento mudo e inarticulado, do mesmo modo como a troca transforma a ganância crua do desejo e o uso transforma o anseio desesperado das necessidades – até que todos se tornem adequados a adentrar o mundo e serem transformados em coisas, serem reificados. (…) uma capacidade comunicativa e aberta-ao-mundo (world-open) transcende e libera no mundo uma apaixonada intensidade que estava aprisionada no si-mesmo (self).”

Rilke (Aus Taschen-Büchern und Merk-Blättern, 1950):

Aus unbeschreiblicher Verwandlung stammen

solche Gebilde -: Fühl! und glaub!

Wir leidens oft: zu Asche werden Flammen,

doch, in der Kunst: zur Flamme wird der Staub.

Hier ist Magie. In das Bereich des Zaubers

scheint das gemeine Wort hinaufgestuft (…)

und ist doch wirklich wie der Ruf des Taubers,

der nach der unsichtbaren Taube ruft”

é sempre na <letra morta> que o <espírito vivo> deve sobreviver, uma morte da qual ele só pode ser resgatado quando a letra morta entra novamente em contato com uma vida disposta a ressuscitá-lo, ainda que essa ressurreição dos mortos tenha em comum com todas as coisas vivas o fato de que ela também tornará a morrer.”

Na música e na poesia, que são as menos <materialistas> das artes porque seu <material> consiste em sons e palavras, a reificação e a manufatura (workmanship) necessárias são mínimas. O jovem poeta e a criança prodígio na música podem atingir a perfeição sem muito treino e experiência, fenômeno que dificilmente ocorre na pintura, na escultura ou na arquitetura.”

É essa proximidade com a lembrança viva que permite que o poema perdure, retenha sua durabilidade fora da página escrita ou impressa; e, embora a <qualidade> de um poema possa estar submetida a vários padrões diferentes, sua <memorabilidade> inevitavelmente determinará sua durabilidade, i.e., a possibilidade de ficar permanentemente fixado na lembrança da humanidade.”

<fazer um poema> (…) O mesmo se aplica ao alemão dichten, que provavelmente deriva do latim dictare: <das ausgesonnene geistig Geschaffene niederschreiben order zum Nietderschreiben vorsagen> (Grimm, Dicionário) (…) A mesma ênfase no artesanato do poeta está presente na expressão grega para a arte da poesia: tektônes hymnôn.”


COMO ENTENDER MEU NAMORADO”

o processo cognitivo termina. O pensamento, ao contrário, não tem outro fim ou propósito além de si mesmo, e não chega sequer a produzir resultados; não só a filosofia utilitária do homo faber, mas os homens de ação e os entusiastas por resultados nas ciências jamais se cansaram de assinalar quão inteiramente <inútil> é o pensamento – realmente, tão inútil quanto as obras de arte que inspira. E nem mesmo esses produtos inúteis o pensamento pode reivindicar para si, pois estes, como os grandes sistemas filosóficos, dificilmente podem ser propriamente chamados de resultados do pensamento puro (…) é precisamente o processo do pensar que o artista ou o filósofo que escreve têm de interromper e transformar para a reificação materializante de sua obra. A atividade de pensar é tão incessante e repetitiva quanto a própria vida; perguntar se o pensamento tem algum significado configura o mesmo enigma irrespondível que a pergunta sobre o significado da vida”


Por outro lado, a cognição toma parte em todos os processos, não somente nos da obra intelectual ou artística, cuja finalidade pode ser posta à pova e, se não produzir resultados, terá fracassado, como fracassa a maestria do carpinteiro quando ele fabrica uma mesa de duas pernas.”

Os processos mentais que se alimentam da força cerebral são geralmente chamados de inteligência, e essa inteligência pode realmente ser medida em testes de inteligência, da mesma forma como a força física pode ser medida por outros meios. Suas leis, as leis da lógica, podem ser descobertas como outras leis da natureza”

Se fosse verdadeiro que o homem é um animal rationale no sentido em que a era moderna compreendeu essa expressão – ou seja, uma espécie animal que difere das outras pelo fato de ser dotada de uma força cerebral superior –, então as recém-inventadas máquinas eletrônicas, que às vezes para consternação e outras vezes para confusão dos seus inventores, são tão espetacularmente mais <inteligentes> que os seres humanos, seriam realmente homunculi. Na realidade elas são, como todas as máquinas, meras substitutas e aperfeiçoadoras artificiais da força de trabalho humana, adotando o consagrado expediente da divisão do trabalho de subdividir toda operação em seus movimentos constitutivos mais simples – substituindo, p.ex., a multiplicação pela adição iterativa. (…) graças a essa velocidade superior, a máquina pode dispensar a multiplicação, que é o expediente técnico pré-eletrônico para acelerar a adição. Tudo o que os computadores gigantes provaram é que a era moderna estava errada ao acreditar, com Hobbes, que a racionalidade, no sentido de <calcular as conseqüências>, é a mais alta e a mais humana das capacidades do homem, e que os filósofos da vida e do trabalho, Marx ou Bergson ou Nietzsche, estavam certos quando viam nesse tipo de inteligência, que confundiam com a razão, uma mera função do processo vital, ou, como dizia Hume, uma mera <escrava das paixões>.

os homens que agem e falam necessitam da ajuda do homo faber em sua capacidade suprema, i.e., da ajuda do artista, dos poetas e historiadores, dos construtores de monumentos ou escritores, porque sem eles o único produto da atividade dos homens, a estória que encenam e contam, de modo algum sobreviveria. (…) Não precisamos escolher aqui entre Platão e Protágoras, ou decidir se o homem ou um deus deve ser a medida de todas as coisas; o que é certo é que a medida não pode ser nem as necessidades coativas da vida biológica e do trabalho, nem o instrumentalismo utilitário da fabricação e do uso.

Nihil igitur agit nisi tale existens quale patiens fiere debet.”

nada age, a menos que ao agir torne patente seu si-mesmo latente.”

Dante


INCIATIVA & SEGUNDO NASCIMENTO

O Dilema Hindu de Zaratustra: “Os homens podem perfeitamente viver sem trabalhar, obrigando outros a trabalharem para eles; e podem muito bem decidir simplesmente usar e fruir do mundo de coisas sem lhe acrescentar um só objeto útil; a vida de um explorador ou senhor de escravos e a vida de um parasita podem ser injustas, mas certamente são humanas. Por outro lado, uma vida sem discurso e sem ação – e esse é o único modo de vida em que há sincera renúncia de toda aparência e de toda vaidade, na acepção bíblica da palavra – é literalmente morta para o mundo”

Arnold Gehlen – Der Mensch: Seine Natur und seine Stellung in der Welt (1955)

iniciar (como indica a palavra grega archein, <começar>, <conduzir> e, finalmente, <governar>), imprimir movimento a alguma coisa (que é o significado original do termo latino agere).”

para que houvesse um início o homem foi criado, sem que antes dele ninguém o fosse” Sto. Agostinho

Para Agostinho, havia tanta diferença entre os dois começos que ele empregava uma palavra diferente para indicar o começo que é o homem (initium), chamando de principium o início do mundo, que é a tradução consagrada do primeiro versículo da Bíblia. Como se vê em A cidade de Deus 11:32, a palavra principium portava, para Ag., um sentido muito menos radical; o início do mundo <não significa que nada houvesse sido feito antes (uma vez que os anjos o foram)>, enquanto, na frase acima citada, referente ao homem, ele acrescenta explicitamente que ninguém existia antes dele.”

Com a criação do homem, veio ao mundo o próprio princípio do começar”

SURPREENDENTE IMPRESCIÊNCIA: “a origem da vida a partir da matéria inorgânica é uma infinita improbabilidade dos processos inorgânicos, como o é o surgimento da Terra, do ponto de vista dos processos do universo, ou a evolução da vida humana a partir da vida animal. O novo sempre acontece em oposição à esmagadora possibilidade das leis estatísticas e a sua probabilidade que, para todos os fins práticos e cotidianos, equivale à certeza: assim, o novo sempre aparece na forma de um milagre.”

o ato primordial e especificamente humano deve conter, ao mesmo tempo, resposta à pergunta que se faz a todo recém-chegado: <Quem és?>” “A ação muda deixaria de ser ação, pois não haveria mais um ator”

se aqui estivesse em questão apenas o uso da ação como meio para um fim, é evidente que o mesmo fim poderia ser alcançado muito mais facilmente com a violência muda, de tal modo que a ação parece uma substituta pouco eficaz da violência, da mesma forma que o discurso, do ponto de vista da mera utilidade, parece um substituto inadequado da linguagem de signos.”

é quase certo que o <quem>, que aparece tão clara e inconfundivelmente para os outros, permanece oculto para a própria pessoa, à semelhança do daimón, na religião grega, que acompanha cada homem durante toda sua vida, sempre observando por detrás, por cima de seus ombros, de sorte que só era visível para aqueles que ele encontrava.”

deve-se estar disposto a correr o risco de se desvelar, e esse risco não pode ser assumido nem pelo realizador de boas obras, que deve ser desprovido do si-mesmo (self) e manter-se em completo anonimato, nem pelo criminoso, que precisa esconder-se dos outros. Ambos são figuras solitárias, o primeiro é <pró> e o segundo <contra> todos os homens; ficam, portanto, fora do âmbito do intercurso humano e são figuras politicamente marginais, que, em geral, surgem no cenário histórico em épocas de corrupção, desintegração e ruína política.”

soldadodesconhecido

Os monumentos ao <Soldado Desconhecido>, erigidos após a Primeira Guerra Mundial, comprovam a necessidade de glorificação, subsistente ainda na época, de encontrar um <quem>, um alguém identificável a quem quatro anos de carnificina deveriam ter revelado. A frustração desse desejo e a recusa a se resignar ao fato brutal de que o agente da guerra havia sido realmente ninguém inspiraram a construção desses monumentos ao <desconhecido>, a todos aqueles a quem a guerra fracassou em tornar conhecidos, roubando-lhes, com isso, não suas realizações, mas sua dignidade humana. O livro de William Faulkner, Uma fábula (1954), supera em discernimento e clareza quase toda a literatura sobre a I G.M. pelo fato de que o seu herói é o Soldado Desconhecido.”

a notória impossibilidade filosófica de se chegar a uma definição do homem”

A crermos em Xenofonte, Sócrates comparava seu daimonion aos oráculos, e insistia em que ambos deviam ser utilizados somente para os assuntos humanos, em que nada é certo, e não para as questões das artes e ofícios, em que tudo é previsível (ibid., 7-9).”

Na teoria política, o materialismo é pelo menos tão antigo quanto a suposição platônico-aristotélica de que as comunidades políticas (poleis) – e não apenas a vida familiar ou a coexistência de várias unidades familiares (oikiai) – devem sua existência à necessidade material. (…) ambos são precursores da teoria do interesse, já plenamente desenvolvida por Bodin – tal como os reis governam os povos, o Interesse governa os reis.”

Que toda vida individual entre o nascimento e a morte possa afinal ser narrada como uma estória com começo e fim é a condição pré-política e pré-histórica da história (history), a grande estória sem começo nem fim.”

É digno de nota o fato de que Platão, que não tinha indício algum do moderno conceito de história, tenha sido o primeiro a inventar a metáfora do ator que, nos bastidores, por trás dos homens que atuam, puxa os cordões e é responsável pela estória. O deus platônico é apenas um símbolo do fato de que as estórias reais, ao contrário das que inventamos, não têm autor; como tal, é o verdadeiro precursor da Providência, da <mão invisível>, da Natureza, do <espírito do mundo>, do interesse de classe e de outras noções semelhantes mediante as quais os filósofos da história cristãos e modernos tentaram resolver o desconcertante problema de que embora a história deva a sua existência aos homens, obviamente não é, todavia, <feita> por eles.”

o simples fato de que Adam Smith tenha precisado de uma <mão invisível> a guiar as transações econômicas no mercado de trocas mostra claramente que as relações de troca envolvem algo mais que a mera atividade econômica”

embora saibamos muito menos a respeito de Sócrates, que jamais escreveu uma linha sequer nem deixou obra alguma atrás de si, que acerca de Platão ou Aristóteles, sabemos muito melhor e mais intimamente quem foi Sócrates, por conhecermos sua estória, do que sobre quem foi Aristóteles, acerca de cujas opiniões estamos muito mais bem-informados.”

USOPPISMO:Em Homero a palavra hêrôs sem dúvida tinha uma conotação de distinção, mas uma distinção de que era capaz qualquer homem livre. Em parte alguma aparece com o significado ulterior de <semideus>, resultante talvez da deificação dos antigos heróis épicos.” “A dimensão dessa coragem original, sem a qual a ação, o discurso e, portanto, segundo os gregos, a liberdade seriam impossíveis, não é menor se o <herói> for um covarde – pode ser até maior.”

o teatro é a arte política por excelência; somente no teatro a esfera política da vida humana é transposta para a arte. Pelo mesmo motivo, é a única arte cujo assunto é, exclusivamente, o homem em sua relação com os outros homens.”

A crença popular em um <homem forte>, que, isolado dos outros, deve sua força ao fato de estar só, é ou mera superstição, baseada na ilusão de que podemos <produzir> algo no domínio dos assuntos humanos – <produzir> instituições ou leis, p.ex., como fazemos mesas e cadeiras, ou produzir homens <melhores> ou <piores> (Platão já recriminava Péricles por não haver <tornado melhor o cidadão>, pois, no fim de sua carreira, os atenienses eram piores que antes – Górgias, 515) –, ou é, então, a desesperança consciente de toda ação, política e não-política, aliada à esperança utópica de que seja possível tratar os homens como se tratam outros <materiais>.”

A história está repleta de exemplos de impotência do homem forte e superior que não sabe como angariar o auxílio ou o agir conjunto (co-acting) de seus semelhantes – fracasso que é freqüentemente atribuído à fatal inferioridade do grande número e ao ressentimento que as pessoas eminentes inspiram nas medíocres.”

Aos dois verbos gregos archein e prattein (<atravessar, <realizar>, <acabar>) correspondem os dois verbos latinos agere e gerere (cujo significado original é <conduzir>). (…) Em ambos os casos, a palavra que originalmente designava apenas a segunda parte da ação, ou seja, sua realização – prattein e gerere –, passou a ser o termo aceito para designar a ação em geral, enquanto a palavra que designava o começo da ação adquiriu um significado especial, pelo menos na linguagem poética. Archein passou a significar, principalmente, <governar> e <liderar>, quando empregada de maneira específica, e agere passou a significar <liderar>, mais do que <pôr em movimento>.”

a força do iniciador e líder mostra-se em sua iniciativa e nos riscos que assume, não na efetiva realização. No caso do governante bem-sucedido, ele pode reivindicar para si aquilo que, na verdade, é a realização de muitos – algo que jamais teria sido permitido a Agamêmnon, que era rei, mas não governante.”

a tentação política por excelência é realmente a hybris, e não a vontade de poder, como somos inclinados a acreditar.”

a luz que ilumina os processos da ação e, portanto, todos os processos históricos só aparece quando eles terminam – muitas vezes quando todos os participantes já estão mortos. A ação só se revela plenamente para o contador da estória (storyteller), ou seja, para o olhar retrospectivo do historiador, que realmente sempre sabe melhor o que aconteceu do que os próprios participantes. Todo relato feito pelos próprios atores, ainda que, em raros casos, constitua versão fidedigna de suas intenções, finalidades e motivos, torna-se uma mera fonte de material útil nas mãos do historiador”

O velho ditado de que ninguém pode ser considerado eudaimon antes de morrer talvez dê uma indicação do assunto em questão, se formos capazes de ouvir seu significado original após 2500 anos de trivializante repetição; nem mesmo a tradução latina, proverbial e corriqueira já em Roma – nemo ante mortem beatus esse dici potest –, transmite o significado original, embora talvez tenha inspirado a prática da Igreja Católica de só beatificar os santos depois de há um bom tempo seguramente mortos. Porque eudaimonia não significa felicidade nem beatitude; é intraduzível e talvez até inexplicável. Tem a conotação de bem-aventurança, mas sem qualquer implicação religiosa, e significa, literalmente, algo como o bem-estar do daimôn que acompanha cada homem durante a sua vida, que é a sua identidade distinta, mas só aparece e é visível para os outros. É contra essa distorção inevitável que o coro afirma seu próprio conhecimento: estes outros vêem, <têm> diante dos olhos, como um exemplo, o daimôn de Édipo; a miséria dos mortais é serem cegos para seu próprio daimôn.”

O AZAR DE LULA E DE PELÉ: “a essência humana só pode passar a existir depois que a vida se acaba, deixando atrás de si nada além de uma estória. Assim, quem pretender conscientemente ser <essencial>, deixar atrás de si uma estória e uma identidade que conquistará <fama imortal>, deve não só arriscar a vida, mas também optar expressamente, como o fez Aquiles, por uma vida curta e uma morte prematura. Só o homem que não sobrevive ao seu ato supremo permanece senhor inconteste de sua identidade e sua possível grandeza, porque se retira, na morte, das possíveis conseqüências e da continuação do que iniciou. (…) Aquiles permanece dependente do contador de estórias, do poeta ou historiador, sem os quais tudo o que ele fez teria sido em vão”

O fato de que a palavra grega equivalente à expressão <cada um> (hekastos) deriva de hekas (<distante>) parece indicar o quanto esse individualismo deve ter sido profundamento arraigado.”

[para] os gregos, o legislador era como o construtor dos muros da cidade, alguém cuja obra devia ser executada e terminada antes que a atividade política pudesse começar. Conseqüentemente, era tratado como qualquer outro artesão ou arquiteto, e podia ser trazido de fora e contratado sem que precisasse ser cidadão, ao passo que o direito de politeuesthai, de engajar-se nas muitas atividades que afinal ocorriam na pólis, era exclusivo dos cidadãos. [As Leis]” “A escola socrática voltou-se para essas atividades, que os gregos consideravam pré-políticas, por desejar combater a política e a ação.” “bastaria que os homens renunciassem a sua capacidade para a ação – que é fútil, ilimitada e incerta com relação aos resultados – para que houvesse um remédio para a fragilidade dos assuntos humanos.”

Com aquela cândida abstenção de moralização tão típica da Antiguidade grega (mas não da romana), Aristóteles começa por dizer, como algo óbvio, que o benfeitor sempre ama aqueles a quem ajuda mais do que é amado por eles. Em seguida, passa a explicar que isso é bastante natural, visto que o benfeitor executou uma obra, uma ergon, ao passo que o beneficiado apenas aceitou sua beneficência. Segundo Aristóteles, o benfeitor ama sua <obra>, a vida do beneficiário que ele <produziu>, tanto quanto o poeta ama seus poemas; e lembra ao leitor que o amor do poeta por sua obra dificilmente é menos apaixonado que o amor da mãe pelos filhos.“a obra, tal como a atividade do legislador na concepção grega, só pode tornar-se o conteúdo da ação no caso de qualquer ação subseqüente ser indesejável ou impossível”

Esperava-se que a pólis multiplicasse as oportunidades de conquistar <fama imortal>, ou seja, multiplicasse para cada homem as possibilidades de distinguir-se, de revelar em ato e palavra quem era em sua distinção única. Uma das razões, senão a principal, do incrível desenvolvimento do talento e do gênio em Atenas, bem como do rápido e não menos surpreendente declínio da cidade-Estado, foi precisamente que, do começo ao fim, o principal objetivo da pólis era fazer do extraordinário uma ocorrência ordinária da vida cotidiana.”

Onde quer que vás, serás uma pólislema da colonização grega

Ser privado dele [do espaço da pólis] significa ser privado da realidade que, humana e politicamente falando, é o mesmo que a aparência.” “<o que aparece a todos, a isso chamamos Ser> Heráclito diz essencialmente o mesmo que Aristóteles no trecho citado, ao declarar que o mundo é um só e é comum a todos os que estão despertos, mas que todos os que dormem voltam-se para seu próprio mundo (Diels, Fragmente der Vorsokratiker, B89).” // Heidegger

poder: (…) grego, dynamis, e o latino, potentia (…) Macht (que vem de mögen e möglich, e não de machen), indica seu caráter de <potencialidade>.”

Um grupo de homens relativamente pequeno, mas bem-organizado, pode governar, por tempo quase indeterminado, vastos e populosos impérios; a história registra não poucos exemplos de países pequenos e pobres que levam a melhor sobre nações grandes e ricas. (A história de Davi e Golias só é verdadeira como metáfora; o poder de poucos pode ser superior ao de muitos, mas, na luta entre dois homens, o que decide é o vigor, não o poder, e a sagacidade, i.e., a força do cérebro, contribui materialmente para o resultado não menos que a força muscular.)”

embora a violência seja capaz de destruir o poder, jamais pode substituí-lo.” “Só o poder pode efetivamente aniquilar o vigor”

Montesquieu, o último pensador político seriamente preocupado com o problema das formas de governo.”

só a tirania é incapaz de engendrar suficiente poder para permanecer no espaço da aparência, que é o domínio público; ao contrário, tão logo passa a existir, gera as sementes de sua própria destruição.”

Incompreensão dos politicólogos do XX do que significaria o termo “VdP”: “O poder corrompe, de fato, quando os fracos se unem para destruir o forte, mas não antes. A vontade de poder, como compreendeu a era moderna de Hobbes a Nietzsche, glorificando-a ou denunciando-a, longe de ser uma característica do forte, é, como a cobiça e a inveja, um dos vícios do fraco, talvez o seu mais perigoso vício.”

O veemente desejo de violência, tão característico de alguns dos melhores artistas criativos, pensadores, estudiosos e artífices modernos, é uma reação natural daqueles de quem a sociedade tentou furtar o vigor. (…) <Denn die Ohnmacht gegen Menschen, nicht die Ohnmacht gegen die Natur, erzeugt die desperateste Verbitterung gegen das Dasein> (Wille zur Macht, n. 55)”

A melancólica sabedoria do Eclesiastes<Vaidade das vaidades; tudo é vaidade… Nada há de novo sob o sol…, não há recordação das coisas passadas, nem restará com os vindouros uma recordação das coisas que estão por vir> – não resulta necessariamente de uma experiência especificamente religiosa; mas: é certamente inevitável sempre e onde quer que se extinga a confiança no mundo como lugar adequado ao aparecimento humano “Talvez nada em nossa história tenha durado tão pouco quanto a confiança no poder, e nada tenha durado mais que a desconfiança platônica e cristã em relação ao esplendor que acompanha seu espaço da aparência”

O motivo pelo qual Aristóteles, em sua Poética, julga que a grandeza (megethos) é uma condição prévia do enredo dramático é que o drama imita a ação, e esta é julgada pelo critério da grandeza, por sua distinção do corriqueiro (1450b25). Aliás, o mesmo se aplica à beleza, que reside na grandeza e na taxis, a junção das partes (1450b34ss.).”

a plena atualidade (energeia) nada efetua ou produz além de si mesma, e a plena realidade (entelecheia) não tem outro fim além de si mesma (veja-se Metafísica 1050a22-35).”

a <obra do homem> não é um fim, porque os meios de realizá-la – as virtudes ou aretai – não são qualidades que podem ou não ser atualizadas, mas são, por si mesmas, <atualidades>. Em outras palavras, os meios de alcançar o fim já seriam o fim; e esse <fim>, por sua vez, não pode ser considerado como meio em outro contexto, pois nada há de mais elevado a atingir que essa própria atualidade.”

essa importantíssima degradação da ação e do discurso está implícita quando Adam Smith classifica qualquer ocupação que se baseie essencialmente no desempenho na mesma categoria dos <serviços domésticos>”

(O gênio criativo como expressão quintessencial da grandeza humana era inteiramente desconhecido na Antiguidade e na Idade Média.) Só no começo do século XX os grandes artistas passaram a protestar, com surpreendente unanimidade, contra o fato de serem chamados de <gênios> e a insistir no artesanato, na competência e na estreita relação entre arte e ofício manual. É verdade que esse protesto não foi, em parte, mais que uma reação contra a vulgarização e a comercialização da noção de gênio”

O que importa em nosso contexto é que a obra do gênio, em contraposição ao produto do artesão, parece haver absorvido aqueles elementos de distinção e unicidade que encontram expressão imediata somente na ação e no discurso.”

Por causa dessa transcendência, que efetivamente diferencia a grande obra de arte dos demais produtos das mãos humanas, o fenômeno do gênio criativo parecia constituir a mais elevada legitimação da convicção do homo faber de que os produtos de um homem podem ser mais e essencialmente maiores que ele mesmo.”

<Que os médicos, os doceiros e os criados das grandes casas sejam julgados pelo que fizeram ou mesmo pelo que pretenderam fazer; as grandes pessoas são julgadas pelo que são.> Cito aqui um trecho do maravilhoso conto de Isak Dinensen, <The Dreamers>, em Seven gothic tales (Ed. Modern Library), especialmente p. 340ss. Só os vulgares consentirão em derivar seu orgulho do que fizeram; em virtude dessa condescendência, tornar-se-ão <escravos e prisioneiros> de suas próprias faculdades e descobrirão, caso lhes reste algo mais que mera vaidade estulta, que ser escravo e prisioneiro de si mesmo não é menos amargo e talvez seja mais vergonhoso que ser servo de outrem.”

a atribulação do gênio é real, o que fica evidente no caso dos literati, em que de fato se consuma a inversão da ordem entre o homem e seu produto; o que há de tão ultrajante em seu caso – e o que, aliás, suscita mais ódio popular que a falsa superioridade intelectual – é que mesmo o seu pior produto lhe será provavelmente superior.”

Das revoluções de 1848 até a revolução húngara de 1956, a classe operária européia, por ser o único setor organizado e, portanto, o setor conducente do povo, escreveu um dos mais gloriosos capítulos da história recente, e provavelmente o mais promissor.” “enquanto os sindicatos, ou seja, a classe operária na medida em que é apenas uma dentre as classes da sociedade moderna, têm prosseguido de vitória em vitória, o movimento políticos dos trabalhadores tem sido derrotado sempre que ousa apresentar suas próprias reivindicações, distintas de programas partidários e reformas econômicas. Se a tragédia da revolução húngara conseguiu apenas demonstrar ao mundo que, a despeito de todas as derrotas e aparências, esse elã político ainda não morreu, seus sacrifícios não terão sido em vão.”

Talvez nada ilustre melhor o papel decisivo da mera aparência, do distinguir-se e ser conspícuo no domínio dos assuntos humanos, do que o fato de que os trabalhadores, quando ingressaram no cenário histórico, sentiram necessidade de adotar um traje próprio, o sans-culotte, do qual, durante a Revolução Francesa, derivavam seu nome. Com esse traje, adquiriram uma distinção própria, distinção esta dirigida contra todos os outros.”

Essa tentativa de substituir a ação pela fabricação é visível em todos os argumentos contra a <democracia>”

a única tentativa de abolir a escravidão na Antiguidade – embora malograda – foi feita por Periandro, tirano de Corinto.”

É com as óbvias vantagens da tirania a curto prazo – a estabilidade, a segurança e a produtividade – que devemos tomar cuidado, quando menos porque preparam o caminho para uma inevitável perda de poder, embora o verdadeiro desastre possa ocorrer em futuro relativamente distante.”

Do ponto de vista teórico, a versão mais sintética e fundamental da fuga da ação para o governo ocorre em O político, em que Platão instaura um abismo entre os dois modos de ação, archein e prattein (<começar> e <realizar>), que, para os gregos, eram interconectados.”

Problema indiferente: “(É erro comum interpretar Platão como se ele pretendesse abolir a família e o lar; pelo contrário, ele pretendia ampliar a vida doméstica ao ponto em que todos os cidadãos fossem assimilados a uma única família…)” “Historicamente, o conceito de governo, embora originado no domínio doméstico e familiar, desempenhou seu papel mais decisivo na organização dos assuntos públicos e, para nós, está inseparavelmente ligado à política. Isso não deve nos levar a desconsiderar o fato de que, para Platão, tratava-se de uma categoria muito mais geral.” “primeiro, perceber a imagem ou forma (eidos) do produto que se vai fabricar; em seguia, organizar os meios e dar início à execução.”

mesmo na República o filósofo ainda é definido como amante da beleza, não da bondade. O bem é a idéia mais elevada para o rei-filósofo” “Somente quando volta à caverna escura dos assuntos humanos, para conviver novamente com os seus semelhantes, é que ele necessita das idéias que guiem como padrões e regras que lhe permitam medir e sob os quais subsumir a multiplicidade vária dos atos e palavras humanos com a mesma certeza absoluta e <objetiva> com que pode se orientar o artesão na fabricação e o leigo no julgamento de cada cama individual, pelo emprego do modelo estável e sempre presente, a <idéia> da cama em geral.”

a glorificação da violência como tal esteve inteiramente ausente do pensamento político até a era moderna.”

Somente a convicção da era moderna de que o homem só pode conhecer aquilo que ele mesmo faz, e de que ele é, basicamente, um homo faber e não um animal rationale, trouxe à baila as implicações muito mais antigas da violência inerentes a todas as interpretações do domínio dos assuntos humanos (…) Percebe-se isso nitidamente na série de revoluções, típicas da era moderna, todas as quais – com exceção da Revolução Americana – revelam a mesma combinação do antigo entusiasmo romano pela fundação de um novo corpo político com a glorificação da violência como único meio de <produzir> esse corpo. (…) <a violência é a parteira de toda velha sociedade grávida de uma sociedade nova> Marx”

Compare-se a afirmação de Platão – de que o desejo do filósofo de se tornar governante dos homens advém apenas do medo de ser governado pelos piores (República 347) – com a afirmação de Agostinho, de que a função do governo é permitir que <os bons> vivam com mais tranqüilidade entre <os maus> (Epistolae, 153:6).”

O fato é que Pl. e em menor medida Arist., para quem os artesãos sequer eram dignos da plena cidadania, foram os primeiros a propor que as questões políticas fossem tratadas, e os corpos políticos governados à maneira da fabricação.”

O próprio fato de que as ciências naturais tenham se tornado exclusivamente ciências de processos e, em seu último estágio, ciências de <processos sem retorno>, potencialmente irreversíveis e irremediáveis, indica claramente que, seja qual for a força cerebral necessária para iniciá-los, a verdadeira capacidade humana subjacente que poderia desencadear sozinha esse desdobramento não é nenhuma capacidade <teórica>, nem a contemplação ou a razão, mas a aptidão humana para agir, para iniciar novos processos sem precedentes, cujo resultado é incerto e imprevisível”

Os gregos avaliavam essas circunstâncias comparando-as à eterna presença ou ao eterno retorno de todas as coisas naturais, e a principal preocupação deles era estarem à altura e serem dignos da imortalidade”

<Man weiss die Herkunft nicht, man weiss die Folgen nicht […] (der Wert der Handlung ist) ubekannt> […o valor da ação não pode ser conhecido], como disse certa vez Nietzsche (WzM, 291), mal se dando conta [será?] de que apenas ecoava a antiga suspeita dos filósofos em relação à ação.”

Enquanto a força do processo de produção é inteiramente absorvida e exaurida pelo produto final a força do processo de ação nunca se exaure em um único ato, mas, ao contrário, pode aumentar à medida que suas conseqüências se multiplicam (…) e sua perduração é ilimitada, tão independente da perecibilidade da matéria e da mortalidade dos humanos quanto o é a perduração da própria humanidade.”

o fardo da irreversibilidade e da imprevisibilidade”

em nenhuma outra parte – nem no trabalho, sujeito às necessidades da vida, nem na fabricação, dependente do material dado – o homem parece ser menos livre que naquelas capacidades cuja própria essência é a liberdade”

inação na abstenção” Adão

Nos sistemas politeístas nem mesmo um deus, por mais poderoso que seja, pode ser soberano”

Assim como o epicurismo repousa na ilusão de felicidade quando se é assado vivo no Touro de Falera, o estoicismo repousa na ilusão de liberdade quando se é escravo.”

Se olharmos a liberdade com os olhos da tradição, identificando liberdade com soberania, a ocorrência simultânea da liberdade com não-soberania – o fato de ser capaz de iniciar algo novo, mas incapaz de controlar ou prever suas conseqüências – parece quase forçar-nos à conclusão de que a existência humana é absurda.”

Onde o orgulho humano ainda está intacto, é a tragédia, mais que o absurdo, que é vista como marca característica da existência humana. O maior expoente desta opinião é Kant, para quem a espontaneidade da ação e as concomitantes faculdades da razão prática, inclusive a força do juízo, são ainda as principais qualidades do homem, muito embora sua ação recaia no determinismo das leis naturais e seu juízo não consiga penetrar o segredo da realidade absoluta (a Ding an sich). Kant teve a coragem de absolver o homem das conseqüências dos seus atos, insistindo unicamente na pureza dos motivos, o que o impediu de perder a fé no homem e em sua grandeza potencial.”

o homo faber pôde ser redimidio do constrangimento da ausência do significado, a <desvalorização de todos os valores>, e da impossibilidade de encontrar critérios válidos em mundo determinado pela categoria de meios e fins unicamente por meio das faculdades inter-relacionadas da ação e do discurso” “Do ponto de vista do animal laborans, parece um milagre o fato de que ele seja também um ser que conhece um mundo e nele habita; do ponto de vista do homo faber, parece milagre, uma espécie de revelação divina, o fato de o significado ter um lugar neste mundo.”

O remédio para a imprevisibilidade, para a caótica incerteza do futuro, está contido na faculdade de prometer e cumprir promessas. As duas faculdades formam um par, pois a primeira delas, a de perdoar, serve para desfazer os atos do passado, cujos <pecados> pendem como espada de Dámocles sobre cada nova geração” “Se não fôssemos perdoados, liberados das conseqüências daquilo que fizemos, nossa capacidade de agir ficaria, por assim dizer, limitada a um único ato do qual jamais nos recuperaríamos” “Sem estermos obrigados ao cumprimento de promessas, jamais seríamos capazes de conservar nossa identidade” “ninguém pode perdoar a si mesmo e ninguém pode se sentir obrigado por uma promessa feita apenas para si mesmo; o perdão e a promessa realizados na solitude e no isolamento permanecem sem realidade e não podem significar mais do que um papel que a pessoa encena para si mesma.” “O descobridor do papel do perdão no domínio dos assuntos humanos foi Jesus de Nazaré.”

poupar os vencidos (parcere subiectis) – uma sabedoria que os gregos desconheciam totalmente”

no Evangelho não se supõe que o homem perdoe porque Deus perdoa, e ele, portanto, tem de fazer <o mesmo>, e sim que, <se cada um no íntimo do coração, perdoar>, Deus fará <o mesmo>. [me soa mais a chantagem] (Mateus 6:14-15)”

<se ele te ofender sete vezes no dia, e sete vezes no dia retornar a ti, dizendo ‘me arrependo’, tu o perdoarás.> O versículo, que citei da tradução padrão, poderia também ser traduzido como segue: <E se ele transgredir contra ti […] e […] procurar-te, dizendo: Mudei de idéia, deves desobrigá-lo.>” Não muda muito!

Ao contrário da vingança, que é a reação natural e automática à transgressão e que, devido à irreversibilidade do processo da ação, pode ser esperada e até calculada, o ato de perdoar jamais pode ser previsto” “o perdão é a única reação que não re-age (re-act) apenas e de cujas conseqüências liberta, por conseguinte, tanto o que perdoa quanto o que é perdoado.” “É bastante significativo, um elemento estrutural no domínio dos assuntos humanos, que os homens não sejam capazes de perdoar aquilo que não podem punir, nem de punir o que se revelou imperdoável. Essa é a verdadeira marca distintiva daquelas ofensas que, desde Kant, chamamos de <mal radical>, cuja natureza é tão pouco conhecida, mesmo por nós que fomos expostos a uma de suas raras irrupções na cena pública.” “Em tais casos, em que o próprio ato nos despoja de todo poder, só resta realmente repetir com Jesus: <Seria melhor para ele que se lhe atasse ao pescoço uma pedra de moinho e que fosse precipitado ao mar.>”

Dada sua paixão, o amor destrói o espaço-entre que estabelece uma relação entre nós e os outros, e deles nos separa. Enquanto dura o seu fascínio, o único espaço-entre que pode inserir-se entre duas pessoas que se amam é o filho, o produto do amor.” “É como se, por meio do filho, os amantes retornassem ao mundo do qual o amor os expulsou. (…) o resultado possível e o único final possivelmente feliz de um caso de amor é, de certa forma, o fim do amor “o amor é não-mundano, e é por essa razão, mais que por sua raridade, que é não apenas apolítico, mas antipolítico” “se fosse verdade, como o supôs a cristandade, que só o amor pode perdoar, o perdão teria de ser inteiramente excluído de nossas considerações.” “Como a philia politiké aristotélica, o respeito é uma espécie de <amizade> sem intimidade ou proximidade” “a grande variedade de teorias do contrato confirma, desde os tempos de Roma, que o poder de fazer promessas ocupou, ao longo dos séculos, o centro do pensamento político.” “O perigo e a vantagem inerente a todos os corpos políticos assentados sobre contratos e tratados é que, ao contrário daqueles que se assentam sobre o governo e a soberania, deixam a imprevisibilidade dos assuntos humanos e a inconfiabilidade dos homens exatamente como são, usando-as meramente como o meio, por assim dizer, no qual são instauradas certas ilhas de previsibilidade e erigidos certos marcos de confiabilidade.” “A soberania reside na resultante independência limitada em relação à impossibilidade de calcular o futuro, e seus limites são os mesmos limites inerentes à própria faculdade de fazer e cumprir promessas.” “Nietzsche viu com inigualável clareza a conexão entre a soberania humana e a faculdade de fazer promessas, o que o levou ao singular discernimento da relação entre o orgulho humano e a consciência humana. Infelizmente, ambos os discernimentos permaneceram sem relação com seu principal conceito, o de <vontade de poder>, e não tiveram influência sobre ele, sendo, portanto, ignorados muitas vezes pelos próprios estudiosos de Nietzsche. Eles podem ser encontrados nos dois primeiros aforismos do segundo tratado de Zur Genealogie der Moral.” Arendt também ignora uma porrada de obviedades.

Ex: “A despeito de seu moderno preconceito de enxergar a fonte de todo poder na vontade de poder do indivíduo isolado…” – Individual: o que a VdP com certeza não é!

Se a fatalidade fosse, de fato, a marca inalienável dos processos históricos, seria também igualmente verdadeiro que tudo o que é feito na história está arruinado. E, até certo ponto, isso é verdade.”

os homens, embora tenham de morrer, não nascem para morrer, mas para começar.”

a fé moverá montanhas e a fé perdoará; um fato é tão miraculoso quanto o outro, e a resposta dos apóstolos, quando Jesus demandou que perdoassem 7x ao dia, foi: <Sr., aumenta-nos a fé.>”

fé e esperança, essas duas características essenciais da existência humana que os gregos antigos ignoraram por completo” e não vejo o que teria sido inferior em sua vivência

Ao que parece, a expressão scienza nuova ocorre pela primeira vez na obra de Niccolò Tartaglia, matemático italiano do século XVI, que criou a nova ciência da balística que ele defende ter descoberto porque foi o primeiro a aplicar o raciocínio geométrico ao movimento dos projéteis. (Devo essa informação ao professor Alexandre Koyré.) Mais importante para o nosso contexto é o fato de que Galileu, em Sidereus Nuncius (1610), insiste na <absoluta novidade> de suas descobertas – atitude que, no entanto, fica ainda muito aquém da alegação de Hobbes: a filosofia política tem <a mesma idade que o meu livro De cive> (English works, Ed. Molesworth (1839), I, ix); ou da convicção de Descartes de que nenhum filósofo antes dele lograra êxito na filosofia (<Lettre au traducteur pouvant servir de préface>, in: Les Principes de la philosophie).”

Karl Jaspers – Descartes und die Philosophie: “sich das Wort <neu> als sachliches Wertpraedikat verbreitet” “a palavra <nova> espalha-se a si mesma como uma exigência de valor factual”

Sem dúvida D. apresentou sua filosofia como um cientista pode apresentar uma nova descoberta científica: <Jé ne mérite point plus de gloire de les avoir trouvées, que ferait un passant d’avoir rencontré par bonheur à ses pieds quelque riche trésor, que la diligence de plusieurs aurait inutilement cherché longtemps auparavant> (La recherche de la verité)

a descoberta do planeta, o mapeamento de suas terras e o levantamento cartográfico de seus mares levaram muitos séculos e só agora estão chegando ao fim. Só agora o homem tomou plena posse de sua morada mortal e agrupou os horizontes infinitos, tentadora e proibitivamente abertos a todas as eras anteriores, em um globo cujos majestosos contornos e detalhada superfície ele conhece como as linhas na palma de sua mão.” “É verdade que nada poderia ter sido mais alheio ao propósito dos exploradores e circunavegadores do início da era moderna que esse processo de avizinhamento; eles se fizeram ao mar para ampliar a Terra, não para reduzi-la a uma bola (…) Somente a sabedoria da retrospecção vê o óbvio: nada que possa ser medido pode permanecer imenso” “Antes que soubéssemos como contornar a Terra, como circunscrever em dias e horas a esfera da morada humana, já havíamos trazido o globo à nossa sala de estar, para tocá-lo com as mãos e girá-lo ante nossos olhos.”

<milagre econômico> alemão do pós-guerra (…) nas condições modernas, a expropriação de pessoas, a destruição de objetos e a devastação de cidades converteram-se em um estímulo radical para um processo não de mera recuperação, mas de acúmulo de riqueza ainda mais rápido e eficaz – bastando para isso que o país seja suficientemente moderno para responder em termos do processo de produção. Na Alemanha, a completa destruição substituiu o inexorável processo de depreciação de todas as coisas mundanas, processo esse que caracteriza a economia de desperdício na qual vivemos agora. O resultado foi quase o mesmo: um aumento súbito da prosperidade (…) nas condições modernas, a conservação, e não a destruição, significa ruína” “A razão mais freqüentemente apresentada para a surpreendente recuperação da Alemanha no pós-guerra – que ela não tinha de arcar com um orçamento militar – é inconclusiva por duas razões: em primeiro lugar, a Alemanha teve de pagar, durante anos, os custos da ocupação, que totalizavam uma quantia quase igual ao orçamento militar completo; em segundo lugar, considera-se, em outras economias, que a produção bélica é o maior fator isolado de prosperidade no pós-guerra.”

Uma das mais persistentes tendências da filosofia moderna desde Descartes, e talvez a mais original contribuição moderna à filosofia, foi uma preocupação exclusiva com o si-mesmo, enquanto distinto da alma, da pessoa ou do homem em geral, uma tentativa de reduzir todas as experiências, tanto com o mundo como com outros seres humanos, a experiências entre o homem e ele mesmo.” “O que distingue a era moderna é a alienação em relação ao mundo, e não, como pensava Marx, a autoalienação (self-alienation).” “A influência de Aristóteles no estilo do pensamento de Marx parece-me quase tão característica e decisiva quanto a influência da filosofia de Hegel.”

os homens não podem se tornar cidadãos do mundo do modo como são cidadãos de seus países, e homens sociais não podem ser donos coletivos do modo como os homens que têm um lar e uma família são donos de sua propriedade privada.”

Whitehead – Science and the modern world

Alexandre Koyré – From the closed world to the infinite universe (1957)

véritable retour à Archimède”

Antes das descobertas telescópicas de Galileu, a filosofia de Giordano Bruno atraiu pouca atenção, mesmo entre eruditos, e sem a confirmação factual que elas conferiram à revolução copernicana, não só os teólogos, mas todos <os homens sensatos> […] tê-la-iam considerado um desvairado apelo […] de uma imaginação descontrolada.”

Em Sambursky, The Physical World of the Greeks (1956), encontra-se um relato muito instrutivo do mundo físico dos gregos do ponto de vista da ciência moderna.”

Essa diferença de relevância entre o sistema copernicano e as descobertas de Galileu foi percebida muito claramente pela Igreja Católica, que não fizera objeções à teoria pré-galileana de um Sol imóvel e de uma Terra que se movia, enquanto os astrônomos a empregaram como uma hipótese conveniente para fins matemáticos; mas, como o Cardeal Bellarmine indicou a Galileu, <demonstrar que a hipótese […] salva as aparências não é de modo algum o mesmo que demonstrar a realidade do movimento da Terra.”

Bertrand Russell – “A free man’s worship”, in: Mysticism and Logic (1918)

ainda hoje o conflito entre o próprio evento e suas conseqüências quase imediatas está longe de ser resolvido. (…) Pouco antes da era moderna, a humanidade européia sabia menos que Arquimedes no século III a.C., ao passo que os primeiros 50 anos de nosso século testemunharam mais descobertas importantes que todos os séculos de história registrada juntos. No entanto, com igual razão, o mesmo fenômeno foi responsabilizado pelo não menos demonstrável aumento do desespero humano, ou pelo niilismo especificamente moderno que se propagou para setores cada vez maiores da população, do qual o aspecto mais significativo talvez seja o de que já não poupa os próprios cientistas, cujo fundamentado otimismo, no séc. XIX, ainda foi capaz de enfrentar o igualmente justificável pessimismo de pensadores e poetas.”

<Wenn man versucht, von der Situation in der modernen Naturwissenschaft ausgehend, sich zu den in Bewegung geratenen Fundamenten vorzutasten, so hat man den Eindruck […] dass zum erstenmal im Lauf der Geschichte der Mensch auf dieser Erde nur noch sich selbst gegneübersteht […], dass wir gewissermassen immer nur uns selbst begegnen> (Heisenberg, Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik [O panorama da Física atual] (1955), pp. 17-8)(*) / <Durch die Art der Beobachtung wird entschieden, welche Züge der Natur bestimmt werden und welche wir durch unsere Beobachtungen verwischen> (H., Wandlugen in den Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaft [Modificações nos Fundamentos das Ciências Naturais] (1949), p. 67)(**)

(*) Quando se tenta, a partir da situação da ciência moderna, alcançar os fundamentos em transformação, tem-se a impressão […] de que pela primeira vez na História o homem desta Terra só se confronta a si mesmo […], pressente-se que no fim só podemos encontrar a nós mesmos

(**) De acordo com o modelo de observação empregado, chega-se a conclusões diferentes acerca da natureza, inevitavelmente distorcidas e borradas por nossas próprias observações”

o desejo arquimediano de um ponto fora da Terra a partir do qual o homem pudesse erguer o mundo” “Sem efetivamente nos posicionarmos onde Arquimedes desejava se posicionar (dos moi pou stô), presos ainda à Terra pela condição humana, descobrimos um meio de atuar sobre a Terra e dentro da natureza terrena como se pudéssemos dispor dela a partir de fora, do ponto arquimediano.”

Se hoje os cientistas indicam que podemos presumir com igual validade que a Terra gira em torno do Sol ou que o Sol gira em torno da Terra, que ambos os pressupostos estão de acordo com fenômenos observados e a diferença está apenas na escolha do ponto de referência, isso não significa de modo algum um retorno à posição do Cardeal Bellarmine ou de Copérnico, na qual os astrônomos lidavam com meras hipóteses. Antes, significa que movemos o ponto arquimediano mais um passo para longe da Terra, para um ponto do universo onde nem a Terra nem o Sol são o centro de um sistema universal. (…) No que diz respeito às realizações práticas da ciência moderna, essa mudança do antigo sistema heliocêntrico para um sistema sem centro fixo é, sem dúvida, tão importante quanto a mudança original da visão de mundo geocêntrica para a heliocêntrica.”

Sem essa linguagem simbólica não-espacial, Newton não teria sido capaz de reunir a astronomia e a física em uma única ciência” “a matemática (i.e., a geometria) era a introdução adequada àquele firmamento de idéias no qual nenhuma simples imagem (eidôla) ou sombra, nenhuma matéria perecível, podia mais interferir no aparecimento do ser eterno, no qual essas aparências estão salvas (sôzein ta phainomena) e seguras, enquanto purificadas tanto da sensualidade e da mortalidade humanas como da perecibilidade material.”

Já não é o começo da filosofia, da <ciência> do Ser em sua verdadeira aparência, mas, ao invés disso, passa a ser a ciência da estrutura da mente humana.”

toda multiplicidade, por mais desordenada, incoerente e confusa que seja, recairá em certos padrões e configurações, tão válidos e não mais significativos que a curva matemática, que, como Leibniz assinalou certa vez, sempre pode ser verificada entre pontos lançados ao acaso em uma folha de papel.” “A moderna reductio scientiae ad mathematicum invalidou o testemunho da observação da natureza, tal como testificada a curta distância pelos sentidos humanos, da mesma forma como Leibniz invalidou o conhecimento da origem aleatória e da natureza caótica da folha de papel coberta de pontos.”

É como se já não precisássemos que a teologia nos dissesse que o homem não é nem pode ser de forma alguma deste mundo, muito embora viva aqui; e talvez algum dia possamos ser capazes de ver o antigo entusiasmo dos filósofos pelo universal como a primeira indicação, como se eles tivessem apenas tido um pressentimento, de que chegaria o tempo em que os homens teriam de viver em condições terrenas e ao mesmo tempo ser capazes de olhar a Terra e agir sobre ela a partir de um ponto situado fora dela. (O problema é somente – ou pelo menos assim nos parece agora – que, embora o homem possa fazer coisas de um ponto de vista <universal> e absoluto, algo que os filósofos jamais consideraram possível, ele perdeu sua capacidade de pensar em termos universais e absolutos, e com isso realizou e frustrou ao mesmo tempo os critérios e ideais da filosofia tradicional. Ao invés da antiga dicotomia entre o céu e a Terra, temos agora outra entre o homem e o universo, ou entre a capacidade da mente humana para a compreensão e as leis universais que os homens podem descobrir e manusear sem uma verdadeira compreensão.)”

Bronowski – Science and human values

A fundação e a história inicial da Royal Society são bastante sugestivas. Quando ela foi fundada, seus membros se comprometiam a não participar de questões alheias ao escopo que lhe fôra prescrito pelo rei e, principalmente, não se envolver em disputas políticas ou religiosas. Somos tentados a concluir que foi então que nasceu o moderno ideal científico de <objetividade>, o que sugeriria que sua origem é política, e não científica. Além disso, é digna de nota a circunstância de que os cientistas tenham, desde o início, julgado necessário se organizar em uma sociedade, e o fato de que a obra realizada no âmbito da Royal Society veio a ser vastamente mais importante que a obra feita fora dela demonstrou o quanto estavam certos.”

Karl Jaspers, em sua magistral interpretação da filosofia cartesiana, insiste na estranha inépcia das idéias <científicas> de Descartes, sua falta de compreensão do espírito da ciência moderna e de sua tendência de aceitar teorias acriticamente e sem provas tangíveis, o que já havia surpreendido Spinoza (Descartes und die Philosophie, esp. pp. 50ss. e 93ss.)”

Kant foi o último filósofo a ser uma espécie de astrônomo e cientista natural”

o thaumazein grego, a admiração diante de tudo o que é como é.”

Se o olho humano pode trair o homem a ponto de tantas gerações se enganarem ao crer que o Sol girava em torno da Terra, então a metáfora dos olhos da mente já não podia ser conservada” “É como se a antiga predição de Demócrito, de que a vitória da mente sobre os sentidos só podia terminar com a derrota da mente, tivesse se realizado” “Pobre mente, retiras teus argumentos nos sentidos e depois queres derrotá-los? Tua vitória será tua derrota” Diels – Fragmente der Vorsokratiker (1922, B125)

Cf. Johannes Climacus oder De omnibus dubitandum est, um dos primeiros manuscritos de Kierkegaard e talvez ainda a mais profunda interpretação da dúvida cartesiana. Narra, sob a forma de uma autobiografia espiritual, como aprendeu sobre Descartes a partir de Hegel e como lamentou então não ter começado seus estudos filosóficos com as obras cartesianas. Esse pequeno tratado, na edição dinamarquesa das Collected Works (Copenhague, 1909), v. IV, está disponível em uma tradução para o alemão (Darmstadt, 1948).”

Que a verdade se revela por si mesma era o credo comum à Antiguidade pagã e à hebraica, à filosofia secular e à filosofia cristã. Por isso, a nova filosofia moderna voltou-se com tamanha veemência – na verdade, com uma violência que se avizinhava do ódio – contra a tradição, abolindo sumariamente a entusiasta restauração e a redescoberta da Antiguidade pela Renascença.”

Dois pesadelos perseguem a filosofia de Descartes. (…) é possível que tudo o que tomamos pela realidade não passe de um sonho. (…) parece realmente muito mais plausível a idéia de um espírito mau, um Dieu trompeur

É certamente bastante surpreendente que nenhuma das principais religiões, com a exceção do zoroastrismo, jamais tenha incluído o ato de mentir, como tal, entre os pecados mortais. (…) antes da moralidade puritana, ninguém jamais considerou as mentiras como ofensas sérias.”

<ninguém pode duvidar de sua dúvida e estar incerto quanto a se duvida ou não.> No diálogo La recherche de la vérité par la lumière naturelle, no qual D. expõe suas intuições fundamentais sem formalidade técnica, a posição central da dúvida é ainda mais evidente que em suas outras obras. Assim, Eudoxe, que representa D., explica: <Vous pouvez douter avec raison de toutes les choses dont la connaissance ne vous vient que par l’office des sens; mais pouvez-vouz (sic) douter de votre doute et rester incertain si vous doutez ou non? […] vous qui doutez vous êtes, et cela est si vrai que vous n’en pouvez douter d’avantage> (Pléiade, p. 680). O famoso cogito ergo sum (<penso, logo existo>) era uma simples generalização de um dubito ergo sum.” “A idéia principal dessa filosofia não é de modo algum que eu não seria capaz de pensar sem existir” “como observou Nietzsche, o discernimento mental expresso no cogito não prova que eu existo, mas somente que a consciência existe (Wille zu Macht, n. 484).” “Na medida em que até os sonhos são reais, uma vez que pressupõem um sonhador e um sonho, o mundo da consciência é suficientemente real. O problema é apenas que, tal como seria impossível inferir da ciência (awareness) dos processos corporais a forma real de qualquer corpo, inclusive o nosso, também é impossível apreender a partir da mera consciência das sensações, na qual a pessoa sente seus sentidos e mesmo o objeto sentido se torna parte da sensação, a realidade com todas as suas formas, coloridos, contornos e constelações. A árvore vista pode ser suficientemente real para a sensação da visão, da mesma forma que a árvore sonhada é suficientemente real para o sonhador enquanto dura o sonho, mas nem uma nem outra podem jamais vir a ser uma árvore real.”

quando se percebeu que o homem, não fosse pelo acidente da invenção do telescópio, poderia ter sido enganado para sempre, os caminhos de Deus se tornaram de fato inteiramente inescrutáveis; quanto mais o homem aprendia acerca do universo, menos podia compreender as intenções e propósitos para os quais ele deve ter sido criado. A bondade do Deus das teodicéias é, portanto, estritamente a qualidade de um deus ex machina; a bondade inexplicável é, em última análise, a última coisa que salva a realidade na filosofia de Descartes (a coexistência da mente e da extensão, da res cogitans e da res extensa), da mesma forma que salva a harmonia preestabelecida, em Leibniz, entre o homem e o mundo.”

O que os homens têm em comum agora não é o mundo, mas a estrutura de suas mentes, e isso eles não podem, a rigor, ter em comum (…) O fato de que, dado o problema de 2 + 2, todos chegaremos à mesma resposta, 4, passa a ser de agora em diante o modelo máximo do raciocínio do senso comum.”

Qualquer eventual diferença é uma diferença de poder mental, e essa pode ser testada e medida como se mede a potência de um motor. Aqui, a velha definição do homem como animal rationale adquire uma terrível precisão: destituído do sentido mediante o qual os 5 sentidos animais do homem se ajustam a um mundo comum a todos os homens, os seres humanos não passam realmente de animais capazes de raciocinar, de <calcular as conseqüências>.”

A solução cartesiana foi deslocar o ponto arquimediano para dentro do próprio homem”

Cassirer – Einstein’s theory of relativity

se os elétrons tivessem de elucidar as qualidades sensoriais da matéria, não poderiam propriamente possuir essas qualidades sensoriais, uma vez que, nesse caso, a questão sobre a causa dessas qualidades teria sido apenas afastada mais um passo, mas não resolvida”

Heisenberg – Wandlungen in den Grundlagen der Naturwissenschaft

Novamente podemos, por um instante, rejubilar-nos por havermos reencontrado a unidade do universo, apenas para sermos vitimados pela suspeita de que o que encontramos talvez nada tenha a ver com o macrocosmo ou com o microcosmo, que lidamos apenas com os padrões de nossa própria mente, a mente que projetou os instrumentos e submeteu a natureza às suas condições no experimento” “nesse caso, é como se realmente estivéssemos nas mãos de um espírito mau que escarnece de nós e frustra a nossa sede de conhecimento”

Nas palavras de Erwin Schrödinger: <À medida que os olhos de nossa mente penetram distâncias cada vez menores e tempos cada vez mais curtos, vemos a natureza comportar-se de modo tão inteiramente diverso daquilo que observamos em corpos visíveis e palpáveis de nosso ambiente que nenhum modelo concebido à base de nossas experiências em larga escala pode jamais ser ‘verdadeiro’> (Science and humanism, 1952)”

Planck apud Simone Weil (Emil Novis) – Réflexions à propos de la théorie des quanta “(Devo a uma ex-aluna minha, Srta. Beverly Woodward, a referência a esse artigo pouco divulgado.)” I AM THE TABLE: “Com o desaparecimento do mundo tal como dado aos sentidos, desaparece também o mundo transcendente, e com ele a possibilidade de transcender o mundo material em conceito e pensamento. Não é surpreendente, portanto, que o novo universo seja não apenas <praticamente inacessível, mas nem ao menos pensável>, pois, <não importa como o concebamos, está errado; talvez não tão desprovido de sentido como um ‘círculo triangular’, mas muito mais que um ‘leão alado’>.”

é necessário em primeiro lugar nos desfazer do atual preconceito que atribui o desenvolvimento da ciência moderna, por causa de sua aplicabilidade, a um desejo pragmático de melhorar as condições de vida humana na Terra.” “o relógio, um dos primeiros instrumentos modernos, não foi inventado para os propósitos da vida prática, mas exclusivamente para o propósito altamente <teórico> de realizar certos experimentos com a natureza.” “nenhuma suposta revelação divina suprarracional e nenhuma suposta verdade filosófica abstrusa jamais ofenderam a razão humana tão manifestamente quanto certos resultados da ciência moderna.”

A escolástica medieval, ao considerar a filosofia como serva da teologia, bem poderia ter agradado a Platão e a Aristóteles; ambos, embora em um contexto muito diferente, consideraram esse processo dialógico do pensamento um modo de preparar a alma e levar a mente a uma visão da verdade para além do pensamento e do discurso – uma verdade que é arrhêton, incapaz de ser comunicada através de palavras, como disse Platão, ou uma verdade para além do discurso, como em Aristóteles.”

Quem quer que leia a alegoria da Caverna na República de Platão à luz da história grega logo perceberá que a periagôgê, a reviravolta (turning-about) que Platão exige do filósofo, constituía, na verdade, uma inversão da ordem homérica do mundo. Não a vida após a morte, como no Hades homérico, mas a vida comum na Terra, é situada em uma <caverna>, em um submundo; a alma não é a sombra do corpo, mas é o corpo que é a sombra da alma; e o movimento fantasmal e sem sentido atribuído por Homero à existência sem vida da alma no Hades após a morte é agora atribuído aos feitos sem sentido de homens que não deixam a caverna da existência humana para observar as idéias eternas visíveis no céu. É particularmente o emprego, por Platão, das palavras eidôlon e skia na alegoria da Caverna que faz com que a narrativa seja lida como uma inversão de Homero e uma réplica a este; pois estas são as palavras-chave da descrição que Homero faz do Hades na Odisséia.” “O que importa aqui é a inversibilidade de todos esses sistemas, o fato de que podem ser virados <de cabeça para baixo> ou revirados <de cabeça para cima> a qualquer momento da história sem se precisar, para tal inversão, de eventos históricos ou alterações dos elementos estruturais envolvidos.” “Essas escolas fiosóficas já haviam tido início nas escolas filosóficas da Antiguidade tardia (…) É ainda a mesma tradição, o mesmo jogo intelectual com antíteses emparelhadas que comanda, até certo ponto, as famosas inversões modernas das hierarquias espirituais, como a de Marx, na qual ele virou de cabeça para baixo a dialética de Hegel, ou a de Nietzsche, que revalorou o sensual e o natural em comparação com o suprassensual e o supranatural.”

“a maior parte da filosofia moderna é, realmente, teoria da cognição e psicologia; e, nos poucos casos em que as potencialidades do método cartesiano de introspecção foram plenamente realizadas por homens como Pascal, Kierkegaard e Nietzsche, somos tentados a dizer que os filósofos fizeram experimentos consigo próprios não menos radicalmente e talvez mais intrepidamente que os cientistas experimentaram com a natureza.

Por mais que possamos admirar a coragem e respeitar a extraordinária engenhosidade dos filósofos no decorrer de toda a era moderna, não se pode negar que a sua influência e a sua importância diminuíram como nunca antes. Não foi no pensamento da Idade Média, mas no da era moderna, que a filosofia passou a segundo ou mesmo terceiro plano.”

Os filósofos tornaram-se epistemólogos preocupados com uma teoria global da ciência da qual os cientistas não necessitavam, ou tornaram-se realmente aquilo que Hegel queria que fossem: os órgãos do Zeitgeist, os porta-vozes por meio dos quais o estado de espírito geral da época era expresso com clareza conceitual.”

Enquanto, p.ex., os experimentos de Galileu com a queda de corpos pesados poderiam ter sido realizados em qualquer época da história, caso os homens estivessem inclinados a procurar a verdade mediante experimentos, o experimento de Michelson com o interferômetro [que teria “provado” a inexistência do éter; além disso, Michelson e seu colega Pease foram os primeiros a medir o diâmetro de uma estrela com exceção do Sol, a Betelgeuse] em fins do século XIX dependeu não apenas do seu <gênio experimental>, mas <necessitou do avanço geral da tecnologia> e, portanto, <não poderia ter sido realizado antes>.”

Gebet mir Materie, ich will eine Welt daraus bauen! das ist, gebet mir Materie, ich will euch zeigen, wie eine Welt daraus entstehen soll <Dai-me a matéria e eu vos ilustrarei como um mundo foi criado a partir dela>” Kant – Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels (História Natural Universal e Teoria dos Céus, prefácio)

Muito antes que a era moderna desenvolvesse sua consciência histórica sem precedentes e o conceito de história se tornasse dominante na filosofia moderna, as ciências naturais haviam se transformado em disciplinas históricas, até que, no séc. XIX, acrescentaram às disciplinas mais antigas da física, da química, da zoologia e da botânica as novas ciências naturais da geologia ou história da Terra, da biologia ou história da vida, da antropologia ou história da vida humana e, de modo mais geral, a história natural.”

Estruturalismo: ou o Super-Homem Enfezado

A imagem do relógio e do relojoeiro é tão impressionantemente apropriada precisamente porque contém tanto a noção de um caráter processual da natureza na imagem dos movimentos do relógio quanto a noção do seu caráter de objeto ainda intacto, na imagem do próprio relógio e de seu fabricante.”

Vico – De nostri temporis studiorum ratione, cap. 4: “<Podemos demonstrar a geometria porque a fazemos: para demonstrar a física, teríamos de fazê-la.> Esse pequeno tratado, escrito mais de 15 anos antes da 1ª edição da Scienza Nuova (1725), é interessante sob vários aspectos. (…) o que ele recomenda é o estudo da ciência moral e política, que julgava ser indevidamente negligenciada. (…) Esse desdobramento biográfico, embora bastante extraordinário no início do século XVIII, tornou-se a regra 100 anos depois: sempre que a era moderna tinha razão de esperar por uma filosofia política, recebia, ao invés, uma filosofia da história.” “o racionalismo moderno, tal como conhecido atualmente, armado do suposto antagonismo entre a razão e a paixão, jamais encontrou representante mais claro e inflexível [que Hobbes]. No entanto, foi precisamente no domínio dos assuntos humanos que a nova filosofia se mostrou deficiente, porque, por sua própria natureza, não podia compreender e nem mesmo acreditar na realidade.” “raciocinar nos moldes do <cálculo de conseqüências>, significa ignorar o inesperado” “A filosofia política da era moderna, cujo maior representante é ainda H., soçobra na perplexidade de que o moderno racionalismo é irreal e o realismo moderno é irracional” “O gigantesco empreendimento de Hegel – de reconciliar o espírito com a realidade (den Geist mit der Wirklichkeit zu versöhnen), reconciliação que é a mais profunda preocupação de todas as modernas teorias da história – baseou-se na intuição de que a razão moderna soçobrava nos escolhos da realidade.”

Teeteto 155: Mala gar philosophou touto to pathos, to thaumazeis; ou gar allê archê philosophias ê hautê (<Pois admiração é o de que mais padece o filósofo, e a filosofia não tem outro início senão esse>). Arist., que no início de sua Metafísica (982b12ss.) parece repetir Platão quase textualmente – <Pois é devido a sua admiração que os homens começam a filosofar, tanto hoje como pela 1ª vez> –, emprega essa admiração de um modo completamente diferente; para ele, o verdadeiro impulso para o filosofar reside no desejo de <fugir da ignorância>. Parece-me altamente provável que essa afirmação platônica seja o resultado imediato de uma experiência, talvez a mais surpreendente, que Sócrates oferecia aos seus discípulos: vê-lo repetidamente ser dominado de súbito por seus pensamentos e lançado em seu estado de absorção a ponto de permanecer completamente imóvel durante muitas horas.” “Pl. e Arist., para os quais o thaumazein era o começo da filosofia, concordavam também que o estado contemplativo essencialmente mudo fosse o fim da filosofia. Na verdade, theôria é apenas outra palavra para thaumazein.”

A obra torna-se perecível e deteriora a excelência do que permanecia eterno enquanto era objeto da mera contemplação. Portanto, a atitude adequada em relação aos modelos que guiam a obra e a fabricação, i.e., em relação às idéias platônicas, é deixá-las como são e aparecem ao olho interno da mente.” “Nesse particular, a contemplação é bem diferente do estado de embevecimento da admiração com a qual o homem responde ao milagre do Ser como um todo.” “Na tradição da filosofia, foi este segundo tipo de contemplação que passou a predominar.” “a característica proeminente da vita contemplativa. Não é a admiração que domina o homem e o lança na imobilidade, mas é mediante a cessação consciente da atividade, da atividade da produção, que o estado contemplativo é atingido.”

A filosofia de Bergson poderia facilmente ser interpretada como um estudo de caso sobre como a convicção inicial da era moderna – quanto à relativa superioridade do produzir sobre a atividade de pensar – foi em seguida suplantada e aniquilada pela sua convicção mais recente da absoluta superioridade da vida sobre tudo o mais. (…) Não só as primeiras obras de Édouard Berth e Georges Sorel, mas também o Homo faber (1929) de Adriano Tilgher, devem sua terminologia principalmente a Bergson; o mesmo se aplica ainda a L’Être et le travail (1949), de Jules Vuillemin, embora este, como quase todos os autores franceses da atualidade, pensem principalmente em termos hegelianos [!].”

Certamente, nenhuma outra atividade da vita activa tinha tanto a perder com a eliminação da contemplação do âmbito das capacidades humanas significativas quanto a fabricação.”

O próprio Bentham manifesta sua insatisfação com uma filosofia meramente utilitária na nota acrescentada a uma edição posterior de sua obra: <A palavra utilidade não indica tão claramente as idéias de prazer e dor quanto as palavras felicidade e ventura (happiness, felicity) o fazem.>” Hedonistotal, o Idiotinha “ponto de inflexão na história do utilitarismo” “foi Bentham que transformou verdadeiramente o utilitarismo em um <egoísmo universalizado> (Halévy).”

e Hume que, ao contrário de Ben., era ainda um filósofo, sabia muito bem que, quem quiser fazer do prazer o fim último de toda ação humana, é levado a admitir que não o prazer, mas a dor, não o desejo, mas o medo, são os seus verdadeiros guias.” ???

A dor é o único sentido interior encontrado pela introspecção que pode rivalizar, em sua independência com relação a objetos experienciados, com a certeza autoevidente do raciocínio lógico e aritmético.”

jamais existiram dois filósofos que pudessem chegar a formulações idênticas sem copiar um do outro.”

O que realmente se esperava que a dor e o prazer, o medo e o desejo alcançassem em todos esses sistemas não era de forma alguma a felicidade, mas a promoção da vida individual ou a garantia da sobrevivência da humanidade.”

radical justificação do suicídio”

o único objeto tangível produzido pela introspecção, se é que esta deve produzir algo mais que uma autoconsciência inteiramente vazia, é realmente o processo biológico. (…) é como se a introspecção já não precisasse perder-se nos meandros de uma consciência sem reaidade”

A cisão entre sujeito e objeto, inerente à consciência humana e irremediável na contraposição cartesiana do homem como res cogitans com um mundo circunvizinho da res extensae, desaparece [superação do debate supérfluo <o animal é sensciente/máquina?>] inteiramente no caso de um organismo vivo, cuja própria sobrevivência depende da incorporação e do consumo de matéria exterior. O naturalismo, versão do materialismo no séc. XIX, aparentemente encontrara na vida o modo de resolver os problemas da filosofia cartesiana”

Os maiores representantes da moderna filosofia da vida são Marx, Nietzsche e Bergson, na medida em que todos os três equacionam a Vida ao Ser.” “Este último estágio da filosofia moderna talvez possa ser mais bem-descrito como a rebelião dos filósofos contra a filosofia, rebelião que, começando em Kierkegaard e terminando no existencialismo, parece à primeira vista dar ênfase à ação e não à contemplação. Mas, em uma análise mais detida, nenhum desses filósofos está realmente interessado na ação como tal. Podemos aqui deixar de lado Kierk. com sua ação não-mundana, dirigida para o íntimo do homem. Nie. e Berg. descrevem a ação em termos de fabricação – o homo faber em lugar do homo sapiens [Fabricar o S-H?]

A derrota do homo faber pode ser explicável em termos da transformação inicial da física em astrofísica, das ciências naturais em uma ciência <universal>. O que resta a explicar é por que essa derrota terminou com a vitória do animal laborans; por que, com a ascensão da vita activa, foi precisamente a atividade do trabalho que veio a ser promovida à mais alta posição entre as capacidades do homem”

a moderna inversão seguiu, sem questionar, a mais significativa inversão com a qual o cristianismo irrompera no mundo antigo, uma inversão politicamente de alcance ainda maior e, pelo menos historicamente, mais duradoura que qualquer crença ou conteúdo dogmático específicos.” “esperança além de toda esperança” “Essa inversão só podia ser desastrosa para a estima e a dignidade da política.” “qualquer aspiração à imortalidade só podia ser equacionada com a vanglória; toda fama que o mundo pudesse outorgar ao homem era ilusória, uma vez que o mundo era ainda mais perecível que o homem” “as palavras de Paulo – de que <a morte é o prêmio do pecado>, uma vez que a vida se destina a durar para sempre – ecoa (sic) as palavras de Cícero, de que a morte é a recompensa dos pecados cometidos por comunidades políticas que haviam sido construídas para durar por toda a eternidade.” “Sem dúvida, a ênfase cristã na sacralidade da vida faz parte da herança hebraica, que já apresentava um notável contraste com as atitudes da Antiguidade: o desprezo pagão pelos tormentos impostos pela vida ao homem no trabalho e no parto, a figuração invejosa da <vida fácil> dos deuses, o costume de enjeitar os filhos indesejados, a convicção de que a vida sem saúde não vale a pena ser vivida (de sorte que se considerava, p.ex., que o médico desvirtuava a sua vocação ao prolongar a vida quando era impossível para ele restaurar a saúde), e de que o suicídio é o gesto nobre de desvencilhar-se de uma vida que se tornou opressiva. Contudo, basta lembrar a forma como o Decálogo menciona o homicídio, sem lhe atribuir gravidade especial em meio a um rol de outras transgressões – as quais, em nosso modo de pensar, mal se podem comparar a esse crime supremo –, para que se compreenda que nem mesmo o código legal hebraico, embora muito mais próximo do nosso que qualquer escala pagã de ofensas, fazia da preservação da vida a pedra angular do sistema legal do povo judeu.”

o cristianismo sempre insistiu em que a vida, embora não tivesse mais um fim definitivo, tinha ainda um começo definido. A vida na Terra pode ser apenas o primeiro e mais miserável estágio da vida eterna” “somente quando a imortalidade da vida individual passou a ser o credo central da humanidade ocidental, a vida na Terra passou também a ser o bem supremo do homem.” “Já não era possível menosprezar o escravo, como Platão o fazia, por não haver cometido suicídio ao invés de submeter-se, pois permanecer vivo em quaisquer circunstâncias passara a ser um dever sagrado, e o suicídio era visto como pior que o homicídio. O enterro cristão era negado não ao assassino, mas àquele que havia posto fim à sua própria vida.”

Paulo, que foi chamado <o apóstolo do trabalho>¹, não era nada disso, e as poucas passagens nas quais se fundamenta tal assertiva ou são dirigidas àqueles que, por preguiça, <comiam o pão do próximo>, ou recomendam o trabalho como bom meio de evitar problemas, i.e., reforçam a prescrição geral de uma vida estritamente privada e o alerta contra atividades políticas.

¹ Jacques Leclercq, de Louvain, cujo 4º livro de suas Leçons de droit naturel, intitulado Travail, proprieté (1946), é uma das obras mais valiosas e interessantes para a filosofia do trabalho, retificou essa má interpretação das fontes cristãs: <Le christianisme n’a pas changé grand’chose à l’estime du travail> [contrapor com aquele livro católico idiota cheio de bulas papais]; e, na obra de Tomás de Aquino, <la notion du travail n’apparaît que fort accidentellement> (pp. 61-2).” “T. de Aquino não hesita em seguir Arist., e não a Bíb., nesse particular, ao dizer que <só a necessidade de sobrevivência pode compelir ao trabalho manual>.”

ANTI-TRABALHO: Mateus 6:19-32 [sobre as roupas e a alimentação]; 19:21-24 [a famosa parábola do camelo]; Marcos 4:19; Lucas 6:20-34 [“…e ao que tomar o que é teu, não lho tornes a pedir.”]; 18:22-25 [reprise camelo]; Atos 4:32-35 [“E repartia-se a cada um, segundo a necessidade que cada um tinha.”]

Não importa o quão articulados e conscientes foram os pensadores da modernidade em seus ataques contra a tradição, a prioridade da vida sobre tudo o mais assumira para eles a condição de uma <verdade autoevidente>, e como tal sobreviveu até nosso mundo atual, que já começou a deixar para trás toda a era moderna e a substituir a sociedade de trabalhadores por uma sociedade de empregados.”

Pascal e Kierk., os dois maiores pensadores religiosos da modernidade.” “o que minou a fé cristã não foi o ateísmo do séc. XVIII nem o materialismo do XIX – cujos argumentos são freqüentemente vulgares e, na maior parte das vezes, facilmente refutáveis pela teologia tradicional –, mas antes o duvidoso interesse pela salvação em homens genuinamente religiosos, a cujos olhos o conteúdo e a promessa tradicionais do cristianismo se haviam tornado <absurdos>.”

NASA WITH BORDERS: “Antes de Galileu, todos os caminhos pareciam ainda abertos. Se pensarmos em Leonardo da Vinci, poderemos perfeitamente imaginar que, em todo caso, o desenvolvimento da humanidade teria sido inevitavelmente ultrapassado por uma revolução técnica. É bem possível que isso levasse ao vôo, à realização de um dos mais antigos e persistentes sonhos do homem, mas dificilmente teria levado ao universo” “Foi só quando perdeu o seu ponto de referência na vita contemplativa que a vita activa pôde tornar-se vida ativa no sentido pleno do termo” Prova empírica da transvaloração de todos os valores em curso?

Ao perder a certeza de um mundo futuro, o homem moderno foi arremessado para dentro de si mesmo, e não para este mundo”

MÃO INVISÍVEL ULTIMADA: “o último vestígio de ação que havia no que os homens faziam, a motivação implicada no interesse próprio, desapareceu.”

NÃO CHEGO AOS PÉS DE UM SÍSIFO: “mesmo agora, trabalho é uma palavra muito elevada, muito ambiciosa para o que estamos fazendo ou pensamos que estamos fazendo no mundo em que passamos a viver.”


O BUDISMO OCIDENTAL

O problema com as modernas teorias do comportamentalismo não é que estejam erradas, mas sim que possam tornar-se verdadeiras, que realmente constituam a melhor conceituação possível de certas tendências óbvias da sociedade moderna. É perfeitamente concebível que a era moderna – que teve início com um surto tão promissor e tão sem precedentes de atividade humana – venha a terminar na passividade mais mortal e estéril que a história jamais conheceu.

Mas há outros indícios mais graves do perigo de que o homem possa estar disposto a converter-se naquela espécie animal da qual ele imagina descender.”


O SUPERTABU OU REI-UBU: “a moderna motorização pareceria um processo de mutação biológica no qual os corpos humanos começam gradualmente a ser revestidos por uma carapaça de aço.”

O motivo pelo qual os cientistas podem falar da <vida> e do átomo – no qual cada partícula tem, aparentemente, a <liberdade> de comportar-se como quiser, e onde as leis que governam esses movimentos são as mesmas leis estatísticas que, segundo os cientistas sociais, governam o comportamento humano e fazem a multidão comportar-se como tem de se comportar, por mais <livre> em suas opções que pareça cada partícula individual –, o motivo, em outras palavras, pelo qual o comportamento da partícula infinitamente pequena é não apenas semelhante, em sua forma, ao sistema planetário, tal como aparece a nós, mas se assemelha às formas de vida e de comportamento na sociedade humana, é, naturalmente, que observamos essa sociedade e vivemos nela como se estivéssemos tão longe de nossa própria existência humana como estamos do infinitamente pequeno e do imensamente grande, os quais, mesmo que pudessem ser percebidos pelos instrumentos mais refinados, estão demasiado afastados de nós para fazer parte de nossa experiência.”

os homens persistem em produzir, fabricar e construir, embora essas faculdades se limitem cada vez mais aos talentos do artista, de sorte que as concomitantes experiências de mundanidade escapam cada vez mais ao alcance da experiência humana comum. O artista, quer seja pintor, escultor, poeta ou músico, produz objetos mundanos, e sua reificação nada tem em comum com a prática da expressão, altamente discutível e de qualquer forma inteiramente inartística. Ao contrário da arte abstrata, a arte expressionista é uma contradição nos termos [redundante].”

também a ação passou a ser uma experiência limitada a um pequeno grupo de privilegiados, e esses poucos que ainda sabem o que significa agir talvez sejam ainda menos numerosos que os artistas, e sua experiência ainda mais rara que a experiência genuína do mundo e do amor ao mundo.”

Nunquam se plus agere quam nihil cum ageret, numquam minus solum esse quam cum solus esset”

“Nunca se está mais ativo que quando nada se faz, nunca se está menos só que quando se está consigo mesmo.”

Catão

Pensei, de início, que leria um “tratado sobre o absurdo dos campos de concentração”!